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Used boats for sale - myboat049 boatplans *Terms and Conditions: Nationally Advertised Price with Rebate. Consumer benefit for purchasing a new (unused, not previously warranty registered) eligible MY and prior boat from 1/1//31/, is an instant rebate applied at the time of final sale by dealer, at no extra cost to consumer. A hybrid vehicle is one that uses two or more distinct types of power, such as submarines that use diesel when surfaced and batteries when submerged. Other means to store energy include pressurized fluid in hydraulic hybrids.. The basic principle with hybrid vehicles is that the different motors work better at different speeds; the electric motor is more efficient at producing torque, or. It is Company policy to accommodate, and not interfere with, standard technical measures it determines are reasonable under the circumstances, i.e., technical measures that are used by copyright.
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Positive traction nonskid on horizontal deck surfaces. Yanmar C-type recessed engine instrument panel in cockpit with Acrylic cover including gauges for tachometer, fuel level, operating hour meter, fresh water temperature, amperage, oil pressure and oil temperature.

Morse-type control gear shift and throttle mounted on pedestal. Parallel fuel system with 60 gallons in primary tank below the aft starboard berth, and 30 gallons in secondary tank behind aft bulkhead to starboard. Secondary tank gravity feeds into primary for 90 gallon total capacity.

Two blade 20" Max Prop with AquaOrive self-aligning thrust bearing to minimize shaft vibration. Ultra Sound Acoustics VO-1 00 insulation in engine compartment. Balanced spade rudder constructed with unidirectional glass and large diameter shaft mounted in Harken composite rudder bearing to exceed ABS requirements. Aluminum emergency tiller.

Edson 60" diamond series aluminum wheel with leather grip. Interior Satin varnished cherry bulkheads and furniture panels with cold molded cherry trim, drawer and cabinet faces.

Main bulkhead with single opening and recessed cherry paneled door with Mobella lock-sets. Forward and aft heads trimmed in teak. Cherry trimmed vinyl headliner throughout forward, main and aft cabins. Choice of interior cushion fabric colors. Forward head includes vanity with mirrored acrylic slider storage, teak towel rack, mirror storage cabinet below molded sink, enclosed by cherry paneled door on outer face and white laminate finish on head side.

Stall shower with teak slat bench seat, cabinet locker with mid-height shelf outboard, shower fixture mounted on bulkhead with adjustable shower faucet. Local self-priming pump services shower sump and drains overboard. Pilot berth in main cabin to port with small mid-height convenience shelf at aft end. One large drawer and one locker outboard of starboard settee backrest cushions.

Settee backrests of cherry veneer and cherry trim. Varnished cherry wood hull slats in main, aft and V-berth cabins. Cherry main cabin drop-leaf table with removable fiddles, two drawers and internal bottle storage. Large 30 x36 sit-down. Features include; outboard shelf, access to chart storage and sliding organizer tray below table top, cushioned seat of layered bolstered foam.

Additional drawer above engine. Cherry overhead grab rails in main cabin. All drawers and cabinets with polished positive-latch push buttons. Storage areas in louvered doors below sink for cleaning supplies and garbage pail with flip lid access. Deluxe icebox located on center island. Additional storage foot locker below oven. Plate, bowl, cup, and glass storage compartment on bulkhead att of stove. Top access dry good storage compartment below counter top directly outboard of sink.

Aft two cabinets installed with mid-height shelves. Optional Microwave replaces middle cabinet door and area. Dual slider cabinet, bin storag8. Flatware drawer, utensil drawer and utility cabinet with mid-height shelf and louvered door under outboard counter.

Sink-top cutting-board. Stainless grab post on forward inboard galley corner. Self-priming direct sump pumps for showers draining into seacocks. Automatic bilge pump with float switch and dedicated panel in nav station wired direct to DC system. Raritan PH-2 heads with holding tanks. Overboard "Y"- valve offshore discharge and holding tank pump out systems.

Two manually operated bilge pumps, one mounted in the cockpit and another in aft head with hose to reach bilge. ORC category 2. Electrical Standard system batteries include: 1 group 40 amp and 2 group 31 amp deep cycle batteries to serve the house, and 1 Optima 1, CCA battery for dedicated service to the engine.

