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boat stern light | eBay The others were all stricken by , except MTB , , and , which were renumbered as fast patrol boats FPB , , and Camper & Nicholson type: These boats displaced t deep load. Ordered in and laid down in May , was completed in . | Das Servicecenter Medien in H ist ab dem montags bis donnerstags von Uhr bis Uhr und freitags von Uhr bis Uhr geoffnet. WAGE HELP. Workers spent a total of , YEARS on furlough in , research reveals.
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You can change your cookie settings through your browser. To learn more about cookies, please see our Privacy policy. Skip to cookie disclosure dialog Skip to content Skip to navigation menu. Mount Type. Mounting Hardware. Included 66 Sold Separately AC 4 DC Deck Mount Navigation Lights. Series Fold-Down Anchor Light. Side Mount Port Navigation Light.

Deck Mount Stern Navigation Light. Compare Menu - Maximum of 4 Products. Navigation Lights to Meet Coast Guard Requirements Nothing beats a day on the water but a pleasant night cruise is a close contender.

Portable Lights for Inflatable Boats, Kayaks and Canoes Watching the sunset over the water from your kayak is a great way to relax, until you realize you have to paddle back in the dark while being practically invisible to other boats.

The Bigger the Boat, the Brighter the Light Larger boats require brighter and usually bigger navigation lights. Here is a brief synopsis of the requirements: Boats less than 12m All other lights must be visible for at least 2nm. Boats less than 20m Seacat missile on HMS Corunna in R38 became the H40 and H97 was evaluated without new denomination. All four were discarded in due to poor conditions. Since the mass of ww2 submersibles were obsolete after the Type XXI and other German advanced propulsion prototypes were uncovered, some 68 of the T, S and U, and Acheron class stayed in service for years, until the s and other were streamlined and stayed active until the s.

Netherlands 2 , France 4 , portugal 2 and Israel 2 actually received these and others were converted. Too small to be kept in the cold war fleet, S-Types that were not sold to France, Israel and Portugal were discarded in the s. HMS Sidon was lost, sinking in because officially of an oxygen bottle and torpedo explosion. HMS Truculent was lost during a collision with a freighter in the Thames in Not well known, the X-craft of fame, when they tried to sink the Tirpitz were still in service in HMS Trump streamlined, P The overall shapes were better blended, hydrodynamics were pushed forward and new poerful batteries gave them an underwater boost.

Deck Guns were generally removed, but the Portuguese ones. The welded hull ones were taken in hands for a full modernization from They were old riveted hull types, therefore not given the same service span and same modenrization level. Still quite low for cold war s boats.

They were however quieter enough to be used for ASW training. HMS Tireless was the prototype. No info is available on sensors upgrade, however the torpedoes carried were the new Mk models. Modifications were quite extensive and comprised the following operations: -The pressure hull was cut in two -A New 20 feets section in some cases feets was added at the rear for extra machinery room.

On Tabard and Trump, the fin was totally enclosed, whereas there was a small low-set bridge As a result of the engine modifications, underwater speed more than doubled, at 15 knots. This also concerned the Acheron class, which were thoroughly modernized and deserved their own part. Their 20 mm guns were removed, low bow casings fitted with buoyancy tanks and external tubes blanked. Conversion started in They were deactivated and BU from to Many were sold too.

Details below:. Few saw active service after the war, with partial recommission or training use. HMS brocklesby was converted as a disarmed test ship for a new variable-depht sonar on the quartedeck. Alfare and Velasco Ibarra. HMS Fleetwood was disarmed and served as a test ship for the admiralty signal and radar unit, with a new lattice masts, extra radars, deckhouses for accomodations forward and aft. HMS Stork and Pelican served for a few years after the war.

The modified Black Swan class served extensively on foreign stations in the s. These ships were given Mk5 mountings for their Bofors guns. They were fitted with lattice masts, only two ships retaining their tripods. Redpole and Starling became tenders, disarmed for navigational training. The River class were for the most paid off since there was already a large provision of larger and more modern Loch, Castle and Bay classes already in service.

In all surviving ships, 20 mm guns were replaced by 40 mm Bofors on new mounts, and Type height-finder radar. HMS Helmsdale was disarmed and used as a trial ship for th Squid mortar system, with a twin launcher on B position.

There was a large aft deckhouse for the Royal Army personal. HMS Exe could have been converted that way conflicted sources. The last ships of the class were BU in However HMS Hotham Buckley class remained in service with the RN but she had been fitted in to provide power, an emergency station for Singapore, stripped of her armaments.

In she was returned home to be used as a test ship for gas turbines. They were never fitted as more modern model were already avilable. The relatively large Loch class Frigates proved very adaptable and could be updated postwar with a large array of new radars sensors and even armaments.

They were part of the solution of the RN facing hordes of Soviet Submarines in the s. The nine most modernized ships which served in the Persian gulf were modernized in , with twin 4-in Mk19 guns, four single 40 mm Bofors Mk9 on the bridge wings and forecastle break and a twin Mk5 aft. Type Q height-finder radar. Two more were converted as depot ships for minesweepers and small crafts.

The Bay class frigates had a weak ASW armament and were never really modernized. De Almeida, Pacheco de pereira, and Vaco da Gama in They also served as Yachts. The Surprise was converted as Royal Yacht with a glass cabin in lieu of the twin 4-in mount and both ships had increased accomodations.

