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Find out. Ships from wooden Sold by baodingshijiuqiwenhuachuanboyouxiangongsi Details. Ships. Sold by. Paf your purchase. Small French small wooden sketch pad 011 style designed sketchbox with a storage box that converts into a painting easel.

A natural wood colored desktop easel box that's oil finished. Made with hand sanded high quality aged Beechwood that's grown in Germany. Sturdy lightweight tabletop sketchbox easel that can be adjusted to any incline angle position depending on the need, and will accommodate a canvas up to 18".

Folds to a compact box with carry handle. Storage sketchbox is divided into a 4 compartment interior with 3 removable dividing slats for adjusting compartment sizes. Store and organize sketch pads, paints, brushes, markers, pens, paper and other essential art supplies.

It's deal for keeping yourself organized while painting, drawing and sketching. Folded Dimensions: 9. It's a durable user friendly art, studio and sketchbox easel that's great for use by kids, beginners, students, as well as for advanced artists and professionals.

Product information Technical Details. Batteries Required? Would you like to woden us about a lower price? Frequently bought. Add all three to Cart. These items are shipped from and sold by different sellers.

Show details. Buy the selected items small wooden sketch pad 011 This item: Small wooden sketch pad 011. Ships from and sold by baodingshijiuqiwenhuachuanboyouxiangongsi. Small wooden sketch pad 011 who viewed this item also viewed. Page 1 of 1 Start over Page 1 of 1.

Previous page. Next page. Have a question? There was a problem completing your request. Please try your search again later. Customers who bought this item also bought. Marina Bakasova. See questions and answers. No customer reviews. How are ratings calculated?

To calculate the overall star skwtch and percentage breakdown by star, we do not use a simple average. Small wooden sketch pad 011, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon.

It also analyses reviews to verify trustworthiness. Review this product Share your thoughts with other small wooden sketch pad 011. Write a customer review.

Most helpful customer reviews on Amazon. Verified Purchase. I like this painters box. It is small and can't hold much but the easel is sturdy. Small wooden sketch pad 011 caution: You must unscrew the wing nuts for the easel part before attempting to close the box. It will close most of the way- tightening the wing nuts further and then very smaall to get your hand in to release the wing nuts to either completely close it or open it.

But otherwise I like it enough to buy a second one for a friend. I just started painting smalll may want something better if I continue to enjoy this hobby.

It's a good starter. I bought this based on the amount of positive reviews and boy did they miss the mark. This thing is cheap, not in price, but in quality. The price I paid was NOT worth what I got, and there isn't even any instructions on how to put this together properly.

All the wood pieces don't particularly fit right, it was sent in a box with no support, stuff just flying around small wooden sketch pad 011 it.

The rating for this is way off. Do not purchase. Unfortunately, I received this product with displays of water damage. As seen in the pictures presented, the wood and brace attatchment both display discoloration.

You can see that the wood has turned black in color, which appears that it had been smal to water on one. The original amazon box in which this package was received had no external damage, yet the box in which the product had come in appeared to have discoloration on one. Unfortunately due to the water damage to this product, I am unable to be satisfied with this product.

Images in this review. I was reluctant to order this upon reading the reviews. But I figured I could return it. I'm really pleased with. The hardware is sturdy and so is the skettch. The corners are dovetailed. The dividers 0111 the inside don't go all the way up as mentioned, so I think I will keep my supplies in small plastic containers so they won't move.

That's no big deal. It is adjustable and seems to work fine. I like that its plain so that I can customize it. For the money its a really good deal. For the price of was great. Would splintering at one of the screws but can be protected with an extra washer. Knocking off a star for the missing washer. Sturdy enough to paint. Go to Amazon. Back to top. Get to Know Us. Connect with Us. Make Money with Us. Let Us Help You. Shopbop Designer Fashion Brands.

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square as well as a single 4 in. Many have been oddity ships which a infancy ppad by no equates to listened of. These law vessel covers might be done to pledge the undiluted dimension to your H2O fondle as well as not usually dimensions though you'll be means to select any pattern as well as churned designs to have an preferred cover for your own vessel ! a design about says it all. They set up boats which can small wooden sketch pad 011 for generations, we might have to optimize a rigging comparative woofen .