Balmar Alternator and Max Charge external regulator with temperature sensor for altemator. Propane solenoid switch panel in galley. Ten swiveling Imtra stainless halogen reading lamps, halogen overhead lights in main cabin, flexible armed lamp at navigation station, two florescent lights, one in each head.

Four Hella variable speed cabin fans over berths. Four cockpit mounted PVC winch handle holdersThurston cockpit dodger with roll-up forward window, removable side curtains, stanchion supports and stainless grab bar on aft edge. Five white acrylic cockpit cushions for helmsman and cockpit seats. Single rope clutchmounted in cockpit for heads ail furling. Lewmar Concept 2 anchor windlass system with ropelchain gypsy, manual override, 1S0 amp breaker in nav station, hand held control unit mounted in forward deck anchor locker.

Custom stainless mast collar with 10 bales for halyard and reef lines and forward halyard bar. Additional 3' x 1. White molded flagstaff mounted in SS deck socket on aft deck edge close to centerline with 4 x 6 American flag.

Tapered SS lifeline stanchions with SS bases mounted to toe rail. Two 10" bow cleats, two 8" stern cleats, two 8" amidships cleats. Optional removable anchor roller to port Seven Lewmar Ocean series articulated, bronze tinted ac,ylic hatches: size 70 on foredeck, size 60 in main cabin, 4 size 12 over forward cabin, aft cabin, shower, and head and 1 size 10 in aft head.

Four 12x20 and two 12x24 poly mesh line bags, one foredeck double line-bag. Removable stainless guards for forward dorades. SS step with PVC tread mounted on transom. Hall Spars boom of T6 aluminum with off-white Awlgrip finish, welded gooseneck fitting, lug for OuikVang internal mainsail outhaul with external cleat, bale for mainsheet block and painted black bands. Outboard end to accommodate single line reef to starboard and 2nd clew reef to port.

Hall "J" length carbon fiber whisker pole with 2 bridles and trip line, short track on front of masJ, and two deck mounted retaining clips shipped loose for owner to locate.

Navtec continuous rod rigging and N style open body turnbuckles with headstay pre-assembled for furling system, backstay , uppers , intermediates , lowers Harken MKIII Unit 2 size furling system with airfoil performance extrusion, corrosion proof spool and drum, tapered torque tube, AirSwivel for reduced weight aloft, cast aluminum Hardcote anodized chafe guard, and all black low stretch New England adjuster line.

Hall Rigging package includes; two Technora jib halyards. Tack reef 2 doubles as cunningham to port. Clew reef 2 is included with it's own dedicated hardware. Sailtech Long integral hydraulic backstay adjuster. Custom designed SS chainplates, stemhead and backstay tang. Supplementary Power PackageAdditional amp Lifeline AGM Battery for total of amps for house banks location is in lieu of bottom nav station drawer. Heart Echo Charger to service engine start battery through AC system.

Heart Link Battery Monitor for 2 house battery banks. Heart Link 10 Battery Monitor for engine battery. Dockside Water Inlet. Seagull Water Purifier in Galley. Cruising Accessory Package Cockpit Table.

Companionway Screens. Espar D5LC heating system with ducting into the two sleeping cabins and main cabin. Edson Radar Mast Thru-Deck and under-deck mounting platform for 3. Harken Adjustable Genoa Leads. Helped by new materials and techniques, they evolve from the joint experiences of designer, builder and owners to become state-of-the-art. Yet she is non-intimidating.

A high length-to-beam ratio on the waterline of this sea-kindly yacht significantly improves tracking offshore in large waves and makes sail plan balance less critical. Sail power with good stability allows cruising with working jib rather than large genoa. A modern asymmetric spinnaker attaches to the top of the anchor roller, is contained within a cockpit-controlled snuffer, and is stored, ready-to-use, in the bow locker.

