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We of Norse blood, but American birth, if we are true to the best that is in us, cannot fail to have an interest in the trials and the achievements of the pioneer fathers. We must recognize the true heroism of the men and women who braved the hardships and suffered the privations of frontier life in the thirties, the forties and the fifties. The part that the pioneers of those days played in the development of the Northwest was a great one; in comparison with it that of the present generation is wholly insignificant.

It is to the memory of those pioneers, in recognition of their true worth, that this record of their coming is dedicated. Norway is, as we know, a long and narrow strip of country in the west of the Scandinavian Peninsula, stretching through thirteen degrees of latitude, and in the north, extending almost three hundred miles into the arctic zone.

Nearly a third of the entire country [1] is the domain of the midnight sun, where summer is the season of daylight and winter is one long unbroken night. Even in Southern Norway total darkness is unknown in summer, the night being merely a period of twilight. In Christiania the nights are light from April twentieth to the third week in August, in Trondhjem, a week more at either end. In the latter city there is broad daylight at midnight from May twenty-third to July twentieth.

Correspondingly there is a period of continuous darkness in the extreme north. The long night is therefore short as compared with the long day of summer. Climatically, also, Norway is naturally a land of extremes, extending, as it does, over such a vast area north and south.

Yet the populous portion of the country, the southern two-thirds, is not appreciably colder than the State of Iowa and the southern half of Wisconsin and Minnesota. The winter is severest in the great inland valleys. In the south and in the west coast-districts the climate is more uniform and more temperate. Northern Norway, with its gulf stream coast, presents the same general climatic conditions as Western and Southern Norway; the inland region of extreme cold is limited because of the very limited inland area, which also is very sparsely populated.

The population of Norway [4] is very unevenly distributed, the north being rather thinly settled. The area of Norway is , square miles, or somewhat more than that of Wisconsin and Illinois together.

About four per cent of this, however, is covered by lakes, and the average number of inhabitants to the square mile is only seventeen. The corresponding figures of inhabitants to the square mile for Sweden is twenty-eight; for Denmark, however, it is one hundred and forty-eight, and for all Europe, it is ninety-eight. The density of population is greatest Steamboat Springs Marathon Netflix in Larvik and Jarlsberg on the south barring the cities of Christiania and Bergen.

In these provinces there are one hundred and sixteen inhabitants to the square mile. In Hedemarken the number falls to twelve. Norway is a land of fjords and lakes, of mountains and glacier expanses. Less than one-fourth of the country is capable of cultivation, and eighty per cent of this is forest land. This leaves less than five per cent under actual cultivation.

We may compare again with Denmark, where seventy-six per cent of the land is cultivated, while in all Europe the ratio is forty per cent. Nearly seven per cent of its people reach the age of sixty to seventy, while one per cent attain to the age of from ninety to one hundred years.

That is, reckoned as a whole, about twelve per cent attain to the age of sixty years or more. This is considerable in excess of that of nearly all other European countries. The average age in Norway is fifty, while for instance, in Italy it is thirty-five. But the expectancy is far more than this for him who passes infancy; thus if one attains to the age of fifty in Norway, one still may expect to live twenty-three years.

Such is the health and the expectancy of life among our immigrants from Norway. The predominant pursuit in Norway is agriculture, cattle farming and forest cultivation. Herein forty-eight per cent of the population seeks its maintenance.

The immigrant pioneer generally selects in America the pursuit or occupation for which he has been trained in his native country. And so we find that the great majority of Norwegian immigrants have sought homes in rural communities and engaged in farming and related pursuits.

In fact, more than eighty-eight per cent of our Norwegian immigrants have come from rural communities. Twenty-three per cent of the population of Norway are engaged in industries and mining. To these occupations in this country, Norway has, especially in the later period of immigration, contributed a considerable share. A little over eight per cent of her people are engaged in fishing. And so we find that a proportionately very large amount of the New England fisheries is conducted by fishermen who have come from Norway.

Navigation engages six per cent of the population of Norway. In this connection I note that our warships in the Spanish-American war were many of them manned almost exclusively by Norwegian sailors; [6] and there were Norwegians in the American marine service as early as the War of Independence, as again in no small proportion in the Civil War in the sixties.

Here, too, the contribution of Norway to our population in America has been considerable, especially during the last twenty years. Nearly all of the Norwegian population is of the Protestant faith, and the great majority of these are members of the state church, which is the Lutheran. Somewhat similar are the affiliations in America. The constitution of Norway is liberal and the government highly democratic.

In these respects the people of Norway are now perhaps as favorably circumstanced as we in America. The Norwegian readily enters into the spirit of American laws and institutions, for their laws are not essentially different from his own.

Being accustomed to a high degree of freedom, he has been trained to a high conception of the responsibilities that that freedom entails. He has long been accustomed to representation and sharing in the rights of franchise, and he exercises that right as a privilege and a solemn duty.

It may be said, I believe, that no people has a higher sense of right and wrong and a stronger moral incentive to right.

Frauds in elections and graft in official life are yet unheard-of among our Norwegian-American citizens. Norway is, next to Finland, the most temperate of European countries. The sale of liquor is permitted only in incorporated cities and towns, and only by an association that is organized under government supervision. It is the so-called Gothenburg system that is in use.