They were retired in and Alert in The remainder were BU in These two ex-corvettes were returned by the Royal New Zealand Navy in , and were retired on the navy list for three years they were thus the only survivant of the large numbers of Corvettes made for the RN from onwards.

The reminder were disposed of in large numbers from some to be converted to whalecatchers and small coasters, but the majority to be scrapped. Castle class: Like other escorts these vessels were absorbed into the frigate category in Menay served with the training squadron at Portaldn, but the hulls for to small for any attempt of modernization and they were scrapped from the mids.

Berkley castle capsized in drydock. At Sheerness during the distrasrous flood in February and was rever repaired. The weather ships were lent to the Air Ministry with the 40 mm Bofors guns and the Squid DC mortar cocooned, but never retired to naval service. Halycon class: These were launched in , displacing t deep load, Franklin, Scott, Seagull and Sharpshooter reverted to surveying duties postwar.

HMS Sharpshooter was renamed Shackleton in They were scrapped between and Algerine class: They were launched , t deep load. Eighty-three of these successful sweepers were retained; many were transferred to other navies, and served as training ships.

They were surplus to requirements after it was realised during the Korean War that steel-hulled sweepers could no longer rely on degaussing for protection against magnetic mines. Vosper 73ft type: 47t deep load, MTB , , , , , , , These were renumbered as fast patrol boats in , MTB and , and became the FPB and , , , , and became the FPB , , , and Only FPB survived as a hulk by The armament was mixed, some having a 6pdr forward, others twin 20mm.

FPB received an experimental 4. British Stern Lights For Boats Amazon Offer Power Boat 71sft type: These were 53t deep load. The serie which survived the war were the MTB , , , , , , , , , The others were all stricken by , except MTB , , and , which were renumbered as fast patrol boats FPB , , and Ordered in and laid down in May , was completed in for experimental purposes.

She displaced Renumbered P , she ran a series of trials in before being sold c Only FPB , and were still in service by and they were put on the disposal list shortly afterwards. These were the ML , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; RML , , , , , Most were scrapped or sold in the s and only five were in service by Most were scrapped in the s, only nine remaining by Several served in the Far East as gunboats, with a power-operated 6pdr forward and a 20mm aft.

Latterly they were re-rated as Seaward Defence MLs. LCM 7 About 50 were left, three had been discarded in the s. The serie represented the MMS , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , LCT series ft Motor Minesweepers: t deep load. These were the MMS , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Most were scrapped, but three were retained for experimental purposes, S , S and S These were renumberedP , P and P Displacing t normal load and ft 6in oa x 16ft 9in x 6ft mean Oil carried: 20t, complement about fifteen.

P operated in British waters until paid off for scrapping in The other two were employed on what were officially described as fishery protection duties under the British Flag Officer, Germany.

What this actually involved was surveillance of the Soviet Navy in the eastern Baltic. Both craft, unarmed and fitted with equipment for monitoring signals, observed manoeuvres, trusting to their big margin of speed to get away if detected. In these marine equivalents of the U-2 spy-plane were handed over to the newly formed Bundesmarine in and renumbered UW 10 and UW They were rearmed for training duties with the two TT and were finally scrapped in Three of the survivors were sold and scrapped in , but HMS Grey Goose was selected to replace the frigate Hotham as the trials ship for the prototype Rolls-Royce PM60 gas turbine.

She was taken in hand in and given two funnels with sharply raked tops. When the trials were over in she was stripped and laid up. She was sold in December Numbered craft were all sold by or transferred. The rest were broken up from onwards.

In Loforen was converted to a helicopter support ship, with a flight deck to enable her to carry six Wessex ASW helicopters out to sea for deep-water training. Lofoten, latterly in service as a dockyard hulk, was broken up in LCM 7 : Launched , 63t ships. Left, three serving as naval servicing boats NSB and stores carriers.

Several had been re-engined. LCT 8 : launched , t loaded The serie comprised the LCT , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , LCT , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and were renamed Redoubt, Agheita, Rampart later Akyab , Citadel, Parapet, Bastion, Abbeville, Counterguard, Portulis, Audemer, Aachen, Sallyport, Ardennes, Antwerp, Agedabia, Arromanche, dalnes, Buttress, Arezzo and Arakan in Numbered craft were put on the disposal list in , Counterguard became the Malaysian Sri Lanebar 57, , Buttress was sold to France as L in and Bastion was tranferred to Zambia in The remainder were disposed of from onward.

LCT 4 : launched , t loaded. LCT ex-LCT , , ex , ex , ex , ex , ex ; MCR , , , , , , i, , , , All were broken up in the s. A total of , ranging from LCA to , were on strength in , most were scrapped in the s. The serie comprised the LCH , broken up circa The major surface threat in the s was seen as the Soviet Sverdlov class cruisers operating against Western trade.

So seriously was this possibility taken that two new designs were drawn up to deal with it, a cruiser and a super-destroyer.

The cruiser was intended to provide air-cover with guided missiles and relied on rapid-firing 6-in guns as its main armament, while a new rapid-firing single 5-in gun was designed for the destroyers. The cruiser would have displaced 18,t standard and would have carried Seaslug missiles aft and fully automatic 6-in guns forward.

The destroyer, on the other hand, relied on three 5in guns for air defence, and when the project was finally dropped as it was because it had no missile defence.

All that remained of this interesting design was the advanced steam machinery which was developed for the fast escort, stopped, and then cut down and married with the gas turbines for the County class missile destroyers , the larger fleet escort for which the Board opted, after much thought.