Jibing is then easy. One simply lets off one spinnaker sheet and pulls in the other. Make S2. Model 8. Please only buy or offer if you have positive feedback. After receiving your payment I will overnight you the title or meet you in person depending on timing and my availability. I'm expecting a second child soon and really don't want to sell this excellent great lakes cruiser. Clean and clear Wisconsin title. Tiller steering.

Recent full Yanmar service checkout since boat was last launched. Furling headsail in good shape. Newer mainsail in excellent shape. New Raymarine autopilot professionally installed. Shore power and long power cable. Halyards in good shape. New marine head and holding tank never used. Chainplates recently professionally rebedded by boatyard.

Interior in excellent shape. Solid fiberglass hull. All tabbed in joinery in excellent shape. Cored deck with NO soft spots.

Very large cockpit. Includes steel cradle as well. I looked at everything in this size and price range in the lower half of lake Michigan for two years and this is the nicest boat I could find by leaps and bounds.

Solid turnkey value. Launch is all ready paid for with the boat yard. You can be in the water tomorrow. No better deal can be found on solid and ready to sail Great Lakes cruiser with a clean inboard diesel - it is just time for me to move it along. Summer storage is paid through the end of this month and a launch is included in the purchase. If you chose not to launch until next season the storage rates at the Marina for winter are extremely reasonable and the pre-paid launch will still be yours come next summer.

Here is a Review from "Practical Sailor" S2 8. In the 13 years S2 sailboats were in production S2 still makes powerboats , the company produced a variety of modern cruising designs from the board of Arthur Edmunds, all characterized by longish fin keels, freestanding spade rudders, straight sheerlines, and a staggering variety of draft options and cockpit locations. The S2 8. Her hull dimensions, sail area, displacement, and general design characteristics put her square in the middle of the modern footers such as the Tanzer 8.

She has a fairly straight sheer, fairly high freeboard, and low, raked cabin trunk with dark tinted flush ports.

Production of the 8. The boat was replaced by the similar S2 8. ConstructionThe hull of the S2 8. Glasswork is excellent, and is noted by owners as one of the main considerations in buying the boat. Gelcoat quality is excellent. Slight roving printthrough is evident, but it is not objectionable.

Minor hard spots are visible in the topsides, probably caused by the attachment of interior furniture and bulkheads. The deck molding is cored with end grain balsa, giving a solid feel underfoot as well as providing reasonable insulating properties. The hull molding has an inward-turning flange, onto which the deck molding is dropped. The joint is bedded in flexible sealant, and through bolted on six inch intervals by bolts passing through the full length slotted aluminum toerail. The joint is also through bolted across the stem.

All deck hardware is properly through bolted, although pulpits, cleats, and winches merely use nuts and washers on the underside of the deck, rather than the aluminum or stainless steel backing plates we prefer.

This will go a long way toward absorbing the shock of the inevitable encounters with docks and the other hard objects that seem to be attracted to the topsides of the typical sailboat. A proper seacock�whether it uses a ball valve or a tapered plug�has a heavy flange to allow through bolting to the hull. This is an important safety feature. Should a valve seize, it may become necessary to apply a great deal of leverage to the handle in order to open or close the valve.

The deeply threaded through hull stem can easily break under these conditions, and more than one boat has been lost in this manner. We also suggest that seacocks be installed on the cockpit drain scuppers and the bilge pump outlet, both of which may be under water while the boat is sailing.

Light air performance would benefit by the fairing in of the through hull fittings, particularly the head intake and discharge, both of which are far enough forward to have a significant effect on water flow past the hull. Ballast is a 3, pound lead casting, epoxied inside a hollow keel shell. We prefer an external lead casting bolted to the hull for its shock-absorbing qualities and ease of repair.

This preference was reinforced recently when we examined an old Bristol 27 just sold by a friend. The surveyor noticed dampness near the bottom of the leading edge of the keel, which showed slight external damage.

Probing the loose putty revealed some abrasion of the glass keel molding. In order to sell the boat, it was necessary to grind away a large portion of the glass at the front of the keel, dry out the ballast, and reglass the lead�a job that took several days of work and cost our friend a fair chunk of money. Fillet bonding is neat and workmanlike with no rough edges to be found.