Of the earnings of such organization the government takes five per cent, the county ten per cent and the municipality fifteen per cent, while the net profit of the association must not exceed five per cent on the investment in any one year.

The hours of sale are very much restricted. Norway is essentially a temperate country. Statistics show that out of every thousand deaths, only one is due to drink. The Norwegian people have educated themselves to abstinence, and the temperance move ment found wide support earlier in Norway than anywhere else.

Det norske Totalafholds Selskab [7] was organized in ; ten years ago it had ten hundred and twenty branches and a hundred and thirty thousand members, while other temperance associations also have a considerable membership. Here in America, the Norwegian immigrant has taken a prominent part in legislation looking toward the restriction of the sale of intoxicating liquors, [8] and the Prohibition party finds its strongest support among the Norwegians, as it finds a relatively large number of its candidates for state and county offices from among them.

Crime conditions in Norway are similarly significant. In the whole period from � the total number was only two hundred and sixty-one. Norway has its poor as every country has, but it has its excellent system of taking care of the poor. Thus every municipality has a Board of Guardians fattigkommission , which consists of the parish minister, a police officer, and several men chosen by a local board.

Norway keeps her criminals and takes care of her poor; she does not send them to America, as has only too often been the case in some other countries. Norway has a highly developed school system crowned by the Royal Frederik University at Christiania. It has compulsory education, its boards of inspection and its great Department of Public Instruction. Its one University ranks with the foremost in Europe, and with it are connected various laboratories and scientific institutions, and it has a library of three hundred and fifty thousand volumes.

I shall also mention The Royal Norwegian Scientific Society at Trondhjem, founded , a similar society in Christiania, founded , the Bergen Museum , founded , with its literary and scientific collections illustrative of the life and cultural history of Western Norway, The Norwegian National Museum in Christiania, founded , similar, but more general in character, The Industrial Arts.

Museum , [10] and the various archives of the Kingdom. As to the Norwegian language I shall merely speak of its highly analytic character, in which respect it has for a long time been developing in the same direction as English, though of course, absolutely independently. Being closely cognate with English, a large part of the vocabulary of the two is of the same stock. Further, its sound system is fundamentally similar. These three considerations, especially perhaps the first, will make clear to us the reason why the Norwegian so readily learns to use the English language, and if he learns it in youth, even to the point of mastery.

This is of the greatest importance, for language is in modern times the real badge of nationality. A correct use of the English language is the first and chief stamp of American nationality, the key without which the foreigner cannot enter into the spirit of American life and institutions.

Norwegian literature I cannot either discuss here. The great movements it represents in recent times are fairly well known; its significance and its broad influence are beginning to be understood. The genius of Norwegian literature is morality and truth.

Emigration from Norway has in large part been transatlantic. Norway has lost by American emigration a comparatively larger portion of her population than any other country in Europe, with the exception of Ireland. The great majority of the emigrants have gone to the northwestern states and found there their future homes. Emigration to European countries has been directed chiefly to Sweden and Denmark, though not few have settled in England and Germany and some in Holland.

Between and about fifteen hundred persons emigrated from Norway to Australia; the number that have gone there since that has been much smaller. In recent years some have settled in the Argentine Republic in South America. Norwegians are found in considerable numbers in Western Canada, but the majority of these have emigrated from the Norwegian communities in the western states, especially Minnesota and North Dakota.

In it began to assume larger proportions; in that year sixteen hundred immigrants from Norway settled in the United States. During �, a period of financial depression in Norway, there left, on an average, about fifteen thousand a year. The rate fell in the seventies, rose again in the eighties, the figure for being 29, persons, while it averaged over eighteen thousand per annum also for the next decade.

In it was not quite five thousand, then again it rose steadily, reaching 24, in The Norwegian emigration has been mostly from rural districts, day-laborers, artisans, farmers, seamen, but also those representing other pursuits. Not a few with professional or technical education have settled in America; we find them in the medical profession, [11] in the ministry, [12] in journalism, in the faculties of our colleges.

All the age-classes are represented among immigrants from Norway, but by far the largest number of both men and women have come during the ages of twenty to thirty-five, and particularly the first half of these series of years. This great emigration of the Norwegian race during the nineteenth century has, of course, very materially retarded the growth of the population in Norway, especially in the period from to The increase between and was as high as 1.

From to it was 1. Since the increase has been considerable again. But during � the total emigration from Norway to the United States alone aggregated five hundred and twenty-four thousand. To this number should be added the children of these if we are to have a proper basis of estimation for the increase of the race in the last half century. This increase thus has been 1. We may compare with France, where the increase has been 0.

The increase in Sweden and Denmark is about the same as in Norway�reckoning the racial increase. It will be of interest here to consider briefly the immigration from the Scandinavian countries as a whole. During the years � not more than emigrated from the Scandinavian countries to the United States.

In the following decade the number only slightly exceeded two thousand. Since our statistics regarding the foreign born population are more complete. In that year we find there were a little over eighteen thousand persons in the country of Scandinavian birth.