The first two were ordered in , followed by two further units in The more urgent need of frigates had meant that the first six Type 12 ships, intended as prototypes, had been ordered in , followed by another twelve of slightly modified design in These frigates were intended to be cheap, but this proved to be a vain hope. They were, however, a great success and are still widely regarded as one of the finest escort designs of the period in any navy.

Two other new classes of frigates were ordered in , a standard diesel-engined hull in two variants, one for anti-aircraft defence and the other for aircraft-direction. It had been intended to make up numbers in both categories with more conversions of destroyers, but these plans were shelved when a change of heart by the Staff indicated that it would be possible to go back to building general-purpose warships.

This change of policy was influenced by new trends in technology, with more compact machinery and electronics on the way. Despite cutbacks and delays, however, the Korean War building programme had created an impressive escort force. The other area in which the Royal Navy invested heavily was mine warfare. Having suffered considerable casualties from the mining of harbours and estuaries, the British were understandably more sensitive about this than the Americans who in any case had much deeper coastal waters and when it was learned during the Korean War that Russian magnetic mines were proving immune to degaussing measures it was realised that a large number of new minesweepers were needed to replace the steel-hulled Algerines.

Between and some one hundred and twenty coastal minesweepers were built, concurrently with one hundred inshore types. The CMS design proved an outstanding success, robust and sufficiently seaworthy to detect and classify mines on the seabed so that they could be destroyed by a demolition charge.

When this equipment was fitted, it perfected a number of coastal minesweepers as minehunters and over the years the new techniques replaced traditional sweeping as the major method to hunt mines in coastal waters.

Nuclear deterrence soon imposed domestic SSBNs, active by By the Royal Navy had built up a formidable submarine fleet and there was no intention of frittering away such asset -Apart from the possibility of offensive use in wartime- the part of submarines was ruled to be essential in training ASW forces, and great attention was paid to German late technology with prolongated tests done with some Type XXI U-boats and Meteor propulsion system. The two peroxide boats proved expensive, but the experience gained was incorporated in a new design of diesel, the Porpoise class.

This hull form was very successful and in the improved Oberon class , one of the major conventional designs of the period. Since then a fourth and a fifth class has bee making the RN one of only five navies operating nuclear-powered subs. These carried a similar armament but entered service in the early s.

In the momentous decision was make responsibility for the British nuclear deterrent from the RN, in the form of Polaris underwater-launched vectors: Submarines were ordered in , but the Government cancelled the fifth boat in February in appeasement to its left wing. The entire project, and training of the crews, building four submarines and providing dedicated facilities, was carried through with great rapidity, one of the few major British defence projects to keep budgetary limits but become operational on time.

These would had a miles range, well outside the range of Soviet SBAs and would have eight independently launched missiles each carrying three warheads. Major components of the missile system came from the United States, but many sub-systems were made by British subcontractors, as the missiles themselves.

The unsophisticated Tribal kit was now possible to build a general-purpose ftee destroyer. In the decision was made to build frigates to a totally recast design. The new hull now made possible to include a new generation of surveillance radars, combining a high-level awareness with a good measure of air warning.

HMS Ark Royal as modernized ;. The cancellation of the new aircraft carriers in was a traumatic experience for the Royal Navy, involving the resignation of the First sea lord, and loss of a chief striking force. The carrier Victorious hit was fire damage was the first to be reformed, followed later by HMS Eagle, and the naval air strike was from then handed over to the RAF.

This crisis only showed inter-services rivalry flaring up, the RAF apparently succeeding in convincing the Secretary of State for Defence that carriers werevulnerable to strikes from land-based inter-continental ballistic missiles. RAF squadrons took over the mission of protecting the fleet at sea, but this soon as predicted by many, proved unworkable. The RAF indeed was already overstretched in providing for the air defence of the United Kingdom airspace and in the even case planes dedicated to the fleet were serviceable, a few minutes delay in takeoff meant that they would arrive on the scene too late.

But even after both services realised this could not continue, the politicians clung to their ruling there could never be any more aircraft carriers and at least not operated the kind of ships operating fixed-wings aircraft comparable to those in the US Navy as costs would have been crippling. HMS Invincible in The answer would have to be found elsewhere.

Further studies showed greater efficiency would be obtained with nine rotary-wing aircraft stored in an internal hangar, with a starboard island and clear flight deck.

It was decided ultimately to make sure that the design of the ship would accommodate the Sea Harrier if required. However this became a purely political struggle and the Sea Harrier was not considered before May , more than two years after the ship had been laid down. In the first two squadrons were formed, giving the RN control over its own air power once more, and the debate now revolved around the aircraft type to replace one day the Sea Harrier.

The US Navy defined the large Spruance class destroyers, but the RN opted for tons frigates armed with two helicopters, surface missiles and a new point-defence missile capable of defending against other missiles, and elaborated C5I.

The new missile had originally been conceived as an anti-aircraft weapons, but during development they were tailored to answer underwater-launched missiles and sea-skimmers. For years it was the only anti-missile missile system in service, but time was running out for the RN with the cost of new warships rising beyond control, linked to the need of protecting them against anti-ship missiles.

Studies showed that a double-ended Sea Dart destroyer was to be over tons, with the cost of hundreds of millions of pounds. In the axe fell when the new Secretary of State John Nott, announced that the surface fleet would be reduced, with one of the three support carriers laid up or sold, no more than fifty ships overall and no more half-life modernizations approved.

