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Many students indeed fear Maths glancing at the long equations and questions. The in-depth elucidation and exercises compel students to develop the habit of practice. The NCERT maths class 8 textbooks point out the logic behind the equation, which is needed for a clear concept. Chapter-Wise Overview of Class 8 Maths. Chapter 1: Rational Numbers.
The first chapter of the book introduces the concept of rational numbers. It explains that any number that is a division of two integers is called rational numbers. Students learn the difference between positive and negative integers which are crucial to equate with natural numbers. This 8 th class maths textbook further explains the closure properties, commutativity, and associativity of rational numbers, whole numbers, and integers. Moreover, the children get to understand the role of 0 and 1 in the equation of rational numbers.
Furthermore, the concepts of a negative number, reciprocal, distributive of multiplication and addition, number line, and distributive of a rational number is explained in detail. These concepts are presented with examples to clear the doubts of the learner. The following chapter further elucidates the idea of linear equations with one variable.
It deals with the formulas and equations crucial for solving the linear equation and variables. This chapter explains ways of solving the linear equation on one side and numbers on the other as well as the numbers on the same side.
While the need to simplify the expressions forming equations before solving them. Moreover, this chapter talks about the diverse utility of linear equations to solve the equations on age, numbers, perimeter, currency, and many Ch 3 Maths Class 10 Book Pdf 2018 more. Chapter 3: Understanding Quadrilaterals. By further reading, students will learn about Polygons which are classified as a triangle, quadrilaterals, pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, etc. Additionally, there is an explanation of diagonals which connects two non-consecutive vertices.
The book offers knowledge on different types of polygons like convex, concave, regular, and irregular. Besides the explanation, the chapter briefs the students about the angle sum property and the sum to measure the exterior angles of the polygons. It also explains about parallelogram, their diagonals, angle sum, elements, and the special parallelograms.
Chapter 4: Practical Geometry. The fourth chapter of the book explains the basics of geometry, starting with the construction of quadrilaterals. Length of four sides and diagonal is given. Two diagonals and three sides are given. Two adjacent sides and three angles are known. Three sides and two included angles are given. The students get to learn about different types of quadrilaterals which are rhombus, rectangle, and square. This chapter also teaches the technique to solve the special cases when five measurements are taken to construct a quadrilateral.
Chapter 5: Data Handling. The topic specifies that unorganised information is known as raw data which are needed to be organised for meaningful interference.
Students get to learn the process of group frequency distribution and the process of finding frequency. Moreover, the chapter shows the different ways of showcasing the data, for example via bars and pie charts. The bar histogram presents the data where class intervals are in a horizontal axis, and the height shows frequencies. Also, students will understand the laws of probability which follows random experiment and outcomes.
At the same time, more occurrence of analysis creates an event. Chapter 6: Square and Square Roots. The numbers like 1, 4, 9,16 which can be expressed as the product of the number with itself are defined as a square number. Reading through the topic, students learn about the properties of square numbers and different methods of adding the numbers.
A square number can be found by adding triangular numbers, odd numbers, and odd natural numbers. Square root portion in this book also teaches about Pythagoras theorem and the Pythagorean triplets. Moreover, the process of finding square root by repeated subtraction, prime factorisation, division, and decimals is also provided. Chapter 7: Cube and Cube Roots.
The previous chapter taught the basics of finding square roots, while the seventh chapter shows the way of solving cube root problems. By reading this chapter, students will know that the perfect cubes can be formed by adding consecutive odd numbers and their prime factors.
At the same time, they will learn that the cube roots are the inverse operation of finding cube. Moreover, the text details the process of prime factorisation, which can be utilised to find the cube root of a number.
Chapter 8: Comparing Quantities. The eighth chapter in the NCERT 8 maths book is one of the crucial chapters dealing with finding quantities.
This chapter helps in the development of calculating larger numbers in children by introducing them to ratio and percentage. Moreover, they are also taught to find the increase and decrease in percentage and discounts. The children also learn the basics of finding profit and loss, cost price, selling price, calculating tax, and interest. This class 8 book further helps students to learn formulas to calculate compound interest and compound annual rate. Chapter 9: Algebraic Expressions and Quantities.
The ninth chapter in the NCERT grade 8 maths textbook teaches about expressions that are formed out of terms and products of factors and numerical coefficients. Furthermore, the chapter details the steps of multiplying two or more than two monomials or multiplying a monomial by a binomial and trinomial. Even the process of multiplying polynomial by polynomial is also mentioned in this topic. Students also learn about identity and the ways of applying them in the sum.
Chapter Visualising Solid Shapes. With the introduction of visualising of solid shapes in the NCERT class 8 maths book in English, the children are introduced to the concepts of geometry. The tenth chapter in the book teaches the reader difference of 2D and of 3D shapes and the process of mapping the space around.
It further teaches terms like edges, faces and vertices, and the types of polyhedrons. The illustrative and graphical representation makes the topic interesting and easy to understand for children. Chapter Mensuration. Mensuration is the branch of Maths which studies the measurement of length, volume, shape, lateral surface areas. NCERT class 8 mathematics book, teaches class 8 students the process of calculating the area and perimeter of various surfaces.
Children learn to find the area of a trapezium, general quadrilateral, and unique quadrilaterals. Moreover, the chapter explains how to calculate the surface area of 3D shapes like cuboid, cylinder, cube, cone, and pyramid. The chapter also teaches students how to find the volume and capacity of different shapes.
Chapter Exponents and Power. The exponents are small Ch 2 Maths Class 10 Book Pdf Library numbers written above the base number to show how many times the base is multiplied. The children will learn the laws of using a negative and positive exponent. Further reading the chapter, the children will learn how to use negative exponents when expressed with small digits. Besides, the kids will understand the ways of comparing and dealing with tiny and large numbers. By solving this chapter, the student will be able to solve the algebric problems in the future.
Chapter Direct and Inverse Proportion. The thirteen chapter of the class 8 maths book NCERT gives a detailed explanation of the direct and inverse proportion of numbers. The text briefs that direct proportion is when a number decreases another number also reduces. Further, they learn about the inverse proportion, which occurs when one number increases, then the other number decreases and vice versa. The students are made to understand the proper usage of these proportions.
Many examples have been included in the direct and inverse proportion chapter, which explains the steps in detail. By a thorough reading of the lesson, the concepts, application, and function of the proportion of numbers will be apparent to learners. Chapter Factorisation. It speaks about factors of natural numbers and algebraic expressions. There are also details on the nature of factorisation and the methods of solving common factors. This topic explains the method of factorisation using identities and regrouping as well as the division of monomials, polynomials, and algebraic expressions.
Students learn about the concept of regrouping and their usage in solving equations. Moreover, by following the methods of factorisation, one can easily find the crucial errors present in an equation. Chapter Introduction to Graphs. This penultimate chapter of the NCERT class 8 book maths welcomes the readers to the world of the graph and data. Children are exposed to the technique of making bars, graphs, pie charts, and histograms.
Moreover, they are taught to draw the line graphs as well as their application in different fields. Even the drawing of liner graphs, finding the location of a point, and the importance of x and y coordinates are explained in detail. It helps children learn the difference between an independent and dependent variable to apply in producing graphs. Chapter Playing With Numbers. Chapter number 14 helps students understand the idea behind factorisation. It details on reversing two-digit and three-digit numbers.
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