In this number had reached ,; while the unprecedented exodus of and the following years had by brought the number up to , Thus the immigrant population from these countries, which in was less than one per cent, had in reached ten per cent of the whole foreign element. The following table will show the proportion contributed by the countries designated for each decade since Thus it will be seen that among European countries Scandinavia, considered as one, stands third in the number of persons contributed to the American foreign-born population, exceeding that of Scotland and Wales in and that of England in Both the Irish and the German immigration reached considerable numbers at least fifteen years before that from the North, Ireland having contributed nearly forty-three per cent of the total in , and Germany twenty-six.

By the Irish quota had fallen to fifteen per cent, while the German is nearly twenty-six and that from Scandinavia ten per cent.

In our Scandinavian-born immigrant population was twice as large as the French and equalled the total from Holland, Switzerland, Austria, Bohemia, Italy, Hungary, Poland and Russia.

The Norwegians are the pioneers in the emigration movement from the North in the nineteenth century; the Danes were the last to come in considerable numbers.

Statistics, however, show that one hundred eighty-nine Danes had emigrated to this country before , while there were only ninety-four from Norway and Sweden. The Norwegian foreign-born population had in reached 12,; while that from Sweden was 3,; and Denmark had furnished a little over eighteen hundred. The Danish immigration was not over five thousand a year until and has never reached twelve thousand.

The Swedish immigration received a new impulse in ; it was five thousand in ; it reached its climax of 64, in According to Norwegian statistics the emigration from Norway to the United States was six thousand and fifty in , but according to our census reports did not reach five thousand before ; the highest figure, 29,, was reached in according to our census. The total emigration from the Scandinavian countries to America between and was 1,, This remarkable figure becomes doubly remarkable when we stop to consider that the population of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden is only two and one-half per cent of the total population of Europe; yet they have contributed nearly ten per cent of our immigrant population.

There are in this country nearly one-third as many Scandinavians counting those of foreign birth and foreign parentage both as in the Scandinavian countries; for the German element the ratio is one to thirteen. At this point I may refer the reader to the table in Appendix I of this volume, showing the growth and distribution of the Scandinavian factor, especially in the northwestern states, since Table I shows Wisconsin as having almost as large a Scandinavian population in as all the rest of the country.

Wisconsin was the destination of the Norwegian immigrant from the time emigration began to assume larger proportions, and it held the lead for twenty-five years. Iowa and Southern Minnesota began entering into competition prominently since and respectively. The growth of Swedish immigration in the fifties and sixties gave the lead to Minnesota by , Illinois taking second place in Returning now to the Norwegian immigration specifically, it may be observed that it was directed to the Northwest down to recent years, almost to the exclusion of the rest of the country.

The reader may now be referred to Table II in the Appendix, which shows the growth of the Norwegian population in each state since This table tells its own story. In New England the Norwegian factor is unimportant. There has been a high ratio of growth in New York and New Jersey since , but the total number is not large.

In the rest of the Atlantic seaboard states, as in the gulf states, the Norwegian population has remained almost stationary at a very low figure. Such is also the case with the inland states of the South, as in the Southwest. The effort to direct Norwegian immigration to Texas, which goes back to the forties, has been productive of only meagre results.

Even Kansas is too far south for the Norwegian. In the extreme West, however, considerable numbers of Norwegians have established homes since about , particularly in California, Oregon and Washington, since also in Montana, and in recent years even in the extreme North, in Alaska. What were the influences that directed the Norwegian immigrants so largely to the Northwest in the early period and down to ?

The great majority came for the sake of bettering their material condition. They came here to found a home and to make a living. Moreover, as I have observed above, immigrants in their new home generally enter the same pursuits and engage in the same occupations in which they were engaged in their native country.

Three-fourths of the population of Norway live in the rural districts and are mostly engaged in some form of farming. The fact that the influx of the immigrants from Norway coincided with the opening up of the middle western states resulted in the settlement of those states by Norwegian immigrants.

Land could be had for almost nothing in the West. As a rule long before he emigrated the Norseman had made up his mind to settle in Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa, or Minnesota. Our data regarding Norwegian emigration to America prior to are very fragmentary, but it is possible to trace that emigration as far back as In the early part of King Christian IV of Denmark fitted out two ships for the purpose of finding a northwest passage to Asia.

With sixty-six men Jens Munk sailed from Copenhagen, May ninth, During the autumn of that year and the early part of the following year he explored Hudson Bay and took possession of the surrounding country in the name of King Christian, calling it Nova Dania.

The expedition was, however, a failure, and all but three of the party perished from disease and exposure to cold in the winter of The three survivors, among whom was the commander, Jens Munk, returned to Norway in September, In the early days of the New Netherlands colony, Norwegians sometimes came across in Dutch ships and settled among the Dutch. The names of at least two such have been preserved in the Dutch colonial records.

The former emigrated in a Dutch ship in and joined the Dutch colony in New Amsterdam. Hans Bergen became the ancestor of a large American family by that name. He came to America about and settled a few years later on fifty-eight acres of land on the site of the present Williamsburg.

The latter was, it seems, a sister of Annecken Hendricks, who was there married on February first, , to Jan Arentzen van der Bilt, the colonial ancestor of Commodore Vanderbilt.

Claes Carstensen died November sixth, About the year there were a number of families of Norwegian and Danish descent living in New York. In a stone church was erected by them on the corner of Broadway and Rector Streets.

