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He is the Supreme Being in Shaivism , one of the major traditions within Hinduism. Shiva has pre-Vedic tribal roots, [14] [15] and the figure of Shiva as we know him today is an amalgamation of various older non-Vedic and Vedic deities, including the Rigvedic storm god Rudra who may also have non-Vedic origins, [16] into a single major deity. A goddess is stated to be the energy and creative power Shakti of each, with Parvati Sati the equal complementary partner of Shiva.
Shiva is the primal Atman soul, self of the universe. In benevolent aspects, he is depicted as an omniscient Yogi who lives an ascetic life on Mount Kailash [1] as well as a householder with wife Parvati and his two children, Ganesha and Kartikeya. In his fierce aspects, he is often depicted slaying demons. Shiva is also known as Adiyogi Shiva, regarded as the patron god of yoga , meditation and arts. The iconographical attributes of Shiva are the serpent around his neck, the adorning crescent moon, the holy river Ganga flowing from his matted hair, the third eye on his forehead, the trishula or trident, as his weapon, and the damaru drum.
He is usually worshipped in the aniconic form of lingam. The word Shiva is used as an adjective in the Rig Veda approximately � BC , as an epithet for several Rigvedic deities , including Rudra. Shiva is known by many names such as Viswanatha lord of the universe , Mahadeva, Mahandeo, [41] Mahasu, [42] Mahesha, Maheshvara, Shankara, Shambhu, Rudra, Hara, Trilochana, Devendra chief of the gods , Neelakanta, Subhankara, Trilokinatha lord of the three realms , [43] [44] [45] and Ghrneshwar lord of compassion.
Sahasranama are medieval Indian texts that list a thousand names derived from aspects and epithets of a deity. Vishnu and Siva [ The latter were either taken to represent the multiple facets of the same god or else were supposed to denote different forms and appellations by which the god came to be known and worshipped.
An example of assimilation took place in Maharashtra , where a regional deity named Khandoba is a patron deity of farming and herding castes.
Scholars have interpreted early prehistoric paintings at the Bhimbetka rock shelters , carbon dated to be from pre, BCE period, [64] as Shiva dancing, Shiva's trident, and his mount Nandi. Of several Indus valley seals that show animals, one seal that has attracted attention shows a large central figure, either horned or wearing a horned headdress and possibly ithyphallic , [68] [69] [70] seated in a posture reminiscent of the Lotus position , surrounded by animals.
Sir John Marshall and others suggested that this figure is a prototype of Shiva, with three faces, seated in a " yoga posture" with the knees out and feet joined. Gavin Flood states that it is not clear from the seal that the figure has three faces, is seated in a yoga posture, or even that the shape is intended to represent a human figure.
He characterizes these views as "speculative", but adds that it is nevertheless possible that there are echoes of Shaiva iconographic themes, such as half-moon shapes resembling the horns of a bull. The interpretation of the seal continues to be disputed.
McEvilley , for example, states that it is not possible to "account for this posture outside the yogic account". Possehl in , associated it with the water buffalo, and concluded that while it would be appropriate to recognize the figure as a deity, and its posture as one of ritual discipline, regarding it as a proto-Shiva would "go too far". According to Anthony, the Old Indic religion probably emerged among Indo-European immigrants in the contact zone between the Zeravshan River present-day Uzbekistan and present-day Iran.
The Vedic beliefs and practices of the pre-classical era were closely related to the hypothesised Proto-Indo-European religion , [87] and the pre-Islamic Indo-Iranian religion.
Shiva as we know him today shares many features with the Vedic god Rudra , [97] and both Shiva and Rudra are viewed as the same personality in Hindu scriptures. The two names are used synonymously. Rudra, a Rigvedic deity with fearsome powers, was the god of the roaring storm. He is usually portrayed in accordance with the element he represents as a fierce, destructive deity.
Flood notes that Rudra is an ambiguous god, peripheral in the Vedic pantheon, possibly indicating non-Vedic origins. According to Sadasivan, during the development of the Hindu synthesis attributes of the Buddha were transfered by Brahmins to Shiva, who was also linked with Rudra. The term Shiva also appears simply as an epithet, that means "kind, auspicious", one of the adjectives used to describe many different Vedic deities.