The Type 22 programme was replaced by a new economical utility escort known as Type However to compensate, the nuclear hunter-killer programme was accelerated, and Type DE subs confirmed. In addition two DLGs and two Leander class frigates had been sold. Older frigates and some Leanders were also to be sold. And at that time the events on the south atlantic erupted. Note: This will be the object of a comprehensive post, possibly in , for the 40th anniversary.

When Argentine forces occupied the Falkland Islands and South Georgia on 2 April , the British Government immediately dispatched a task force to recapture the islands. Although the assembling and equipping of such a force around the carriers Hermes flagship and Invincible was a masterpiece of speed and efficiency the carriers and several warships sailed and tons of military stores were loaded, all within seventy-two hours of the order to embark , the fighting around the Falklands showed that the Royal Navy was no longer adequately equipped for such operations.

The fact that the Falklands are miles from Britain and that the nearest base was Ascension caused particular strain, but air attacks by Argentine shore-based aircraft showed that a small air group of fewer than thirty Sea Harriers was no substitute for a large carrier with high-performance aircraft.

The missile failed to detonate, but it set the fuel tanks on fire and the ship had to be abandoned some hours later. She was taken in tow because the navy hoped to have the damage examined by experts at South Georgia, but when the weather deteriorated on 10 May the bumed-out hulk was scuttled.

The strike against the Task Force was undoubtedly provoked by the loss of the old cruiser General Belgrano, which was torpedoed by the nuclear submarine Conqueror on 2 May. Surprisingly the elderly Mk 8 torpedo was used, at a range of about yds, rather than the long-range Mk Once the amphibious assault had got under way at San Carlos on 21 May, fierce air battles became an almost daily occurrence, and bombing or rocket attacks accounted for the DDG Coventry and the frigates Ardent and Antelope.

The need for stronger close-range defence led to the use of troops and their GPMGs to provide AA fire, and ships still in the UK were hurriedly rearmed with twin 30mm and single 20mm guns, as well as additional chaff-launchers to give protection against guided missiles.

A large number of merchant ships were chartered or requisitioned, including the luxury liners Canberra and Queen Elizabeth 2, with helicopter platforms, naval-standard communications and, in some cases, 20mm guns, added. The most elaborate conversions were the ro-ro container ships Atlantic Conveyor and Atlantic Causeway. HMS Sheffield. Ground-support aircraft were allowed to operate away from the carriers. A rash attempt by 5 Brigade to move without Sea Harrier cover led to the crippling of the LSLs Sir Galahad and Sir Tristram at Fitzroy, arguably the worst moment of an otherwise brilliant campaign in which numerically inferior forces had repeatedly out-thought and out-fought the opposition.

Two days before the surrender on 24 June, the DLG Glamorgan was hit by a land-launched Exocet missile, which wrecked her hangar and killed fifteen men, but by a near-miracle she escaped serious damage. The missile was detected on radar and correctly identified, giving her a vital seventy seconds to turn away and try to get out of range. As the Exocet was nearly out of fuel it did not strike with full force, and it seems that the warhead may have detonated only partially. Although the Falklands campaign halted the rundown temporarily, the cuts were merely postponed.

The collapse of the Warsaw Pact in the late s provided the Treasury with a strong case for reducing defense expenditure even faster. A major casualty was the planned new nuclear attack submarine design, but the Trident programme remained sacrosanct. The Falkkands campaign had the advantage of stopping at least momentarily the budget cuts, but the rapid collapse of the Warsaw pact in later years provided ammunition to the treasury for further axe blows.

The only component left unscaved was the sacro-sanct Trident program and its host four ballistic submarines. The Navy found a solution to maintain ship by cutting through personal and automation. The Type 23 program ships were inded intended to be much more automated. To reduce their magnetic signature virtually to nil, it was necessary to design nonmagnetic diesels and build the hull of glass-reinforced plastic GRP. Since MCM forces have been in action four times, including the clearance of Port Stanley, hunting for Libyan mines in the Gulf of Suez, dealing with Iranian mines in , and finally, supporting the Coalition forces in the Gulf conflict.

As with larger warships, the government commitment to maintain a force of fifty modern MCM craft has not been honored. The disappearance of the Empire weakened the links which bound the navies of Canada and Australia to that of Great Britain, and there was a steady drift away from a reliance on British equipment.

The RCN was the first, purchasing USN weapons and electronics to make it easier to get spares in an emergency, and going as far as to design its own escort destroyers. Ikara anti-submarine missile system and other e jointly developed.

The Royal Navy continued its policy of demanding high standards in its weapons and equipment, but the underlying which had become particularly evident after this largely frustrated this. In the end the result was always the same: Equipment placed into service far too late, making these obsolescent when operational. Other problems were caused by the temptation to allow too many committees to make alterations to specifications. Thus, the Seaslug missile was made extraordinarily bulky on the advice of the Royal Aircraft Establishment Farnborough , not believing reports that the American Terrier missile had its boosters mounted in tandem.

The beam-riding Seaslug gave way eventually to the much more effective semi-active homer Sea Dart, which followed the American ideas closely, and this weapon is currently being upgraded.

The experience with lighter missiles has been happier, for the short range Seacat was designed to replace the venerable 40mm Bofors gun, and by being tailored specifically to one role it emerged as a relatively cost-effective close-range defence system for ships down to frigates.

