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A motorboat covers a distance of 16km upstream and 24km downstream inA
The terms �upstream� and �downstream� refer to two different, but equally important, aspects of marketing. We covered the key differences between the two in an article published in called �Upstream vs Downstream Marketing; Why do so many companies focus solely on downstream marketing?�. As a quick recap, upstream marketing is focused on strategy and the long-term market situation, while downstream marketing looks at tactics, activity and supporting the company�s sales team with their objectives.� Downstream market research can also be used to run A/B testing for advertising and promotions before a full digital marketing campaign begins. One Marketing Stream. Upstream/downstream with respect to remotes is, the downstream repo will be pulling from the upstream repo (changes will flow downstream naturally). Upstream/downstream with respect to time/history can be confusing, because upstream in time means downstream in history, and vice-versa (genealogy terminology works much better here - parent/ancestor/child/descendant). � charlesreid1 Jul 18 '15 at 6.� , that simply means there is no absolute upstream repo or downstream repo. Those notions are always relative between two repos and depends on the way data flows: If "yourRepo" has declared "otherRepo" as a remote one, then: you are pulling from upstream "otherRepo" ("otherRepo" is "upstream from you", and you are "downstream for otherRepo"). For example upstream may include some storage functions and downstream may include some transport that overlaps into the midstream sector. Downstream sector. The downstream sector of the oil and gas industry involves the refining of the crude oil and/or raw natural gases obtained in the upstream sector as well as selling or distributing the products obtained. This includes facilities such as petrochemical plants, oil refineries, natural gas distribution companies, retail outlets (i.e. gas stations), etc. Many products are derived from the refining of crude oil and these may include diesel oil.

There are individual challenges associated with the development of both pieces of the process, with upstream focused on producing quality product, and downstream on purifying it. While these two functions rely on each other to be fully successful, they frequently work in parallel � yet separately � to meet the aggressive timelines of the program. This approach may allow for some efficiencies during Upstream And Downstream Problems Class 10 Scandal development, but if the two teams are not working together, it can also create problems.

During downstream development, scientists are focused on a number of unit operations. For a therapeutic protein, these processes would start with a primary recovery step � where the cells and debris are removed. Each individual step has critical process parameters CPPs that need to be monitored and controlled to ensure the critical quality attributes CQAs of the intermediates and purified protein will be achieved at Upstream And Downstream Questions Class 10 Year the end.

But the biggest factor to ensure a consistent and successful downstream process is not even one that the downstream team can control: it is the consistency of the upstream harvest material. In that sense, upstream processes have a profound impact on the reproducibility and performance of downstream processes. Development of a robust and consistent downstream process must include the ability to understand and balance the output from the interconnected upstream process.

During upstream production, we tend to overly focus on product titers, but other factors such as cell concentration, cell viability, and various product quality characteristics may be impacted to achieve those high titers. And these upstream factors will most likely impact the subsequent recovery and purification process steps. As an example, one NS0 process developed was initially harvested at a viability of 30 percent to maximize the antibody titer.

Unfortunately, this low harvest viability resulted in significant problems downstream and caused very low cumulative process yields. Through discussions with the purification team, it was decided that a new harvest viability specification of greater than 50 percent would be used for this process. Upstream, there was a 20 percent loss in productivity, but the downstream process yields were much higher than before and the overall amount of purified protein increased.

This example highlights the importance of cross-functional collaboration to ensure the entire process, and not just one discrete area, is successful. For example, a lower cell viability at harvest typically generates a greater release of host cell protein and DNA impurities.

The higher impurity load can lead to diminished product recovery, or overwhelmed chromatography processes leading to a failed batch. Collaborating to establish upstream harvest parameters is crucial to the overall downstream success, but there is also the added challenge of accommodating unexpected and unknown variations in the upstream process. Some variations can be measured, while with others the true impact may not be known until a problem emerges.

When there are process challenges during purification, reviewing the following with the upstream team can help to identify the root cause of the problem:. The process development teams need to openly interact with one another from the very beginning, verifying that changes made to improve or further control the upstream process will not have a negative effect downstream. The open communication and cross-pollination of ideas will also improve the coordination Upstream And Downstream Questions Class 10 Seconds of project timelines and minimize material waste.

Additionally, linking upstream and downstream experimental studies could provide benefits to the analytical, product characterization and formulation teams by providing them with material for their studies earlier. Can they clear it? Will it cause interference? Variability should be minimized � a robust and consistent upstream process is key to a robust and consistent downstream process. We can ensure that we have a robust end-to-end manufacturing process.

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