While fierce ruthless natural phenomenon and storm-related Rudra is feared in the hymns of the Rigveda, the beneficial rains he brings are welcomed as Shiva aspect of him. The Vedic texts do not mention bull or any animal as the transport vehicle vahana of Rudra or other deities.
However, post-Vedic texts such as the Mahabharata and the Puranas state the Nandi bull, the Indian zebu , in particular, as the vehicle of Rudra and of Shiva, thereby unmistakably linking them as same. Rudra and Agni have a close relationship. The horns of Agni , who is sometimes characterized as a bull, are mentioned.
According to Wendy Doniger , the Saivite fertility myths and some of the phallic characteristics of Shiva are inherited from Indra. Both are associated with mountains, rivers, male fertility, fierceness, fearlessness, warfare, the transgression of established mores, the Aum sound, the Supreme Self.
Indra was the subject of hymns, a quarter of the Rig Veda. He was associated more than any other deity with Soma , a stimulant drug perhaps derived from Ephedra probably borrowed from the BMAC religion. His rise to prominence was a peculiar trait of the Old Indic speakers. The texts and artwork of Jainism show Indra as a dancer, although not identical generally resembling the dancing Shiva artwork found in Hinduism, particularly in their respective mudras.
The similarities in the dance iconography suggests that there may be a link between ancient Indra and Shiva. A few texts such as Atharvashiras Upanishad mention Rudra , and assert all gods are Rudra, everyone and everything is Rudra, and Rudra is the principle found in all things, their highest goal, the innermost essence of all reality that is visible or invisible. Rudra's evolution from a minor Vedic deity to a supreme being is first evidenced in the Shvetashvatara Upanishad Divya Bhatnagar Husband Images Mac � BC , according to Gavin Flood, presenting the earliest seeds of theistic devotion to Rudra-Shiva.
The period of BC to AD also marks the beginning of the Shaiva tradition focused on the worship of Shiva as evidenced in other literature of this period.
He who sees himself in all beings, And all beings in him, attains the highest Brahman , not by any other means. The earliest iconic artworks of Shiva may be from Gandhara and northwest parts of ancient India. There is some uncertainty as the artwork that has survived is damaged and they show some overlap with meditative Buddha-related artwork, but the presence of Shiva's trident and phallic symbolism in this art suggests it was likely Shiva.
The Shaiva Upanishads are a group of 14 minor Upanishads of Hinduism variously dated from the last centuries of the 1st millennium BCE through the 17th century. The Shaiva Puranas , particularly the Shiva Purana and the Linga Purana , present the various aspects of Shiva, mythologies, cosmology and pilgrimage Tirtha associated with him.
Dualistic Shaiva Agamas which consider soul within each living being and Shiva as two separate realities dualism, dvaita , are the foundational texts for Shaiva Siddhanta. Shiva-related literature developed extensively across India in the 1st millennium CE and through the 13th century, particularly in Kashmir and Tamil Shaiva traditions. Shaivism is one of the four major sects of Hinduism, the others being Vaishnavism , Shaktism and the Smarta Tradition.
Shaivas believe that Shiva is All and in all, the creator, preserver, destroyer, revealer and concealer of all that is. Shiva is the primal soul, the pure consciousness and Absolute Reality in the Shaiva traditions.
The Shaivism theology is broadly grouped into two: the popular theology influenced by Shiva-Rudra in the Vedas, Epics and the Puranas; and the esoteric theology influenced by the Shiva and Shakti-related Tantra texts. The Tantric Shiva tradition ignored the mythologies and Puranas related to Shiva, and depending on the sub-school developed a variety of practices.
For example, historical records suggest Divya Bhatnagar Husband Images Club the tantric Kapalikas literally, the 'skull-men' co-existed with and shared many Vajrayana Buddhist rituals, engaged in esoteric practices that revered Shiva and Shakti wearing skulls, begged with empty skulls, used meat, alcohol, and sexuality as a part of ritual.