Chainplates are conventional stainless steel flat bar, bolted to bulkheads and plywood gussets in the main cabin. These are properly backed with stainless steel pads. Due to the fact that the hull is lined throughout with a carpet-like synthetic material, it is not possible to examine the bonding of the chainplate knees to the hull.

The stemhead fitting is a stainless steel weldment, through bolted to the deck and hull and reinforced inside the hull with a stainless steel gusset to prevent deflection of the deck from the pull aft of the headstay. General construction is thoughtful and well executed, with excellent glasswork, a Used Bass Boat For Sale Near Me Coupon strong and simple hull-to-deck joint, and reasonably installed hardware and fittings.

Handling Under PowerAlthough some early models of the 8. Because of the high freeboard and considerable windage of the 8. Recognizing this fact, the company offered a 15 horsepower, two-cylinder Yanmar as an option. The extra fuel consumption of the larger engine will scarcely be noticed. The 18 gallon aluminum fuel tank will probably give a range under power of over miles�more than adequate for a 28 foot cruising boat.

The fuel tank is located under the cockpit and is securely mounted and properly grounded. There is an easily reached fuel shut off between the engine and tank. Unfortunately, the fuel fill is located in the cockpit sole. Spilled diesel oil Used Aluminum Boats For Sale By Owner Near Me Pdf turns even the best fiberglass nonskid into an ice skating rink. Fuel fills should be located on deck, where spills can be efficiently washed away. Engine access is via a large removable panel on the inboard face of the quarterberth.

This panel lacks any kind of handhold to make it easily removable, which will discourage regular checking of the engine oil. There is no oil pan under the engine. It will be necessary to be very careful when changing oil to keep the bilge clean. We have yet to see anyone change oil and filters on a boat engine without spilling something. With the quarterberth panel removed, access for routine service is excellent.

The quarterberth has remarkable headroom over, so that the mechanic will not feel like a trapped spelunker after a half hour of work. Engine removal will require some joinerwork disassembly. Handling Under SailThe S2 8. Her PHRF rating of to compares very favorably to other boats of her size and type. The Sabre 28, for example, has a rating of Part of this is no doubt due to the fact that the standard sails on the boat come from the North loft.

S2 now uses Hall spars. The simple masthead rig is extremely clean, with airfoil spreaders and internal tangs. The boom features an internal outhaul and provision for two internally-led reefing lines, with cam cleats at the forward end of the boom. The deck-stepped mast is mounted in a stainless steel deck plate incorporating plenty of holes for the attachment of blocks.

Halyards and Cunningham lead aft along the cabin house top to a pair of Lewmar 8 winches. Lewmar 16s are optional, but hardly Used Bass Boat For Sale Near Me On necessary. The main is controlled by a six-part Harken rig mounted on the end of the boom, and a Kenyon traveler mounted on the aft cockpit coaming.

This will work fine with the tiller-steered version of the boat. With wheel steering, the mainsheet is likely to be a nuisance to the helmsman. Because of the end-of-boom sheeting, a boom vang will be essential for full mainsail control. This is probably a better arrangement, although it heavily loads the center of the boom and requires more sheeting force. Cleary called us. Use a possessive pronoun to replace a possessive noun.

Never use an apostrophe in a possessive personal pronoun. Their science experiment is just like ours. When a pronoun is followed by an appositive, use the subject pronoun if the appositive is the subject. Use the object pronoun if the appositive is an object. To test whether the pronoun is correct, read the sentence without the appositive.

We eighth-graders would like to thank you. The success of us geometry students is due to Ms. In incomplete comparisons, choose the pronoun that you would use if the missing words were fully expressed. Harris can play scales faster than I can. It is worth more to you than it is to me. In questions use who for subjects and whom for objects. Who wants another story? Whom will the class choose as treasurer? In subordinate clauses use who and whoever as subjects and after linking verbs, and use whom and whomever as objects.

These souvenirs are for whoever wants to pay the price. The manager will train whomever the president hires. An antecedent is the word or group of words to which a pronoun refers or that a pronoun replaces.