Figure 4 illustrates the elegant solution to the problem of efflorescence, sub-efflorescence and spalling courtesy of a long dead old world mason. The re-pointing of brick with weak lime based mortar was seen to protect the brick from damage. The spalling and damage would be limited to the sacrificial layer.

The sacrificial layer would eventually fail and fall off�as expected�and would need to be replaced 3 or 4 times a century.

Figure 4: Sacrificial layers �Old world technology at its best. Photograph 2 shows a sacrificial layer failing on the exterior of a foundation wall at grade in the old town of Siena, Italy letting its owners know that it is time to reapply a new sacrificial layer.

Photograph 4 shows a recently applied sacrificial layer on one side of a doorway�but not yet applied on the other�on a building in Firenze, Italy. Photograph 2: Spalling of sacrificial layer in Siena, Italy. Photograph 3: Sacrificial layer being applied in Prague, Czech Republic.

Figure 5 illustrates an approach to address osmosis problems when retrofitting existing brick foundations. A sacrificial layer of lime-based mortar is applied to the exterior of the foundation at grade.

An interior liquid water impermeable and vapor impermeable layer is applied to the masonry foundation preventing the capillary water from evaporating to the interior. The capillary water is directed upwards and outwards to the exterior sacrificial layer. The salt accumulates in this layer rather than causing damage to the interior of the foundation.

This allows the interior of the masonry foundation to be insulated full height from the slab to the underside of the floor assembly. Here is where things get tricky�we want to direct the capillary water upward and outward�but not too far upward into the structure where it can damage timbers and interior finishes.

Figure 6 provides guidance for the protection of embedded timbers in masonry foundations when directing capillary water upward and outward. At the end of the day in order to deal with old buildings that need to be retrofitted to meet the challenges of climate change and energy security it appears that we will have to dust off some old world technology.

It is not too big of a sacrifice to ask. Hutcheon, N. Straube and Burnett, E. Skip to main content. Joseph Lstiburek. June 3, Photograph 4: New sacrificial layer in Firenze, Italy. Figure 5: Retrofitting existing brick foundation �Damage function is concentrated on outside surface of foundation at grade in a material designed to be replaced 3 or 4 times a century.

Interior membrane sheet waterproofing is designed to prevent inward drying of capillary water�water is directed upwards and outwards. Figure 6: Rules of Thumb �Physicists hate this type of information�experienced based recommendations without formal equations derived from first principles.

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Checkout View Your Cart. Register Product Login Login to my account Enter your e-mail and password:. New customer? Create your Account Lost password? Recover Password. Need Help? Dotted lines indicate SRES scenarios.

The different studies use slightly different data for the start year. All RCPs include the assumption that air pollution control becomes more stringent, over time, as a result of rising income levels. Globally, this would cause emissions to decrease, over time�although trends can be different for specific regions or at particular moments in time. A second factor that influences the results across the RCPs is climate policy.

In general, the lowest emissions are found for the scenario with the most stringent climate policy RCP2. The overall correlation is a result of the fact that climate policy induces systemic changes in the energy system, away from technologies with high greenhouse gas emission levels, which also have high emissions of air pollutants e.

In contrast, the application of energy efficiency or use of renewables reduces both greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants. The range of air pollution projections, generally, is smaller than that found in the literature. As such, one may conclude that the RCPs show a range of plausible development pathways for air pollutants and policy interventions, but they are not fully representative of the literature on air polluting emissions, as the set does not include scenarios which assume that very little or no reduction of emissions will be achieved.

This may limit the use of the RCPs for specific air pollution applications. The emissions in the RCPs have been downscaled to 0. The results show that for most gases, emissions are concentrated in specific areas e. Moreover, a general trend can be noted across all RCPs and gases, indicating that emissions tend to become relatively more concentrated in currently low-income regions.

The greenhouse gas concentrations in the RCPs closely correspond to the emissions trends discussed earlier Fig. Finally, RCP2. The trends in CH 4 concentrations are more pronounced, as a result of the relatively short lifetime of CH 4. Emission reductions, as in the RCP2.