The property was later sold to Trinity Church, the present churchyard occupying the site of the original church. Anderson, speaking of these people, says, that they were probably mostly Norwegians and not Danes, for those of their descendants with whom he has spoken have all claimed Norwegian descent.

The pastor who ministered to the spiritual wants of this first Scandinavian Lutheran congregation in America was a Dane by the name of Rasmus Jensen Aarhus. He died on the southwest coast of Hudson Bay, February twentieth, In Norwegian Moravians took part in the founding of a Moravian colony at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and in of one at Bethabara, North Carolina.

The Swedes on the Delaware had lost their independence in New Sweden as a political state existed but sixteen years.

Ecclesiastically, however, the Lutherans of New Sweden remained subject to the state church at home for one hundred and fifty years more, and linguistically the colony was Swedish nearly as long. In the church records of this colony there appear not a few Norwegian names, particularly in the later period.

We know that Norwegians in considerable numbers came to America and joined the Delaware Swedes in the eighteenth century. Gothenburg, which lies not far distant from the province of Smaalenene, was at the time, and has continued to be, the regular Swedish sailing port for America-bound ships. One of the most prominent members of the Bethabara Colony was Dr.

John M. Calberlane, born in Trondhjem, Norway. He came to New York in , having sailed from London on the ship Irene , June thirteenth, arriving on September ninth. On July twenty-eighth, , he himself succumbed to a contagious fever that visited the settlement. Reinke is reputed to have been an able preacher of the gospel, the two laboring together in the congregations of Bethlehem, Nazareth, Philadelphia, and Lancaster.

She died in , he in , leaving a son, Abraham Reinke. Peter Peterson, who was born in Norway in , and had joined the church in London, came to America as a sailor on the ship Irene in He died in Jens Wittenberg, a tanner from Christiania, born , came on the Irene in ; he died in the colony, Martha Mans probably Monsdatter , from Bergen, born , came on the Irene in She lived in Bethabara as a teacher and religious adviser until At the same time, also, came Enert Enerson, a carpenter, while in came Catherine Kalberlahn, and in Christian Christensen, a shoemaker, from Christiana.

The latter was born in ; he had lived some years in Holland before coming to America. The year of his death is Erik Ingebretsen came over June twenty-second, , via Dover, hav ing been on the ocean six weeks, a remarkably short passage for that time.

The names of several Norwegians are recorded who served in the War of the Revolution. With the last ship he arrived in Philadelphia February eighteenth, Thomas Johnson lived to the good old age of ninety-three, dying July twelfth, , in the United States Naval Hospital in Philadelphia. A Norwegian sailor, Captain Iverson, settled in Georgia some time about the close of the eighteenth century.

I there designated this as the earliest organization of the kind in this country. This I find now to be incorrect. As early as the Societas Scandinaviensis was founded in Philadelphia. The membership of this society was made up of Swedes, Norwegians and Danes, the first of these presumably being in the majority.

The committee of seven appointed to present the invitation and also to wait upon General George Washington at Hasbrouch House, Newburg, with a view of securing his presence consisted of the following: Captain Abraham Markoe, Sakarias Paulsen, Andreasen Taasinge, Rev. Says the chronicler of the event:. The reception was held at the City Tavern, Wednesday evening, December eleventh, The President of the St.

Smith, D. In January, , General George Washington was elected honorary member of the Society on account of his Norse ancestry. On the twenty-sixth of August, that year, a banquet was given at the City Tavern under the auspices of the Society, in celebration of the recognition by Sweden, Norway, and Denmark of the independence of the United States of America.

John Stille was for many years secretary of the Society; after his death in all traces of it seem to have vanished. Just when the Societies Scandinaviensis ceased to exist, the Historian cannot say.

On February twentieth, , eighteen gentlemen, all of Scandinavian birth and residents of Philadelphia, met together for the purpose of forming a society, and The Scandinavian Society of Philadelphia was founded, an organization which regards itself a continuation of the original society. The chief object of the Society is benevolence. The name of at least one Norwegian who fell in the early wars against the Indians has come down to us.

In this battle two-thirds of the whites were killed and the rest taken prisoners. At a later date some other names also appear, but those given are the only ones of which we have any record. I shall mention here that of Ole Haugen, who probably was the first Norwegian to settle in the State of Massachusetts.

Haugen was from Bergen, Norway, and located in Middlesex County, that state, in Alexander Paaske, himself an early immigrant from Bergen, living in Lowell, Mass. Though going beyond the scope of our brief survey of this earliest immigration, it may be of interest here to know that as early as , a girl from Voss, Norway, Anna Vetlahuso, emigrated to America with her husband, a German sailor in Bergen, and settled somewhere in South America.

The next recorded names in the order of emigration to the United States are Kleng Peerson and Knud Olson Eide, who in became the advance guard of a group of fifty-two emigrants that in founded the first Norwegian settlement in this country.

It is of this sailing and the leaders of this group that I now wish to speak; of Peerson I shall give a brief account below. The story of the Sloopers from Stavanger, Norway, who came to America in , has often been told; I shall therefore be very brief in my account of that expedition. Under causes of emigration I shall have occasion below to note briefly some of the circumstances that seem to have led to their departure for America in that year.