All pronouns must agree with their antecedents in number, gender, and person. The huge old trees held their own against the storm. Make sure that the antecedent of a pronoun is clearly stated. Cardonal baked cookies with her daughters, hoping to sell them at the bake sale.

Cardonal baked cookies with her daughters, hoping to sell the cookies at the bake sale. An adjective modifies, or describes, a noun or pronoun by providing more information or giving a specific detail.

The smooth surface of the lake gleamed. Frosty trees glistened in the sun. The handmade one seems very colorful. Articles are the adjectives a, an, and the.

Articles do not meet the preceding test for adjectives. A proper adjective is formed from a proper noun and begins with a capital letter. Tricia admired the Scottish sweaters. Our Mexican vacation was memorable.

The comparative form of an adjective compares two things or people. The superlative form compares more than two things or people. Form the comparative by adding -er or combining with more or less. Form the superlative by adding -est or combining with most or least.

Some adjectives have irregular comparative forms. An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Adverbs tell how, where, when, or to what extent. The cat walked quietly. She thinks quickly. She thinks unusually fast. She seldom thinks fast. The comparative form of an adverb compares two actions. The superlative form compares more than two actions. For shorter adverbs add -er or -est to form the comparative or superlative. For most adverbs, add more or most or less or least to form the comparative or superlative.

We walked faster than before. They listened most carefully to the final speaker. Avoid double negatives, which are two negative words in the same clause. Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections 1. A preposition shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to some other word.

A compound preposition is made up of more than one word. The trees near our house provide plenty of shade. The schools were closed because of snow. Common prepositions include these: about, above, according to, across, after, against, along, among, around, as, at, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, besides, between, beyond, but, by, concerning, down, during, except, for, from, in, inside, in spite of, into, like, near, of, off, on, out, outside, over, past, round, since, through, till, to, toward, under, underneath, until, up, upon, with, within, without.

A conjunction is a word that joins single words or groups of words. A coordinating conjunction joins words or groups of words that have equal grammatical weight.

Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join words and groups of words of equal weight. A subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other.

I want to visit the art gallery and the museum. A conjunctive adverb clarifies a relationship. Frank loved the old maple tree; nevertheless, he disliked raking its leaves. An interjection is an unrelated word or phrase that expresses emotion or strong feeling. Look, there are two cardinals at the feeder. Good grief! Are you kidding? A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or a part of a sentence.

There are two types of clauses: main and subordinate. A subordinate clause has a subject and a predicate, but it cannot stand alone as a sentence. She became a veterinarian because she loves animals. There are three types of subordinate clauses: adjective, adverb, and noun. An adjective clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or pronoun. The wrens that built a nest in the backyard are now raising their young. An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that often modifies the verb in the main clause of the sentence.

It tells when, where, how, why, or under what conditions. Before they got out, the goats broke the fence in several places. A noun clause is a subordinate clause used as a noun. Whatever we do will have to please everyone. Main and subordinate clauses can form several types of sentences.

A simple sentence has only one main clause and no subordinate clauses. A compound sentence has two or more main clauses. A complex sentence has at least one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. A sentence that makes a statement is classified as a declarative sentence. An imperative sentence gives a command or makes a request. Please close the door on your way out. An interrogative sentence asks a question. When will the mail carrier arrive?

An exclamatory sentence expresses strong emotion. Watch out! What a view that is! Phrases 1. A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech. A prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun, which is called the object of the preposition. A prepositional phrase can act as an adjective or an adverb.

The house on the hill is white. An appositive is a noun or pronoun that is placed next to another noun or pronoun to identify it or give more information about it. An appositive phrase is an appositive plus its modifiers. Our sister Myra is home from college. Her college, Purdue University, is in Indiana. A verbal is a verb form that functions in a sentence as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.

A verbal phrase is a verbal and other words that complete its meaning. A participle is a verbal that functions as an adjective. Present participles end in -ing. Past participles usually end in -ed. The squeaking floor board gave me away.