Replacement was to have been Sea Wolf, but the lengthy and costly, lengthy development enabled the designers to give it a capability against sea-skimming missiles. The problem for the RN is that it has shrunk in size without losing its front-line commitments, and as a result its production runs are short. This pushes up cost and explains why so many good ideas have to had to depend on export orders before they can go ahdea.

It was hoped to persuade the Netherlands to buy Sea Dart in exhange for a Signaal 3-D radar, and the Type 22 frigate was also begun as a joint venture with the Dutch. Since British torpedoes have earner poor reputation, most of it undeserved.

Although the Mk8 submarines torpedo was by far the most efficient and cost-effective model used in WW2, it was hoped to replace it with faster and more accurate models using British wartime developments as well as German design ideas in This weapon had to be withdrawn after a propellant causes and explosion which sank the submarine Sidon in , but it was further developed by the Swedish Navy into the Tp61, a very safe and effective torpedo.

Several torpedoes were designed and then axed for some reasons, notably the Pentane and theMk30 Mod 1. The desperate need of a lightweight homing torpedo for helicopters, aircraft and frigates led to the purchase of American Mk 43, 44 and 46 models, but the Mk 43 became obsolete many years ago and the other two have been replaced by the Stingray.

The cancellation of the Undersea Guided Weapon programme force the navy to buy the USNs Sub-Harpoon to give its nuclear submarines a capability in long-range anti-ship means. Trials started in October This purchase was followed by the selection of the latest surface version, the RGMC, as the successor to the Exocet. After post-cold war massive but previsible and necessary budget cuts, the RN concentrated around its carriers and new destroyers programs, while modernizeing its SSN and SSBN fleet to keep the edge.

The Royal Navy maintains as of today a technologically sophisticated, very well trained and maintained fleet, which includes one aircraft carrier still without planes , two amphibious transport docks, four ballistic missile submarines nuclear deterrent component , six nuclear fleet submarines, six guided missile destroyers, thirteen frigates and the same number of mine-countermeasure vessels plus 22 patrol vessels.

By the fall of , two years from now, 75 registered commissioned ships composed. Additionally 13 ships serve with the Royal Fleet Auxiliary RFA and five Merchant Navy ships available under private finance initiative to replenishes the fleet at sea and amphibious forces when operating far from home. They also doubled that by taking on patrol duties, freeing frigates for other tasks. This came with a total tonnage of about , tonnes, for the strke fleet alone, and , tonnes including the Royal Fleet Auxiliary and Royal Marines.

It is backed by aircraft and helicopters, notably long range AAW patrol planes. This force is manned by 33, Regulars, 3, in the Maritime Reserve and and 7, in the Royal Fleet Reserve, all mobilizable in case of war. Planification for includes: -Completion and commission of the Prince of Wales , second of the QE class carriers. Also development of small unmanned vessels for spec ops, such as the MAST, is ongoing for testng and development of the concept.

One was so delayed that she eventually formed a separate type, but the other three, redesigned to incorporate as many wartime lessons as possible, were launched in and completed in somewhat leisurely fashion six years later.

Almost as soon as the vessels were completed they were taken in hand for modification. After the Suez operations in the ships were given steam catapults and stronger arrester wires, and the six-barrelled Mk 6 Bofors mounting abaft the island was removed to provide deck space.

They proved too small to operate the new generation of aircraft coming into service in the late s, and in Bulwark was converted to a commando carrier. This involved the removal of her arrester gear and catapults, the provision of four assault landing craft LCAS in davits aft and the modification of her accommodation to allow Royal Marines to embark.

With eight helicopters in place of her former air group, she could land troops and vehicles ashore rapidly, and proved such a success that her sister Albion was similarly converted in Plans to convert Centaur, however, were shelved because of rising costs, and she was paid off into reserve in , to be scrapped six years later.

The air groups varied during their careers. HMS Victorious circa HMS Victorious was virtually rebuilt from to the end of to allow her to operate modern jet aircraft. During the process the hull was widened, deepened and lengthened and the machinery and boilers replaced, although it was only decided in to replace the boilers.

Two steam catapults, an angled deck and mirror landing sights were provided, as well as a 3-D radar and faster lifts. This extended the flight deck 35ft 6in outboard and was the first fully angled deck fitted in a British carrier. During the refit the flight deck was strengthened and an access gangway was provided outboard of the island.

When she recommissioned on 14 January , Victorious was the most modern British carrier, but although it had originally been hoped that she would operate fifty-four aircraft, the than twenty-eight plus eight helicopters and finally carried only twenty-three eight Buccaneers, eight Sea Vixens, two Wessex.

Two parallel-track ft steam catapults were provided and because of the angled deck there were only four arrester wires, cach with an average span of 80ft. A major internal improvement was to nearly double the generating capacity to kW, but even this had to be increased to kW in The side aft. During a May August refit two 3in mountings Gannets and fire enlarged and the mirror sights were replaced by projector sights. When she recommissioned on 14 January , Victorious was the most modern British carrier, but although it had originally been hoped that she would operate fifty-four aircraft, the summarily put on the disposal list and sold for scrapping the following year.

HMS Victorious R38 after reconstruction and modernization. Originally intended to form one of a class of four 32,t improved Implacable s , Audacious was quite far advanced at the end of the war and was therefore earmarked for completion more or less as designed. Her name as changed to Eagle in January because the original Eagle had just been cancelled. Her surviving sister det Royal, however, was held up to allow numerous improvements to be incorporated, and so the two ships differed in many details.

