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A steamboat is a boat that is propelled primarily by steam power, typically driving propellers or paddlewheels. Steamboats sometimes use the prefix designation SS, S.S. or S/S (for 'Screw Steamer') or PS (for 'Paddle Steamer'); however, these designations are most often used for steamships. The term steamboat is used to refer to smaller, insular, steam-powered boats working on lakes and rivers, particularly riverboats. As using steam became more reliable, steam power became applied to larger, ocean. ????? ������ Steamboat � ����� ���� �� ���� ���. � ��������� �� ������ � ���� ������. ������, ��������, ���� ������. ���������� ����� � ��������������� �� ��������-�������� INMYROOM. ? ������ ����� Steamboat Springs Village Area �������� ����� 50,0 �� ���� 75 ���. � �������� ������ � ������, ������ � �������, ? ���������� �� ���������� ����� �������� ����� 50,0 �� myboat325 boatplans ������ ����������������� ���������, ? �������� � ����� ������ � ������ �������������.� ���������. ��� ������ ������: �������� ������������� �����, ����� � ������ � ������� ������, �����; � ������� ��������������� ������� ������������ ��������� ���������, ���������� �������.

Sultana was a Mississippi River side-wheel steamboat , which exploded on 27 April , killing 1, people in the worst maritime disaster in United States history. Constructed of wood in by the John Litherbury Boatyard [1] in Cincinnati , she was intended for the lower Mississippi cotton trade.

The steamer registered 1, tons [2] and normally carried a crew of For two years, she ran a regular route between St. Louis and New Orleans , and was frequently commissioned to carry troops. Although designed with a capacity of only passengers, she was carrying 2, when three of the boat's four boilers exploded and she burned to the waterline and sank near Memphis, Tennessee.

Launched on 3 January , the Sultana was the fifth river steamboat to bear the name. Built for speed and capacity, the vessel measured feet long, was 39 feet wide at the base, 42 feet wide at the beam, displaced tons, and drew just 7 feet of water. Her two side-mounted paddle wheels were driven by four tubular, or fire-tube, boilers.

Introduced in , they were capable of generating twice as much steam per fuel load as conventional flue boilers. Each fire-tube boiler was 18 feet long and 46 inches in diameter and contained 24 five-inch flues, tubes that ran from the firebox to the chimney. The economic advantages came with a safety tradeoff. The water levels in a tubular system had to be carefully maintained at all times. The areas between the many flues clogged easily, and the sediment and mineral buildup around the tubes and boiler sides, especially heavy when the river water used in the system carried much sediment, was difficult to scrape off.

Even the slightest dip in water level could cause hot spots leading to metal fatigue, greatly increasing the risk of an explosion. For a classic "wedding cake" design steamboat, constructed of layers of highly flammable lightweight wood covered with paint and varnish, the likelihood was that any such incident would be catastrophic.

Louis, Sultana left St. Louis on April 13, bound for New Orleans, Louisiana. Immediately, Captain Mason grabbed an armload of Cairo newspapers and headed south to spread the news, knowing that telegraphic communication with the South had been almost totally cut off because of the war. Hatch had a deal for Mason. Thousands of recently released Union prisoners of war that had been held by the Confederacy at the prison camps of Cahaba near Selma, Alabama , and Andersonville , in southwest Georgia, had been brought to a small parole camp outside of Vicksburg to await release to the North.

The U. Knowing that Mason was in need of money, Hatch suggested that he could guarantee Mason a full load of about 1, prisoners if Mason would agree to give him a kickback.

Hoping to gain much money through this deal, Mason quickly agreed to the offered bribe. Leaving Vicksburg, Sultana traveled down river to New Orleans, continuing to spread the news of Lincoln's assassination. On April 21, Sultana left New Orleans with about 70 cabin and deck passengers, and a small amount of livestock. She also carried a crew of Under reduced pressure, the steamboat limped into Vicksburg to get the boiler repaired and to pick up her promised load of prisoners.

While the paroled prisoners, primarily from the states of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee and West Virginia, [6] : � were brought from the parole camp to Sultana , a mechanic was brought down to work on the leaky boiler. Although the mechanic wanted to cut out and replace a ruptured seam, Mason knew that such a job would take a few days and cost him his precious load of prisoners.

By the time the repairs would be completed, the prisoners would have been sent home on other boats. Instead, Mason and his chief engineer, Nathan Wintringer, convinced the mechanic to make temporary repairs, hammering back the bulged boiler plate and riveting a patch of lesser thickness over the seam. Instead of taking two or three days, the temporary repair took only one.

During her time in port, and while the repairs were being made, Sultana took on the paroled prisoners. Although Hatch had suggested that Mason might get as many as 1, released Union prisoners, a mix-up with the parole camp books and suspicion of bribery from other steamboat captains caused the Union officer in charge of the loading, Capt. George Augustus Williams, to place every man at the parole camp on board Sultana , believing the number to be less than 1, The men were packed into every available space, and the overflow was so severe that in some places, the decks began to creak and sag and had to be supported with heavy wooden beams.

Sultana spent two days traveling upriver, fighting against one of the worst spring floods in the river's history.

At some places, the river overflowed the banks and spread out three miles wide. Trees along the river bank were almost completely covered, until only the very tops of the Steamboat Delivery Zip Code trees were visible above the swirling, powerful water. Bankes took a picture of the grossly overcrowded vessel. Near midnight, Sultana left Memphis, perhaps leaving behind about men.