The director of the expedition and the chief owner of the boat was Lars Larson i Jeilane; the captain was Lars Olsen. The company consisted of fifty-two persons, all but one being natives of Stavanger and vicinity; the one exception was the mate, Nels Erikson, who came from Bergen. Relative to the leading spirit in this first group of emigrants, Lars Larson, I shall say here: He was born near Stavanger, September twenty-fourth, He became a sailor, was captured in the Napoleonic wars and kept a prisoner in London for seven years.

Being released in , he remained in London, however, till , when he and several other prisoners returned to Norway. In London they had been converted to the Quaker faith by Mrs. Margaret Allen, and upon returning to Stavanger, Lars Larson, Elias Tastad, Thomas Helle and Metta Helle became the founders of the first Quaker society in that city, a society which is still in existence.

In the Stavanger Quakers began to form plans for emigrating to America. It seems that Kleng Peerson and Knud Eide, whom we have mentioned above, were deputed to go to America for the purpose of learning something of the country with a view to planting there a Quaker colony.

Kleng Peerson returned to Stavanger in with a favorable report and many of the members of the Quaker colony began to make preparations for emigrating to the locality selected by Peerson, namely, Orleans County, New York State. A sloop of only forty-five tons capacity which they called Restaurationen , built in Hardanger, was purchased and loaded with a cargo of iron and made ready for the journey.

Larson himself had married in December, , Georgiana Person, who was born October 19, , on Fogn, a small island near Stavanger. Besides him there were five other heads of families. On the fourth of July, , they set sail from Stavanger. After a perilous voyage of fourteen weeks they landed in New York, October ninth. An account of that voyage, which also it seems was a rather adventurous one, was given by the New York papers at the time; it was reproduced in Norwegian translation in Billed-Magazin in , whence it has been copied in other works.

The arrival of this first party of Norwegian immigrants, and in so small a boat, created nothing less than a sensation at the time, as we may infer from the wide attention Steamboat Springs Marathon Online the event received in the eastern press.

In New York the immigrants met Mr. It seems to have been upon the suggestion of Mr. Fellows that they were induced to settle here, although it is possible that the land had already been selected for them by Kleng Peerson, who was in New York at the time. The price to be paid for the land was five dollars an acre, each head of a family and adult person purchasing forty acres.

The immigrants not being able to pay for the land, Mr. Fellows agreed to let them redeem it in ten annual installments. We have already mentioned Kleng Peerson, a name familiar to every student of Norwegian pioneer history.

Much has been written about this pathfinder in the West, and romance and legend already adorn his memory. It would be interesting to recount what we know of his life in America, but as this has been dealt with at length by Professor R. The briefest facts I may, however, relate here. In Kleng Peerson and a certain Knud Olson Eide were, as we have seen, commissioned, it appears, by the Quakers to go to America and examine the possibility of organizing a Norwegian colony there.

The two explorers secured work in New York City, but Knud Eide fell ill and died not long after, and Peerson went west alone in quest of a suitable location for a colony. Just how far west he may have come on this first journey is not known. After some time he decided upon Orleans County on the shores of the Ontario as the best place to plant his colony, and in he returned to Norway.

It seems that he embarked by way of Gothenburg and was in New York to receive the sloopers upon their arrival. It would be natural to suppose that Peerson did not go alone from Stavanger when he returned to America via Gothenburg in After much inquiry I have also succeeded in discovering the name of one man, who, with his family, accompanied Peer son that year. Further facts about this family will be given in the chapter on Chicago. As Peerson seems to play no role in the founding of the Orleans County settlement, I shall leave him here.

There will be occasion to speak briefly of him again later in connection with the second Norwegian settlement. I wish to add a few words here about Lars Larson, however. He and his family located in Rochester, where he became a builder of canal boats, prospered; and kept in close touch with immigrant Norwegians during the two decades of his life there.

His home became a kind of Mecca for hosts of intending settlers in the New World. Larson died by accident on a canal boat in November, , but his widow lived till October, They had eight children, of whom the first one, Margaret Allen, was born on the Atlantic Ocean, September second, We shall now return to the settlers in Orleans County, New York.

The colony was in many respects unfortunate; it cannot be said to have prospered and has never played any important part as a colony in Norwegian-American history. But it is important as be ing the first, and also as being the parent of a very large and progressive Norwegian settlement founded in �35 in La Salle County, Illinois, of which more below.

And yet the economic conditions of the Quaker immigrants gradually became better and the future looked more promising. They felt now that America offered many advantages to the able and the capable, and they began writing encouraging letters to relatives and friends in the old country, urging them to seek their fortune here.

As a result there was, if not a large, at any rate a fairly constant emigration of individuals and families from Stavanger and adjacent region during the following eight or nine years, although few seem to have come before In this year, e. Passage was secured in the beginning for the most part with American sailships carrying Swedish iron from Gothenburg.

But as this was attended by much uncertainty, often necessitating several weeks of waiting, the intending emigrants began to go to Hamburg, where German emigration by means of regular going American packet ships had already begun. Here, however, another difficulty met them. The already somewhat heavy emigration at this port made it necessary to order passage several weeks ahead in order to insure accommodations, and failing in this, the emigrant was forced to wait there until the next packet boat should sail.