A new legend was drawn up in for both ships, raising 36,t standard , 45,t deep. Eight six-barrelled 40mm Bofors Mk 6, each with its own CRBF fire control director, were mounted, four on the port side, two on the starboard side and one at each end of the island.

In addition there were nine single 40mm Mk 7 on the island and on the port side, and before completion two twin 40mm Mk 5 were added in a sponson under the overhang of the flight deck at the stern. Original first refit provision of radars comprised the models , , , , , Also in she was armed with sixteen 4. This gave the phenomenal total of twelve radar directors controlling 16 4.

On trials she made Endurance was calculated at nm at 24kts. Apart from realignment of the arrester wires and other flight deck fittings, the change necessitated the removal of one Mk 6 Bofors mounting from the port side; the three single Mk 7s were also removed from the port side of the island. Buccaneer landing on the Eagle in The air group flew sorties despite having a defective catapult.

On her return to Devonport she had a short refit and then returned to the Mediterranean, where she spent most of the remainder of the commission. The opportunity was taken to renew her boiler fire-bricks, for these had given constant trouble since completion. In addition, Confrontation by maintaining stand-ing air patrols over the Malacca Strait.

No sooner was this crisis over than she sailed for Aden to provide reinforcements and then had to provide air defence for Zambia against possible invasion from Rhodesia. The close-range armament was entirely replaced by six quadruple Seacat GWS22 SAM systems, four sponsoned port and starboard forward and aft, one right aft under the flight deck overhang and one on the starboard side between the island and the after sponson. A less obvious but important improvement was to boost the generating capacity to kW, nearly double the original power, while flight deck armour was reduced from 4-in to l-in.

With the growing size and complexity of aircraft, and as the after half of the lower hangar was now given over to workshops, the complement dropped to thirty-five fixed-wing aircraft and ten helicopters, half the complement envisaged in Fairey Gannet over the Eagle in the s. She was paid off at Portsmouth in January and was laid up at Devonport later the same year.

Although often claimed to have been projected as HMS Imresistible, there is no official record of this name. The ship was in fact laid down 18 months after the previous Ark Royal was sunk, and there was every reason to reserve that name for a new carrier.

She finally started trials in June and entered service in February The most important alteration was to provide her with a deck-edge lift, as in US carriers. It was never a great success because it served the upper hangar only, and in any case the device was not really suited to the British type of closed hangar. The port forward 4. She had a tall lattice foremast, and a different island. Her initial armament in comprised twelve 4. As with Eagle it proved difficult to accommodate two ft steam catapults on the foredeck, and so when these were installed in an unusual deposition was adopted, with one on the port side forward and the other in the waist.

Ark Royal underwent many more changes than Eagle. In the starboard 4. This involved removing the last of the 40mm guns; it was planned to replace them with four Seacat missile systems, but these were never installed. New armament comprised eight 4.

Electronics suite comprised the radars , , , and In a catapults. In it was felt that she might last until without major repairs to her machinery, and the fact that she staggered on for another six years is testimony to the heroic efforts of her engineers.

Despite efforts to raise money to preserve her the MoD steadfastly refused to sanction any unworthy scheme; in any case the sums talked of were wildly unrealistic, and she was towed away in the autumn of After she had been paid off at Devonport in December her name was given to the third of the Invincible class.

When the original order for Hermes, sixth of the Centaur class, was named was given to Elephant of the same class; very little work was done on the hull, however, giving time for the specification to be revised. Although the deck-edge lift was unusual in British carriers the first was still being installed in Ark Royal it was dictated by the need to find space for the steam catapults at the forward end of the flight deck.

Once the forward centreline lift was suppressed the side lift was needed to work aircraft, and it also provided a convenient extension to the angled deck area. In she was refitted and the Hermes Bofors were replaced by two quadruple Seacat close-range SAM defence systems, in the after port and starboard sponsons.

In the Type scanner was dian Ocean and Far East she had to be withdrawn from front-line service because she could not operate the new F-4K Phantom, which had replaced the Sea Vixen. In she paid off for conversion to a commando carrier, losing her arrester wires, catapults and 3-D radar.

Although threatened with premature scrapping under the defence cuts, she acted as flagship of the Falklands Task Force April-June , during which time she embarked twenty Sea Harriers and ten Sea Kings. The main difficulty with Hermes was her small size, for when she commissioned at the end of she could only operate twenty Sea Vixen, Scimitar and Buccaneer and eight Gannet ASW aircraft.

In her new role Hermes bridged the vonport and sold to India; transferred at Devonport on 12 May and renamed Viraat. The story of the last class of fleet carriers designed for the RN is a harrowing one � although it must be said that the cancellation of the programme in necessary, if only to save the Navy from getting the wrong carrier � and it will remain a classic example of how a design can be ruined by constraints.

The MoD needed two new fleet carriers to replace Victorious and Eagle in the early s and their role was seen as providing strike power against airfields and hostile ships, and air defence for the fleet. This proved to be the case, and when it was pointed out that a carrier capable of accommodating the latest aircraft and catapults of the necessary length would displace over 60,t, the politicians asked for the length of catapult to be reduced!

To cope with such ill-considered requests the designers cut the catapults from four to two and eliminated the deck park, reducing displacement to 55,t, but there was still pressure to cut the size to 30,t, half as big as the original target. Speed was restricted to 27�28kts, but after doubts were raised about putting so much power out through two shafts, the old 3-shaft system of the Illustrious class was re-adopted, so that one engine could be closed down for maintenance and still leave enough power for Fleet speed.