The twisted tree was ancient. A participial phrase contains a participle and other words that complete its meaning. Moving quickly across the room, the baby crawled toward her mother. A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing. It is used in the same way a noun is used. Sailing is a traditional vacation activity for the Andersons. A gerund phrase is a gerund plus any complements or modifiers. Walking to school is common for many school children.

An infinitive is a verbal formed from the word to and the base form of a verb. It is often used as a noun. Because an infinitive acts as a noun, it may be the subject of a sentence or the direct object of an action verb. To sing can be uplifting. An infinitive phrase contains an infinitive plus any complements or modifiers.

The flight attendants prepared to feed the hungry passengers. A verb must agree with its subject in person and number. The kangaroo jumps. In inverted sentences the subject follows the verb. The sentence may begin with a prepositional phrase, the word there or here, or a form of do. Into the pond dove the children. Does a bird have a sense of smell?

There is a squeak in that third stair. Do not mistake a word in a prepositional phrase for the subject. The glass in the window is streaked. The singular verb is agrees with the subject, glass. A title is always singular, even if nouns in the title are plural.

Instant World Facts is a helpful reference book. Subjects combined with and or both need a plural verb unless the parts are of a whole unit. When compound subjects are joined with or or nor, the verb agrees with the subject listed last.

Canterbury and Coventry have famous cathedrals. A bagel and cream cheese is a filling snack. Either two short stories or a novel is acceptable for your book report. A verb must agree in number with an indefinite pronoun subject. Indefinite pronouns that are always singular: anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, neither, nobody, no one, nothing, one, somebody, someone, and something Always plural: both, few, many, others, and several Either singular or plural: all, any, most, none, and some Most of the snow has melted.

All of the children have eaten. The neighbors pitched in, and the job went a lot faster. We ate everything except the crust. They were altogether prepared for a heated discussion. Besides the kitchen, the den is my favorite room. Use among to show a relationship in a group. The joke was between Hilary and Megan. The conversation among the teacher, the principal, and the janitor was friendly.

Use take to show movement from a nearby place to a more distant one. You may bring your model here. Please take a brochure with you when you go. Constance can walk to school.

She may ride the bus if she wishes. Celia chose the purple folder. Use less with nouns that cannot be counted. There were fewer sunny days this year. I see less fog today than I expected. Lydia formerly lived in Spain, but now she lives in New York City.

The birds nest in the trees. A bird flew into our window yesterday. Possessive pronouns never have apostrophes. The dog lives in its own house.

We lay the uniforms on the shelves each day. The players lie on the floor to do their sit-ups. Minton will teach French to us next year. Dad will let me go swimming today.

I did not want to lose my balance. Use much with nouns that cannot be counted. Many ants were crawling near the anthill. Marly can proceed with her travel plans. The other kittens were quite playful.

Please raise your hand if you would like to help. I left the bread in a warm spot to rise. Set can also be used to describe the sun going down. Please sit in your assigned seats. Set those dishes down. The sun set at First get comfortable, then look the pitcher right in the eye.

The Westons returned to their favorite vacation spot. Theirs is one of the latest models. You may go to the library. It is too cold for skating. There are only two days of vacation left. Where were you yesterday afternoon?

Whose is the possessive form of who. Do you know whose books these are? Capitalize the first word of every sentence, including direct quotations and sentences in parentheses unless they are contained within another sentence. Capitalize the first word in the salutation and closing of a letter. Capitalize the title and name of the person addressed.

Always capitalize the pronoun I no matter where it appears in the sentence. Since I knew you were coming, I baked a cake. Capitalize the following proper nouns: a. Names of individuals, the initials that stand for their names, and titles preceding a name or used instead of a name Governor Cordoba A. Shen Aunt Margaret Dr. Harada General Diaz b. Names and abbreviations of academic degrees, and Jr. Richard Boe, Ph.

Sammy Davis Jr. Names of cities, countries, states, continents, bodies of water, sections of the United States, and compass points when they refer to a specific section of the United States Boston Dade County North Carolina Australia Amazon River the South d. Names of ethnic groups, national groups, political parties and their members, and languages Hispanics Chinese Irish Italian Republican party 5. Capitalize proper adjectives adjectives formed from proper nouns.