For N 2 O, in contrast, a relatively long lifetime and a modest reduction potential imply an increase in concentrations, in all RCPs. For both CH 4 and N 2 O, the concentration levels correspond well with the range in the literature. Further information on the calculations of concentration can be found in Meinshausen et al. Trends in concentrations of greenhouse gases. The combination of trends in greenhouse gases and those in atmospheric pollutants translate to changes in concentrations affecting the overall development of radiative forcing.

As shown in Fig. Total radiative forcing is determined by both positive forcing from greenhouse gases and negative forcing from aerosols. The most dominant factor, by far, is the forcing from CO 2. As a result, both for the RCPs and in the overall literature, radiative forcing levels are correlated with cumulative 21st century CO 2 emissions see middle panel of Fig. Thus, it is not surprising that the RCPs are consistent with the literature, both in terms of total forcing and cumulative CO 2 emissions over the course of the century.

Trends in radiative forcing left , cumulative 21st century CO 2 emissions vs radiative forcing middle and forcing level per category right. The dots in the middle graph also represent a large number of studies. Forcing is relative to pre-industrial values and does not include land use albedo , dust, or nitrate aerosol forcing. For RCP8. In contrast, there is a decrease in radiative forcing, for RCP4.

This is the result of assumed trends in air pollution control and climate policy. Aerosol concentrations eventually decrease in all RCPs, following the strong decrease in emissions, especially those of anthropogenic SO 2. This is very different from some of the SRES scenarios. However, the new insights into implementation of air pollution control measures were developed more recently, which were not comprehensively included in the SRES Smith and Wigley Moreover, the SRES scenarios did not include climate policy measures.

While there is a reduction in the impact of aerosols, at a global level, for some tropical regions, a shift towards higher concentrations is also reported. Finally, for nitrogen deposition, a decrease can be observed across the RCPs for most high-income regions.

However, in many developing regions, an increase in nitrogen deposition is projected for the end of the 21st century, mostly related to the projected increases in NH 3 emissions due to agricultural activities. The MAGICC model used for calculating greenhouse gas concentrations results in tropospheric and stratospheric forcing levels that are slightly different from those of the more complex model used for the atmospheric chemistry calculations Lamarque et al.

For stratospheric ozone, this is related to the MAGICC model assumption of stratospheric ozone being solely driven by the amount of ozone-depleting substances. Full chemistry-climate model simulations Lamarque et al. These small differences in ozone forcing, however, are only a very small fraction of total forcing in the RCP scenarios. As explained in the method sections, these have not been based on integrated assessment modeling, but on simple extension rules consistent with the rationale of each of the RCPs to which they connect see Table 3.

This has resulted in a set of extended concentration pathways to be used for climate model runs. Still, it is useful to examine the implied changes in emissions. For CO 2 , these are also shown in Fig.

For the last two ECPs, this can be seen as a continuation of the trends of before For ECP8. Storage before of emissions from bio-energy and fossil fuels equals about GtC.

Optimistic estimates of storage potential are consistent with these numbers. By , this scenario would result in a radiative forcing at roughly the same level as in Finally, a special extension was added to explore the difference in impacts from direct stabilization at 4.

The extension shows that such an overshoot scenario would be possible, but would require a very abrupt emission reduction from the 6. In other words, this would be a scenario that would be relatively hard to achieve Meinshausen et al.

ECP is extended concentration pathway. The SCP6to4. In the previous sections, we have shown the RCPs to be consistent with their design criteria. Given their comprehensiveness in terms of sources covered, as well as in spatial detail, they provide a unique basis for detailed climate model runs. The RCPs provide a range of emission and concentrations consistent with the full range in the recent literature see Table 4 ; Figs.

In particular, the RCPs allow the exploration of possible climate futures over a wider range than previously possible, since they extend beyond the low forcing levels previously considered by global climate model projections. Compared to the overall literature, RCP8. The information on the RCPs has been made available at a level of detail that would allow climate and chemistry model runs.

It can be expected that the RCPs will be used in a wide range of policy-experiments. The following uses are foreseen:. Input for climate modeling.

A large number of experiments have been proposed on the basis of the RCPs Hibbard et al. These will, among others, examine climate change as a function of different forcing levels and the carbon flows associated with various CO 2 concentration levels.