The Vaishnava Vishnu-oriented literature acknowledges and discusses Shiva. Like Shaiva literature that presents Shiva as supreme, the Vaishnava literature presents Vishnu as supreme. However, both traditions are pluralistic and revere both Shiva and Vishnu along with Devi , their texts do not show exclusivism, and Vaishnava texts such as the Bhagavata Purana while praising Krishna as the Ultimate Reality, also present Shiva and Shakti as a personalized form an equivalent to the same Ultimate Reality.
The Skanda Purana, for example, states:. Mythologies of both traditions include legends about who is superior, about Shiva paying homage to Vishnu, and Vishnu paying homage to Shiva. However, in texts and artwork of either tradition, the mutual salutes are symbolism for complementarity. The goddess-oriented Shakti tradition of Hinduism is based on the premise that the Supreme Principle and the Ultimate Reality called Brahman is female Devi , [] [] [] but it treats the male as her equal and complementary partner.
The earliest evidence of the tradition of reverence for the feminine with Rudra-Shiva context, is found in the Hindu scripture Rigveda , in a hymn called the Devi Sukta: Divya Bhatnagar Husband Images Github [] []. I am ruler, assembler of goods, observer foremost among those deserving the sacrifice.
Me have the gods distributed in many places�so that I have many stations and cause many things to enter me. Through me he eats food�whoever sees, whoever breathes, whoever hears what is spoken. Without thinking about it, they live on me. Just I myself say this, savored by gods and men: "Whom I love, just him I make formidable, him a formulator, him a seer, him of good wisdom".
I stretch the bow for Rudra, for his arrow to smash the hater of the sacred formulation. I make combat for the people. I have entered Heaven and Earth. I give birth to Father Heaven on his own head [Agni]; my womb is in the waters, in the sea. Thence I spread forth across all worlds, and yonder heaven with its height I touch. I, just like the wind, blow forth, grasping at all worlds, beyond heaven, beyond this earth here�of such size in my greatness have I come into being.
The Devi Upanishad in its explanation of the theology of Shaktism, mentions and praises Shiva such as in its verse In the Smarta tradition of Hinduism, Shiva is a part of its Panchayatana puja. Philosophically, the Smarta tradition emphasizes that all idols murti are icons to help focus on and visualize aspects of Brahman, rather than distinct beings. The ultimate goal in this practice is to transition past the use of icons, recognize the Absolute symbolized by the icons, [] on the path to realizing the nondual identity of one's Atman soul, self and the Brahman.
Shiva is considered the Great Yogi who is totally absorbed in himself � the transcendental reality. He is the Lord of Yogis , and the teacher of Yoga to sages.
The theory and practice of Yoga, in different styles, has been a part of all major traditions of Hinduism, and Shiva has been the patron or spokesperson in numerous Hindu Yoga texts. These ideas are estimated to be from or after the late centuries of the 1st millennium CE, and have survived as Yoga texts such as the Isvara Gita literally, 'Shiva's song' , which Andrew Nicholson � a professor of Hinduism and Indian Intellectual History � states have had "a profound and lasting influence on the development of Hinduism".
Other famed Shiva-related texts influenced Hatha Yoga , integrated monistic Advaita Vedanta ideas with Yoga philosophy and inspired the theoretical development of Indian classical dance. These include the Shiva Sutras , the Shiva Samhita , and those by the scholars of Kashmir Shaivism such as the 10th-century scholar Abhinavagupta.
The Trimurti is a concept in Hinduism in which the cosmic functions of creation, maintenance, and destruction are personified by the forms of Brahma the creator, Vishnu the maintainer or preserver and Shiva the destroyer or transformer. According to Gavin Flood , "Shiva is a god of ambiguity and paradox," whose attributes include opposing themes. The duality of Shiva's fearful and auspicious attributes appears in contrasted names.
The name Rudra reflects Shiva's fearsome aspects. According to traditional etymologies, the Sanskrit name Rudra is derived from the root rud- , which means "to cry, howl". Sharma follows this alternate etymology and translates the name as "terrible". Sharma translates the three as "one who captivates", "one who consolidates", and "one who destroys". This name was adopted by the great Vedanta philosopher Adi Shankara c. Shiva is depicted as both an ascetic yogi and as a householder grihasta , roles which have been traditionally mutually exclusive in Hindu society.
As a family man and householder, he has a wife, Parvati and two sons, Ganesha and Kartikeya.
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