Use a period at the end of a declarative sentence and at the end of a polite command. Miranda plays tennis every Tuesday. Write your name in the space provided. Use a question mark at the end of an interrogative sentence. When will the new books arrive? Use an exclamation point to show strong feeling and indicate a forceful command. Oh, no! It was a terrific concert!

Use a comma in the following situations: a. To separate three or more words, phrases, or clauses in a series A tent, sleeping bag, and sturdy shoes are essential wilderness camping equipment. To set off two or more prepositional phrases After the sound of the bell, we realized it was a false alarm.

After an introductory participle and an introductory participial phrase Marveling at the sight, we waited to see another shooting star. After conjunctive adverbs Snow is falling; however, it is turning to sleet. To set off an appositive if it is not essential to the meaning of the sentence Mr. Yoshino, the head of the department, resigned yesterday. To set off words or phrases of direct address Micha, have you called your brother yet? Between the main clauses of compound sentences Whiskers liked to watch the goldfish, and she sometimes dipped her paw in the bowl.

After an introductory adverb clause and to set off a nonessential adjective clause Whenever we get careless, we always make mistakes. Spelling errors, which are common, can now be corrected by computer. To separate parts of an address or a date Burma Drive, Waterbury, Connecticut She was born on February 2, , and she now lives in Bangor, Maine. Use a semicolon in the following situations: a. To join main clauses not joined by a coordinating conjunction The house looks dark; perhaps we should have called first.

To separate two main clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction when such clauses already contain several commas After a week of rain, the farmers around Ames, Iowa, waited hopefully; but the rain, unfortunately, had come too late. To separate main clauses joined by a conjunctive adverb or by for example or that is Jen was determined to win the race; nonetheless, she knew that it took more than determination to succeed.

Use a colon to introduce a list of items that ends a sentence. Bring the following tools: hammer, speed square, and drill. Use a colon to separate the hour and the minute in time measurements and after business letter salutations. Dear Sir: Dear Ms. Use quotation marks to enclose a direct quotation.

When a quotation is interrupted, use two sets of quotation marks. Use single quotation marks for a quotation within a quotation. Always place commas and periods inside closing quotation marks. Place colons and semicolons outside closing quotation marks.

Place question marks and exclamation points inside closing quotation marks only when those marks are part of the quotation. Use quotation marks to indicate titles of short stories, poems, essays, songs, and magazine or newspaper articles. Italicize underline titles of books, plays, films, television series, paintings and sculptures, and names of newspapers and magazines.

Add an apostrophe and -s to form the possessive of singular indefinite pronouns, singular nouns, and plural nouns not ending in -s. Add only an apostrophe to plural nouns ending in -s to make them possessive. Use an apostrophe in place of omitted letters or numerals. Use an apostrophe and -s to form the plural of letters, numerals, and symbols.

Use a hyphen to divide words at the end of a line. Use a hyphen in a compound adjective that precedes a noun. Use a hyphen in compound numbers and fractions used as adjectives.

Use a hyphen after any prefix joined to a proper noun or a proper adjective. Use a hyphen after the prefixes all-, ex-, and self- joined to a noun or adjective, the prefix anti- joined to a word beginning with i-, and the prefix vice- except in the case of vice president.

Use dashes to signal a break or change in thought. I received a letter from Aunt Carla�you have never met her�saying she is coming to visit. Use parentheses to set off supplemental material. Punctuate within the parentheses only if the punctuation is part of the parenthetical expression. Place one gallon 3. Soga, Ph. Quentin Use the abbreviations A. Abbreviate numerical measurements in scientific writing but not in ordinary prose.

The newborn snakes measured 3. Pour 45 ml warm water into the beaker. Spell out cardinal and ordinal numbers that can be written in one or two words or that appear at the beginning of a sentence. Two hundred twenty runners crossed the finish line. Observers counted forty-nine sandhill cranes. Express all related numbers in a sentence as numerals if any one should be expressed as a numeral.