Things got worse. To fit all the requirements in such a small hull, many ingenious ideas were adopted. This was a recipe for disaster, as experience shows that only some per cent novelty can be accepted in a design; more than this raises insoluble problems. With hindsight the biggest blunder was the political one of confusing size with cost, but given without disturbing the deck park. Not for nothing did the project leader refer to the cancellation as the happiest day of his life.

The design work was authorised in July and ended in February without an order being placed. Two BS6 catapults were planned, with water-spray type arrester gear. Displacement had been kept to 50,t but when t of armour were added, the total continued to be referred to as 50,t for political The death of the fleet carrier replacement programme in February did not mean the end of plans for air-capable ships.

The RN had refused to accept the original P STOVL fighter on the grounds that its lacked space through decks or the the island superstructure, if only to provide sufficient internal space for the hangar and workshops.

The RN had refused to accept the original P STOVL fighter on grounds that its lack of navigational radar and short endurance would give it a very low capability at sea. But in the interim the designers of the successful subsonic Harrier had pressed ahead with a Sea Harrier equipped with a more powerful engine, more fuel and new avionics which would provide the pilot with computer-aided navigation and attack data.

In May it was officially announced that the new TDC would carry Sea Harriers, although the capability had long since been designed into the ship to avoid subsequent delays; in service nine Sea Kings and the five Sea Harriers are embarked.

The Sketch Design was ready at the end of , but the order was not placed until April For a long time there was no mention of any sisters, but in May No 2 Illustrious was ordered, followed by No 3 in December The third ship was planned to be called Indomitable, but immediately after the old Ark Royal paid off it was announced that her name would go to the new ship.

There are many novel features in the design. First, it is the largest gas turbine-powered ship in the world, with four Rolls-Royce Olympus units coupled to two shafts. Second, the emphasis is on large internal volume to allow the maintenance of virtually all equipment by exchange; in other words, everything down to the gas turbines and operating consoles has to be removable.

This had already been achieved in other gas turbine ships, but the Invincible design carries it much farther. Because of the lack of armour and the use of much lighter alloy, the volume of the hull is big for its tonnage. Invincible is the first ship equipped with the new Type long-range air warning radar and she also has a double-headed Sea Dart guided with Type weapon-system, trackers at each end of the island and a twin-arm launcher on the centreline forward.

The provision of Sea Dart had been criticised for an alleged reduction of the flying capability, but it must be remembered that the Sea Harrier is a subsonic strike aircraft, not a supersonic interceptor, and therefore the ship and other vessels in company needs a long-range, rapid-reaction defence against air attack.

While Invincible was under construction a very simple improvement was perfected which revolutionised flying at sea. It remains to be seen what developments in STOVL aircraft will take place in the next decade or so, but the Invincible class promise to be very effective anti-submarine ships, taking the most potent ASW helicopters far out to sea, but able to protect them from attack by enemy bombers.

As the first Western ships designed to exploit fixed-wing STOVL aircraft they are having a marked influence on other navies. The offer was accepted, subject to modifications to fuel stowage, communications, etc, when the Falklands Crisis intervened. She sailed with Hermes on 5 April, but did not return until relieved by Illustrious in late August.

During the campaign she embarked nine Sea Harriers and ten helicopters. Invincible was similarly fitted but Ark Royal was fitted with three Goalkeeper CIWS one in bows on centreline, one sponsoned on port side at after end of the flight deck, and one sponsoned to starboard of the island. Invincible refitted at Devonport during April � January to similar standard as Ark Royal, with a longer ski-jump and 12 degrees exit angle, enlarged accommodation etc.

Illustrious was to follow in but she was laid up in reserve for two years because of financial problems. She and her sisters will also receive enhanced EW and CI systems. In the Gulf conflict in she was hurriedly converted to a hospital ship but also operated HC4 Commando troop-carrying helicopters. Her peacetime role is to take ASW helicopters out to their deepwater exercise areas saving fuel and flying time , and in wartime she can ferry up STOVL aircraft.

She has a naval standard ops room and AIO, and full communications equipment to enable her to operate with the Fleet. She is civilian-manned by the RFA, with naval air group and command twelve Sea Harrier team embarked.

She was taken up from trade in and returned to her owners, but purchased outright in During conversion three watertight bulkheads were added and to compensate for weights and a 5ft layer of concrete was also added above the hangar serving incidentally as splinterproof protection. HMS Tiger at Rotterdam before conversion. These vessels were at the same time the last cruisers of WW2 since they were launched in , on plans dating back from , and the first and last British cruisers of the cold war.

Although the decision to complete the last three of the Tiger class to a new design was made by the Board of Admiralty in a move strongly opposed by many , the dismantling of the old structure did not start until The internal fittings reflected the needs of a new generation of naval warfare; air conditioning throughout, a line telephone exchange and a computer-aided Action Information Organisation AIO.

Radars included a Type masthead dipole array for air warning range miles , Type for surface search at the masthead range 30 miles , and a Type Q height-finder on the mainmast range miles. The armament was impressive, each water-cooled 6in barrel capable of delivering 20rpm. The 3in could theoretically deliver up to rpm; in practice achieved. Like most attempts to produce perfection, the Tigers were too late, arriving on the scene just when the gun solution to AA defence was going out of fashion.

