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Download Free Class 10th Democratic Politics Part 2 NCERT Solutions

Of the countrys total population, 59 per cent lives in the Flemish region and speaks Dutch language. Another 40 per cent people live in the Wallonia region and speak French. Remaining one per cent of the Belgians speak German. The capital city Brussels, 80 per cent people speak French while 20 per cent are Dutch- speaking.

The minority French-speaking community was relatively rich and powerful. This was resented by the Dutch-speaking community who got the benefit of economic development and education much later.

This led to tensions between the Dutch-speaking and French-speaking communities during the s and s. The tension between the two communities was more acute in Brussels. Brussels presented a special problem: the Dutch-speaking people constituted a majority in the country, but a minority in the capital. Sri Lanka an island nation, just a few kilometres off the southern coast of Tamil Nadu. It has about two crore people, about the same as in Haryana. Major social groups are the Sinhala-speakers 74 per cent and the Tamil-speakers 18 per cent.

Among Tamils there are two sub- groups. Tamil natives of the country foam core fiberglass boat building data called Sri Lankan Tamils 13 per cent. The rest, whose forefathers came from India as plantation workers during colonial period, are called Indian Tamils.

Foam core fiberglass boat building data Lankan Tamils are concentrated 10th ncert democratic politics 2 pdf game the north and east of the country. There are about 7 per cent Christians, who are both Tamil and Sinhala.

In Belgium, the Dutch community could take advantage of its numeric majority and force its will on the French and German-speaking population.

This would push the conflict among communities. This could lead to a very messy partition of the country; both the sides would claim control over Brussels. In Sri Lanka, the Sinhala community enjoyed an even bigger majority and could impose its will on the entire country. Now, let us look at what happened in both these countries.

Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka Sri Lanka emerged as an independent country in The leaders of the Sinhala community sought to secure dominance over government by virtue of their majority. Inan Act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the only official language, thus disregarding Tamil. The governments followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs. A new constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism.

All these government measures, coming one foam core fiberglass boat building data the other, gradually increased the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils. They felt that none of the major political parties led by the Buddhist Sinhala leaders were sensitive to their language and culture.

Rajesh Nayak. Democratic Politics Part-II -NCERT-Class-X They felt that the constitution and government policies denied them equal political rights, discriminated against them in getting jobs and other opportunities and foam core fiberglass boat building data their interests.

As a result, the relations between the Sinhala and Tamil communities strained over time. The Sri Lankan Tamils launched parties and struggles for the recognition of Tamil as an official language, for regional autonomy and equality of opportunity in securing education and jobs.

But their demand for more autonomy to provinces populated by the Tamils was repeatedly denied. By s several political organisations were formed demanding an independent Tamil Eelam state in northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka. The distrust between the two communities turned into widespread conflict.

As a result thousands of people of both the communities have been killed. Many families wereforced to leave the country as refugees and many more lost their livelihoods.

Accommodation in Belgium The Belgian leaders took a different path. They recognised the existence of regional differences and cultural diversities. Between and foam core fiberglass boat building data, they amended their constitution four times so as to work out an arrangement that would enable everyone to live together within the same country.

The arrangement they wor ked out is different from any other country and is very innovative. Here are some of the elements of the Belgian model: Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers shall be equal in the central government. Some special laws require the support of majority of members from each linguistic group. Thus, no single community can make decisions unilaterally. Many powers of the central government 10th ncert democratic politics 2 pdf game been given to state governments of the two regions of the country.

The state governments are not subordinate to the Central Government. Brussels has a separate government in which both the communities have equal representation. The French- speaking people accepted equal representation in Brussels because the Dutch-speaking community has accepted equal representation in the Central Government.

Apart from the Central and the State Government, there is a third kind of government. This community government is elected by people belonging to one language community Dutch, French and German-speaking no matter where they live. This government has the power regarding cultural, educational and language-related issues You might find the Belgian model very complicated.

It indeed is very complicated, even for people living in Belgium. But these arrangements have worked well so far. They helped to avoid civic strife between the two major communities and a possible division of the 10th ncert democratic politics 2 pdf game on linguistic lines. When many countries of Europe came together to form the European Union, Brussels was chosen as its headquarters Why power sharing is desirable?

Firstly, power sharing is good because it helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups. Since social conflict often leads to violence and political instability, power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order. Imposing the will of majority community over others may look like an attractive option in the short run, but in the long run it undermines the unity of the nation.

Domination of the majority is not just oppressive for the minority; it often brings ruin to the majority as well there is a second, deeper reason why power sharing is good for democracies.

Power sharing is the very spirit of democrac y. People 10th ncert democratic politics 2 pdf game a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed. A legitimate government is one where citizens, through participation, acquire a stake in the. Forms of powersharing The idea of power sharing has emerged in opposition to the notions of undivided political power. For a long time it was believed that all power of a government must reside in one person or group of persons located at one place.

It was felt that if the power to decide is dispersed, it would not be possible to take quick decisions and to enforce. But these notions have changed with the emergence of democracy. One basic principle of democracy is that people are the source of all political power. In a democracy, people rule themselves through institutions of self-governance. In a good democraticgovernment, due respect is given to diverse groups and views that exist in a society. Everyone has a voice in the shaping of public policies.

Therefore, it follows that in a democracy politicalpower should be distributed among as many citizens as possible. In modern democracies, power sharing arrangements can take many forms.

Let us look at some of the most common arrangements that we have or will come. Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive and judiciary. Horizontal distribution of power because it allowsdifferent organs of government placed at the same level to foam core fiberglass boat building data different powers. Such a separation ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power.

Each organ foam core fiberglass boat building data the. This results 10th ncert democratic politics 2 pdf game a balance of power among variousinstitutions. In a democracy, even though ministers and government officials exercise power, they are responsible to the Parliament or State Assemblies. Similarly, although judges are appointed by the executive, they can check the functioning of executive or laws made by the legislatures. This arrangement is called a system of checks 10th ncert democratic politics 2 pdf game balances.

Power can be shared among governments at different levels a general government for the entire country and governments at the provincial or regional level. Such a general government for the entire country is usually called federal government.

In India, we refer to it as the Central or Union Government The governments at the provincial or regional level are called by different names in different countries.

Foam core fiberglass boat building data India we call them State Foam core fiberglass boat building data. This system is not followed in all countries. There are many countries where there are no provincial or state governments.

But in those countries like ours, where there are different levels of government, the constitution clearly lays down the powers of different levels of government. This is what they did in Belgium, but was refused in Sri Lanka. This is called federal division of power.

The same principle can be extended to levels of government lower than the State government, such as the municipality and panchayat. Let us call division of powers involving higher and lower levels of government ver tical division of power. We shall study these at some length in the next chapter 3 Power may also be shared among different social groups such as the religious and linguistic groups.

In some countries there are constitutional and legal arrangements whereby socially weaker sections and women are represented in the legislatures and administration.

The system of reserved constituencies in assemblies and the parliament of our country. This type of arrangement is meant to give space in the government and administration to diverse social groups who otherwise would feel aliena ted from the government.

This method is used to give minority communities a fair share in power. In a democracy, the citizens must have freedom to choose among various contenders for foam core fiberglass boat building data.

Solve the exercises included in these chapters to write better answers in your exam. Chapter 2: Federalism. Keep solving the questions at the end of this chapter so that you gain mastery over them. Besides this, these questions are also important from the examination point of view. You will get here the latest textbook for academic session in both English and Hindi languages. It dives deep into the three basic factors that give rise to social inequality, such as differences based on gender, religion and caste.
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