And so it came about that many of the early Norwegian immigrants to America came by way of Havre, France, where passage was always certain, emigration from this point being as yet very limited. Among those who came via Gothenburg was Gjert Hovland, a farmer from Hardanger, who left Norway with his family on the twenty-fourth of June, , sailed from Gothenburg June thirtieth and arrived in New York September eighteenth.

He does not seem to have gone directly to Kendall, for we find him soon after the owner of fifty acres of forest land in Morris County, New Jersey. Gjert Hovland seems to be the first one from the province of Hardanger to emigrate to America. Nordboe was the first to emigrate from Gudbrandsdalen, a province from which actual immigration did not begin until sixteen years later.

Norwegian immigrants who came during these years generally located in Orleans County, but rarely remained there permanently. The northwestern states were just then beginning to be opened up to settlers. At this time migration from the eastern states was directed particularly to Illinois. The very heavily wooded land that the Norwegian immigrants in Orleans County had purchased proved very difficult of improvement, and many began to think of moving to a more favorable locality.

In Kleng Peerson, who seems to have lived in Kendall at this time, made a journey to the West, evidently for the purpose of finding a suitable site for a new settlement. He was accompanied by Ingebret Larson Narvig as far as Erie, Monroe County, Michigan, where the latter remained, Peerson continuing the journey farther west.

After several months of wandering across Michigan, and down into Ohio and Indiana, he at last arrived at Chicago, then a village of about twenty huts. The marshes of Chicago did not appeal to Peerson and he went to Milwaukee, but the reports he received of the endless forests of Wisconsin soon drove him back again into Illinois.

The place was immediately south of the present village of Norway in La Salle County. His choice made, Peerson returned to Orleans County, having covered over 2, miles on foot since he left.

These men selected their land and perfected their purchase as soon as it came into market the following spring. The first two to buy land were Jacob Slogvig and Gudmund Haugaas, whose purchase is recorded under June fifteenth, , the former of eighty acres, the latter one hundred and sixty acres, both in that part of what was then called Mission Township, but later came to be Rutland.

For this date are also recorded the purchases of Thorsten Olson Bjaaland, eighty acres, Nels Thompson, one hundred and sixty acres, in what later became Miller Township. Nels Hersdal secured six hundred and forty acres in exchange for one hundred acres he owned in Orleans County, New York.

The slooper Thomas Madland, as we have seen, died in ; his widow and family of seven also moved to Illinois in Gjert Hovland came in , and on June seventeenth purchased one hundred and sixty acres of land in Miller Township.

The record of these purchases was copied by R. Anderson and printed in his book, First Chapter , etc. Knud Slogvig, who, as we see, came in , did not buy land but somewhat later returned east and in went back to Norway. There he married a sister of the slooper, Ole Olson Hetletvedt and, as we shall have occasion to note under causes of emigration, became largely instrumental in bringing about the emigration of With regard to Christian Olson the fact seems rather to be that he came in or possibly not till , while also Hetletvedt seems to be dated about two years too early here.

Among those who came in according to apparently reliable records are: Ole Olson Hetletvedt and Gudmund Sandsberg. Relative to the founders of the Fox River Settlement, as that of La Salle County came to be called, I wish to add here the following facts of personal history: Gudmund Haugaas, one of the two first to record the purchase of land, had married Julia, the daughter of Thomas Madland, in Orleans County in He had ten children by his first wife.

In Illinois he joined the Mormon Church and became an elder in that church, practicing medicine at the same time, and, it is said, with much success. He died of the cholera on the homestead near Norway in July, ; his widow, Caroline, survived him three years. He became one of the founders of the Norwegian settlement in Lee County, Iowa, in see below , later went to California, where he died in May, The widow lived until about Some time before her death she had been living at the home of her son, Andrew J.

Anderson, at San Diego, California. Carrie Nelson died in The son, Nels Nelson, born , married Catherine Iverson about ; he died in Sheridan, Illinois, in August, , as the last male member of the sloop party, being survived by his widow and four of twelve children.

The daughter Inger was in married to John S. Mitchell, of Ottawa, Illinois; Martha married Beach Fallows, a settler of , and Sarah married in Canute Marsett, an immigrant of , who some years later became a Mormon bishop at Ephraim, Utah.

Nelson, the youngest son of Carrie Nelson, born , later settled in Larned, Kansas, where he died in Richey settled in Guthrie Center, Iowa, in , where she lived until recently.

Benson C. Olmsted, Charles B. Olmsted and Will F. Richey of Guthrie Center, Iowa, are sons of Mrs. Sara Richey. Nels Nelson Hersdal was born in July, , and his wife, Bertha, in May, ; they were married a few months before the departure of the sloop.

He lived until , his wife having died in George Johnson died from cholera in Andrew Dahl went to Utah in the fifties, being one of the earliest pioneers of that state.

A son of his, A. Anderson, was a member of the Utah Constitutional Convention in James Olson, who also went to the front, lived to return to his home after the war. Porter Olson lies buried at Newark, Illinois, where a fitting monument adorns his grave. They afterwards moved to Chicago, where he died in the early nineties, while Mrs. We shall now return to our settlement in La Salle County.

We have given above a brief account of the founding of the Fox River settlement. Out of that nucleus of about thirty persons, whom we know to have come there in �35 grew up one of the largest and most prosperous of rural communities in the country. The settlement developed rapidly, before many years extending into Kendall, Grundy and DeKalb counties and becoming a distributing point in the westward march of Norwegian immigration during the following years.