Although fine, modern ships, there was little they could do other than engage smaller warships with gunfire or bombard shore positions. Their excellent command communications however, still made them useful as task group flagships, and it was decided to give them more flexibility by replacing one 6in turret with a hangar and flight deck for four helicopters.

HMS Tiger after reconstruction in This was approved, and in Blake was refitted at Portsmouth, followed by Tiger at Devonport in New sensors consisted of radar Types , Q, and As refitted Blake had a particularly ungainly profile, with a huge box hangar from mainmast to stern. When Tiger emerged in her funnels considerably squared-off caps, and after another commission this improvement was given to Blake as well.

Both ships proved useful in their new role, but their big crews made them expensive to maintain, and when the manpower shortage hit the Royal Navy in the late s they were prime candidates for the disposal list. In any case the decommissioning of Hermes and Bulwark had remedied the previous shortage of ASW helicopter ships, and so in Tiger was put on the disposal list, while Blake was laid up at Chatham in January Blake was not sold until while Tiger lasted until The layout would have been virtually an enormously expanded Dido with three turrets forward and two aft, but there would also have been a heavy secondary battery of 3in guns and TT.

They would have been much inferior to the US Worcesters owing to their heavy electrical equipment. The design was clearly influenced not only by war experience, but by the magnificent designs produced by the US Navy for the Pacific. Each time the design was slightly reduced in size, but finally lack of money forced the Navy to abandon any idea of building a new cruiser class for the time being. Although four ships, Minotaur, Centurion, Edgar and Mars had been planned in , no contracts were placed.

A decision was deferred on the Minotaur class, allowing work to continue on refining the design. The last revision found is dated It must be assumed that the project had died by It was felt that a traditional cruiser with the ability to operate independently for long periods was still necessary to carry out the duties of trade protection and area anti-aircraft defence of the fleet. They were to have some or all of the following features: Surface gun armament; long and short range AA armament with missiles if possible ; speed, endurance and seakeeping; at least splinter protection to vitals; torpedo, and ASW armament; aircraft direction capability; command and communications facilities.

Conventional steam machinery was adopted improved Daring type , and the armament was arranged to obviate all physical fouling between guns necessary because of high training speeds and automatic control. Details of four variants are cluded here, although there is no evidence that the construction of any type was ever seriously planned. A light cruiser design was under consideration in mid, but very little information has survived. More is to come about these projects.

These ships were divided into two groups: Dainty, Daring, Defender and Delight had a v DC electrical installation whereas the others had the new v AC system which was to become standard. In HMS Decoy was fitted with a quadruple Seacat short-range missile launcher abaft the second visible funnel, but although firing trials were successful it was decided not to refit the rest of the class, and the launcher removed.

Diana and Daring were temporarily fitted with a streamlined after funnel casing a short while after completion at the personal wish of Mountbatten; It was better for the looks, but restricted the arcs of fire of the aft twin Bofors and was removed after a few years.

The ships served on all stations and gave good service, but as the design had already been stretched there was insufficient room for new sensors and weaponry.

In the first of the class HMS Carron was taken in hand for modernisation and by all eight had been recommissioned. HMS Caesar, Cambrian, Caprice and Cassandra had an enclosed frigate-style bridge, which was left open on the others of the class. In Caprice and Cavalier received a quadruple Seacat GWS20 missile system in place of the Mk 5 Bofors, and this necessitated a big handing room on top of the original deckhouse.

In she became a navigation tender attached to Dryad and had the rest of her armament removed. HMS Cavalier paid off in , but avoided the breakers. In all four vessels were converted to radar-pickets, with a tall lattice mast between the visible funnel and the foremast, carrying a Type long-range radar array.

The TT were removed and a continuous deckhouse ran aft as far as the original superstructure. The old Mk 6 director over the bridge was replaced by an MRS8 director. On 1 August Battleaxe was badly damaged in a collision with the frigate Ursa in the Clyde and was laid up. Class: Agincourt, Aisne, Barrosa, Corunna. In four of the second group vere taken in hand for conversion to radar-pickets. The original AA and TT armament was removed and a new after superstructure built, with a short lattice mast carrying a Type height-finder array.

Abaft this was an MRS8 director and a quadruple Seacat missile launcher. The original Mk 37 fire control director was left and so was on the the Squid ASW mortar quarter-deck. Internally the ships were totally rebuilt to improve habitability and to provide a new AIO. All four conversions were completed by the spring of , but the ships were all on the disposal list in They were originally DC direct current ships and had to converted to AC alternating current to provide power for the new radars and the Seacat missile system.

It was to be longer than the Darings, with a maximum speed of Priority was given to the Type 41 and Type 61 frigates, so design work was slow, and the project appears to have been dropped in At least two ships were planned, and in a FADE conversion of an Abdiel class minelayer was considered. The FADE mission would have been to extend early warning of hostile aircraft, to extend the range at which considered. The friendly aircraft could be controlled and to act as a rallying point for returning aircraft.

As in the USN ships, however, destroyer principles governed their design: there was no longitudinal subdivision and the ships had relatively light scantlings to keep down size and weight. Like the Whitbys the design was volume-critical, and in particular it centred on the Seaslug missile system.

Seaslug was a first-generation beam-rider, with its four booster-motors wrapped around the body. British guided weapons of the period relied on wrap-around boosters because it was feared incorrectly that end-on mounting of the booster would produce instability in the missile after launch. The missiles are brought up from the forward magazine on a hoist and then travel through the tunnel, undergoing checkouts, fitting of wings, etc, before being run out on to the launcher.

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