She then went a short distance upriver to take on a new load of coal from some coal barges, and then at about a. Near a. The enormous explosion of steam came from the top rear of the boilers and went upward at a degree angle, tearing through the crowded decks above, and completely demolishing the pilothouse.

Without a pilot to steer the boat, Sultana became a drifting, burning hulk. The terrific explosion flung some of the deck passengers into the water and destroyed a large section of the boat. The twin smokestacks toppled over; the starboard one backwards into the blasted hole, and the port one forward onto the crowded forward section of the upper deck.

The forward part of the upper deck was crushed down onto the middle deck, killing and trapping many in the wreckage. Fortunately the sturdy railings around the twin openings of the main stairway prevented the upper deck from crushing down completely onto the middle deck. Those men sleeping around the twin openings quickly crawled under the wreckage and down the main stairs.

Further back, the collapsing decks formed a slope that led down into the exposed furnace boxes. The broken wood caught fire and turned the remaining superstructure into an inferno. Survivors of the explosion panicked and raced for the safety of the water but in their weakened condition soon ran out of strength and began to cling to each other.

Whole groups went down together. While this fight for survival was taking place, the southbound steamer Bostona No. At the same time, dozens of people began to float past the Memphis waterfront, calling for help until they were noticed by the crews of docked steamboats and U. Passengers who survived the initial explosion had to risk their lives in the icy spring runoff of the Mississippi or burn with the boat.

Some survivors were plucked from the tops of semi-submerged trees along the Arkansas shore. Bodies of victims continued to be found downriver for months, some as far as Vicksburg. Many bodies were never recovered. Most of Sultana ' s officers, including Captain Mason, were among those who perished.

The exact death toll is unknown, although the most recent evidence indicates 1, On May 19, , less than a month after the disaster, Brig. William Hoffman , Commissary General of Prisoners, who investigated the disaster, reported an overall loss of soldiers, passengers, and crew of 1, A year later, when the U. Government established the Memphis National Cemetery.

Three civilian victims of the wreck of Sultana are interred at Elmwood Cemetery in Memphis, Tennessee. About survivors were transported to hospitals in Memphis. Fortunately, since Memphis had been captured by Federal forces in and turned into a supply and recuperation city, there were numerous hospitals in the city with the latest medical equipment and trained personnel.

Of the roughly people taken to Memphis hospitals, there were only 31 deaths between April 28 and June In December , the survivors living in the northern states of Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio began attending annual reunions, forming the National Sultana Survivors' Association. Eventually, the group settled on meeting in the Toledo , Ohio , area.

Perhaps inspired by their Northern comrades, a Southern group of survivors, men from Kentucky and Tennessee began meeting in around Knoxville , Tennessee. Both groups met as close to the April 27 anniversary date as possible, corresponded with each other, and shared the title National Sultana Survivors' Association. By the mids, only a handful of survivors were able to attend the reunions.

In , only two men attended the Southern reunion. The next year, only one man showed up. The last of the Southern survivors, and last overall survivor, was Private Charles M. Eldridge of the 3rd Tennessee Cavalry, who died at his home at age 96 on September 8, , more than 76 years after the Sultana disaster. The official cause of the Sultana disaster was determined to be mismanagement of water levels in the boilers, exacerbated by the fact that the vessel was severely overcrowded and top heavy.

As the steamboat made her way north following the twists and turns of the river, she listed severely to one side then to the other. Her four boilers were Steamboat Springs Things To Do Summer 77 interconnected and mounted side-by-side, so that if the boat tipped sideways, water would tend to run out of the highest boiler. With the fires still going against the empty boiler, this created hot spots.

When the boat tipped the other way, water rushing back into the empty boiler would hit the hot spots and flash instantly to steam, creating a sudden surge in pressure.

This effect of careening could have been minimized by maintaining high water levels in the boilers. The official inquiry found that the boat's boilers exploded due to the combined effects of careening, low water level, and a faulty repair to a leaky boiler made a few days earlier.

The most recent investigation into the cause of the disaster by Pat Jennings, Principal Engineer of Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company, which came into existence in because of the Sultana explosion, has determined that three main factors led to the explosion:. Charcoal Hammered No. The dirt tended to settle on the bottom of the boilers or clog between the flues and leave hotspots. Sultana had tubular boilers filled with 24 horizontal 5-inch flues.

Being so closely packed within the inch diameter boilers tended to cause the muddy sediment to form hot pockets. They were extremely difficult to clean.

Tubular boilers were pulled from use on steamboats plying the Lower Mississippi after two more steamboats with tubular boilers exploded shortly after the Sultana. An episode of History Detectives that aired on July 2, reviewed the known evidence, thoroughly disputing a theory of sabotage see below , and then focused on the question of why the steamboat was allowed to be crowded to several times its normal capacity before departure.

The report blamed quartermaster Hatch, an individual with a long history of corruption and incompetence, who was able to keep his job due to political connections: he was the younger brother of Illinois politician Ozias M.

Hatch , an advisor and close friend of President Lincoln. Throughout the war, Reuben Hatch had shown incompetence as a quartermaster and competence as a thief, bilking the government out of thousands of dollars. Although brought up on courts-martial charges, Hatch managed to get letters of recommendation from such noted authorities as President Abraham Lincoln and General of the Army Ulysses S.

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