The settlement in Orleans County, New York, ceased to grow, the objective point of immigrants from Norway had been changed and the Fox River region received large accessions, especially during the year Immigration from Norway which heretofore had been more or less sporadic, in which individuals and very small groups are found to take part, now enters upon a new phase, begins in fact to assume the form of organized effort.

The year inaugurated this change, while in there was something approaching an exodus from certain localities in Western Norway.

The desire to emigrate to America had also now spread far beyond the original center, at Stavanger; the source of emigration was transferred to a more northerly region and with it, as we have had occasion to observe above, the course of settlement in this country is not only directed to a more westerly region, Illinois, but also soon extends into the northern border counties of Illinois and into southern and southeastern Wisconsin.

As this increased immigration is historically associated with the names of two of those whom we have already met as pioneers in New York, New Jersey and Illinois, a brief account of their share in the promotion of immigration from Norway will be in place. These two are Gjert Hovland and Knud Slogvig. We have seen that the former of these came to America in , being probably the first immigrant from Hardanger.

His name deserves special mention as an early promoter of emigration from southwestern Norway, especially from his own province. He wrote letters home to friends urging emigration and these were circulated far and wide. In one of these letters from Morris County, New Jersey, , he writes enthusiastically of American laws, and he contrasts its spirit of liberty with the oppressions of the class aristocracy in Norway. He advised all who could do so to come to America, where it was permitted to settle wherever one chose, he says.

Hovland was well known in several parishes in the Province of South Bergenhus, and hundreds of copies of his letters were circulated there; they aroused the greatest interest among the people and were no small factor in leading many in that region to emigrate in � His purchase of one hundred and sixty acres of land in the present Miller Township was recorded on June seventeenth of that year, the same date that the purchases of Kleng Peerson, Nels Thompson and Thorsten Bjaaland were recorded.

Gjert Hovland lived there till his death in The other name, that I referred to, is that of Knud Anderson Slogvig, who undoubtedly was the chief promoter of immigration in He had come in the sloop in , and, as we have seen, settled in La Salle County in In he returned to Skjold, Norway, and there married a sister of Ole O. Hetletvedt, the slooper whom we find as one of the early pioneers of La Salle County.

While there, people came to talk with him about America from all parts of southwestern Norway; and a large number in and about Stavanger decided to emigrate. It was his intention to return to America in , and a large party was preparing to emigrate with him. In the spring of that year the two brigs, Norden and Den Norske Klippe , were fitted out from Stavanger. The latter sailed a few weeks later.

They carried altogether two hundred immigrants, most of whom went directly to La Salle County. Of these two brigs I shall speak again in a subsequent chapter.

Having already spoken of one element in the cause of emigration I believe it will be in place to give a fuller account at this point of the various general and special factors that have been instrumental in bringing about the coming to America of such a large part of the population of Norway in the 19th century.

What are the causes that have brought about the exodus from Norway and in general from the Scandinavian countries in the 19th century? The question is not Steamboat Springs Things To Do Summer 77 a simple one to answer; for the causes have been many and varied, and it would be impossible in the following pages to discuss all the circumstances and influences that have operated to promote the northern emigration and directed it to America.

Perhaps there is something in the highly developed migratory instinct of Indo-European peoples. Especially has this instinct characterized the Germanic branch, whether it be Goth or Vandal, Anglo-Saxon, Viking or Norman, [36] or their descendants, the Teutonic peoples of modern times, by whom chiefly the United States has been peopled and developed.

Of tangible motives, one that has everywhere been a fundamental factor in promoting emigration from European countries in modern times has been the prospect of material betterment. As far as the Northern countries are concerned I would class all these causes under two heads: the first will comprise all those conditions, natural and artificial, that can be summarized under the term economic; the second will include a number of special circumstances or motives which may vary somewhat for the three countries, indeed often for the locality and the individual.

First then we may consider the causes which arise from economic conditions. These are well illustrated by the Scandinavian countries, slightly modified in each case by the operation of the special causes. Norway is a land of mountains, these making up in the fact fifty-nine per cent of its total area, while forty-four per cent of the soil of Sweden is unproductive.

The winters are long and severe, the cold weather frequently sets in too early for the crops to ripen; with crop failure comes lack of work for the laboring classes, and, burdened by heavy taxation, as was the Norwegian farmer only too often in the middle of the last century, debt and impoverishment for the holders of the numerous encumbered smaller estates.

In Norway, especially, the rewards of labor are meagre and the opportunities for material betterment small. Denmark is better able to support a population of one hundred and forty-eight to the square mile than Sweden one of twenty-eight or Norway one of eighteen.

In this connection compare above the statistics of immigration from the three countries, which are much lower for Denmark than for Norway and Sweden. The Danes at home are a contented people, and it is noticeable also that it is they who are most conservative here, who foster the closest relation with the old home, and who consequently become Americanized last.

The Norwegians are the most discontented, are readiest for a change, are quickest to try the new; and it is they who most readily break the bonds that bind them to their native country, who most quickly adapt themselves to the conditions here, and who most rapidly become Americanized.