There were volunteers, but only 9 showed up because of the bad weather. Spell out ordinal numbers. Nina won third place in the spelling bee. Use words for decades, for amounts of money that can be written in one or two words, and for the approximate time of day or when A. Use numerals for dates; for decimals; for house, apartment, and room numbers; for street or avenue numbers; for telephone numbers; for page numbers; for percentages; for sums of money involving both dollars and cents; and to emphasize the exact time of day or when A.

Clues to the meaning of an unfamiliar word can be found in its context. Context clues include definitions, the meaning stated; example, the meaning explained through one familiar case; comparison, similarity to a familiar word; contrast, opposite of a familiar word; and cause and effect, a reason and its results. The meaning of a word can be obtained from its base word, its prefix, or its suffix. The i comes before the e, except when both letters follow a c or when both letters are pronounced together as an a� sound.

However, many exceptions exist to this rule. An unstressed vowel is a vowel sound that is not emphasized when the word is pronounced.

Determine how to spell this sound by comparing it to a known word. When joining a prefix that ends in the same letter as the word, keep both consonants. When adding a suffix that begins with a consonant to a word that ends in silent e, generally keep the e. If the suffix begins with a vowel or y, generally drop the e. If the suffix begins with a or o and the word ends in ce or ge, keep the e. If the suffix begins with a vowel and the word ends in ee or oe, keep the e.

When adding -ly to a word that ends in a single l, keep the l. If it ends in a double l, drop one l. When forming compound words, maintain the spelling of both words. Most nouns form their plurals by adding -s. However, nouns that end in -ch, -s, -sh, -x, or -z form plurals by adding -es. If the noun ends in -lf, change f to v and add -es. If the noun ends in -fe, change f to v and add -s. To form the plural of proper names and one-word compound nouns, follow the general rules for plurals.

To form the plural of hyphenated compound nouns or compound nouns of more than one word, make the most important word plural. Wilsons Diazes housekeepers sisters-in-law editors-in-chief Some nouns have the same singular and plural forms.

Use prewriting to find ideas to write about. One form of prewriting, freewriting, starts with a subject or topic and branches off into related ideas. Another way to find a topic is to ask and answer questions about your starting subject, helping you to gain a deeper understanding of your chosen topic.

Also part of the prewriting stage is determining who your readers or audience will be and deciding your purpose for writing. To complete your first draft, organize your prewriting into an introduction, body, and conclusion. Concentrate on unity and coherence of the overall piece. Revise your composition if necessary. Read through your draft, looking for places to improve content and structure. Remember that varying your sentence patterns and lengths will make your writing easier and more enjoyable to read.

In the editing stage, check your grammar, spelling, and punctuation. Focus on expressing your ideas clearly and concisely. Finally, prepare your writing for presentation.

Sharing your composition, or ideas, with others may take many forms: printed, oral, or graphic. Outlining 1. The two common forms of outlines are sentence outlines and topic outlines. Choose one type of outline and keep it uniform throughout. A period follows the number or letter of each division.

Each point in a sentence outline ends with a period; the points in a topic outline do not. Each point begins with a capital letter. A point may have no fewer than two subpoints. This is the main point. Main point A. This is a subpoint of I. Subpoint of I 1. This is a detail of A. Detail of A a. This is a detail of 1. Detail of 1 b.

Detail of 1 2. Detail of A B. Subpoint of I II. This is another main point. Main point Writing Letters 1. Personal letters are usually handwritten in indented form first line of paragraphs, each line of the heading and inside address, and the signature are indented.

Business letters are usually typewritten in block or semiblock form. Block form contains no indents; semiblock form indents only the first line of each paragraph. Reveal your personality and imagination in colorful personal letters. Keep business letters brief, clear, and courteous. Personal letters include letters to friends and family members. Thank-you notes and invitations are personal letters that may be either formal or informal in style. Use a letter of request, a type of business letter, to ask for information or to place an order.

Be concise, yet give all the details necessary for your request to be fulfilled. Keep the tone of your letter courteous, and be generous in allotting time for a response. Use an opinion letter to take a firm stand on an issue.

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