Professor R. Anderson, in his book on the early Norwegian immigration [40] puts religious persecution as the primary cause of emigration from Norway. I cannot possibly believe that even in the immigration of the first half of the nineteenth century religious persecution was, except in a few cases, the primary or even a very important cause in the Scandinavian countries.

Whether it be the pioneers of La Salle County, Illinois, in the thirties, those of Rock or Dane counties, Wisconsin, in the forties, or the Norwegian settlers of Clayton and Winneshiek counties, Iowa, in the late forties and the fifties; the causes are everywhere principally economic.

But letters written by pioneers and by those about to emigrate testify amply to the fact that it was the hard times that was the chief cause. And the same applies almost as generally to the Swedes; among the Danes the economic factor has not operated so extensively, though here, also, it was the preponderating cause.

A Norwegian journal, Billed-Magazin , published in Chicago in �70 and edited by Professor Svein Nilsen, offers much that throws light on this question. It contains brief accounts of the early Norwegian immigration and the earliest settlements, a regular column of news from the Scandinavian countries, interviews with pioneers, etc.

He says:. I had worked for my father until I was twenty-five years old, and had had no opportunity of getting money. It was plain to me that I would have a hard time of it, if I should take the farm with the debt resting on it, pay a reasonable amount to my brothers and sisters, and assume the care of my aged father.

I saw to my horror how one farm after the other fell into the hands of the lendsman and other money-lenders, and this increased my dread of attempting farming. But I got married and had to do something. Then it occurred to me that the best thing might be to emigrate to America. I was encouraged in this purpose by letters written by Norwegian settlers in Illinois who had lived two years in America.

Such were the causes that led me to emigrate and I presume the rest of our company were actuated by similar motives. In the spring of the second party of emigrants from Stavanger County came to America. A considerable number of people are now getting ready to go to America from this Amt.

Two brigs are to depart from Stavanger in about eight days from now, and will carry these people to America, and if good reports come from them, the number of emigrants will doubtless be still larger next year.

A pressing and general lack of money entering into every branch of industry, stops or at least hampers business and makes it difficult for many people to earn the necessaries of life. While this is the case on this side of the Atlantic there is hope for abundance on the other, and this I take it, is the chief cause of this growing disposition to emigrate. Ole Olson Menes, who came to America in , is cited in Billed-Magazin , , page , as follows, illustrating the prominence of the economic cause nine years later:.

The emigrants of the preceding year In a letter which I received from Iver Hove, he writes that there they raise thirty-five bushels of wheat per acre, and the grass is so thick that one can easily cut enough in one day for winter feed for the cow. Such things fell to our liking, and many looked forward with eager longing to the distant West, which was pictured as the Eden that loving Providence had destined as a home for the workingman of Norway, so oppressed with cares and want.

But the conditions were the same also in other provinces. In , Hans C. Tollefsrude and wife emigrated from Land. Of the cause of his emigrating and that of early emigration from Land in general, his son Christian H. Tollefsrude of Rolfe, Iowa, writes me:. The causes were, no personal means and no prospect even securing a home in their native district, Torpen, Nordre Land letter of July 27, Reasons for emigrating were mostly economic, very few if any religious Wages here were at the very least double that in Norway, and generally much more than that.

The causes were economic. In the case of my parents, they came here to create the home that they saw no chance of securing in the mother country. Letter of Oct. Similar evidence might be adduced for other districts and for all the older settlements through out the Northwest. At a meeting held at the home of Ole O. There is no need of further multiplying the evidence. A highly developed spirit of independence has always been a dominant element in the Scandinavian character,�I have reference here particularly to his desire for personal independence, that is, independence in his condition in life.

Nothing is so repugnant to him as indebtedness to others and dependence on others. An able-bodied Scandinavian who was a burden to his fellows was well-nigh unheard of. By the right of primogeniture the paternal estate would go to the oldest son. The families being frequently large, the owning of a home was to a great many practically an impossibility under wage conditions as they were in the North in the first half and more of the preceding century.

And so he decides to emigrate. Most authors agree that the Lake Skadar basin is of tectonic origin which had been formed due to the complex folding and faulting within north eastern wing of Old Montenegro anticlynorium High Karst Zone. The Lake basin has been formed as the result of sinking of blocks in the Neogene period or even in Paleogene.

The Lake Skadar system is a well-known hotspot of freshwater biodiversity and harbors a highly diverse mollusc fauna. Lake Skadar is one of the largest bird reserves in Europe, having bird species, among which are some of the last pelicans in Europe, and thus popular with birders. The lake also contains habitats of seagulls and herons.

It is abundant in fish, especially in carp , bleak and eel. Of the 34 native fish species, 7 are endemic to Lake Skadar. There are 17 amphipod species for the Lake Skadar watershed, 10 of them being endemic mainly from the subterranean habitat. The small range of many endemic species living in the Lake Skadar system together with ever increasing human pressure make its fauna particularly vulnerable.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Lake in Albania and Montenegro. Ramsar Wetland. Wetlands portal. ZooKeys : Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April Retrieved 14 August Monographs Institute of Zoology Belgrade 1 : ISSN National parks of Montenegro. Protected areas of Albania. Gashi River. Old Royal Capital Cetinje. City Parliament local election International Relations. List of people from Cetinje.

City of Podgorica.

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