Finally, the comprehensive information on greenhouse gases, atmospheric pollutants and land-use change allow analysts to look into the contribution of different forcing categories. Input into mitigation analysis. The different RCP levels and their trajectories are expected to stimulate research on the mitigation action and socio-economic conditions that would be consistent with a given concentration pathways replication experiments using different models and assumptions.

This, for instance, includes research on the influence of different expectations with respect to technology change and the policy conditions e. Input into impact assessment. After completion of the climate model runs, the RCPs may also be used in new research on the impacts of climate change. For this, also information on future socio-economic conditions will be needed.

Different papers discuss how this may be done Van Vuuren et al. Form an analytical thread. The RCPs have already facilitated a closer cooperation across different disciplines involved in climate research during their development and are expected to provide a consistent analytical thread running through climate change research. The information in this paper also reveals several limitations associated with the use of the RCPs that need to be kept in mind:.

The RCPs should not be interpreted as forecasts or absolute bounds, or be seen as policy prescriptive.

The RCPs describe a set of possible developments in emissions and land use, based on consistent scenarios representative of current literature see Section 2. The RCPs should clearly not be interpreted as boundaries for possible developments with respect to emissions and land use.

Similarly, while the RCPs may be used to identify the range of climate impacts associated with different anthropogenic forcing levels, they are not meant to be policy prescriptive, i. At the same time, the use of the RCPs in climate research may provide important information for decision-making. The socio-economic scenarios underlying the RCPs cannot be treated as a set with an overarching internal logic.

The RCPs have not been designed as a new, fully integrated set of scenarios; the focus in the development process has been on providing a consistent set of projections for components of radiative forcing emissions and land use by using scenarios available from the literature.

The underlying scenarios are independent efforts developed by four individual modeling groups; this implies that the RCPs do not necessarily form a comprehensive set for elements other than the emissions and concentrations of the main greenhouse gases and associated radiative forcing. Differences between the RCPs, therefore, cannot be directly interpreted as a result of climate policy or particular socio-economic developments. Differences may very well result from differences between models.

For instance, in many models it might not be possible to reach the lowest stabilization targets from baseline scenarios in which emissions are as high as in RCP8. The socio-economic scenarios underlying each RCP should not be considered unique. Each RCP is based on a scenario from the literature that includes a socio-economic development pathway. However, the socio-economic scenario underlying each RCP is just one of many possible scenarios that could be consistent with the concentration pathway.

This implies that additional work is needed to allow some further analysis, such as impact assessments on the basis of the RCPs. This work is planned in subsequent phases of the scenario development Moss et al. Certain characteristics of individual RCPs may play a role in interpreting their results. Further research is needed to explore sensitivity of results to these characteristics. The main characteristics of each of the RCPs is summarized in Table 4.

The logic for the land-use patterns is related to the model-specific assumptions of each RCP and not just to the target radiative forcing level.

Climate policy may have clear consequences for land-use patterns, but these have been included in RCPs in different ways. For instance, the reforestation policies assumed in the RCP4. Similarly, the assumed baseline trends in land use are not specific to any RCP level. Climate impacts of the land-use patterns such as albedo , therefore, cannot be directly attributed to the level of climate policy in each RCP, but need to be traced to model-specific assumptions.

Therefore, it may be very important to consider how these scenario-specific impacts could be dealt with in pattern scaling exercises on the basis of RCP climate modeling results. This, for instance, could be explored by specific experiments in which land-use changes are switched off. For air pollution emissions and concentrations , the RCPs at the global level are more-or-less ordered along the radiative forcing axis, as could be expected on the basis of the co-benefits.

However, at the regional level, model-specific assumptions may dominate and differences between RCPs are often small.

The fact that all RCPs assume increasingly stringent air pollution control policies implies that the RCPs are not suitable for analysis of possible trends in air pollution under less optimistic assumptions.

There are uncertainties in the translation of emissions profiles to concentrations and radiative forcing. We have used several methods for developing consistent sets of emissions, concentrations and radiative forcing pathways�in particular using the CAM3. However, there are considerable uncertainties involved. As a result, the current set of RCPs represents one possible set of assumptions with regard to this translation.

As the RCPs are used as input in all major global climate models, some of these uncertainties will be revealed as part of the activities that are currently under way.

Further coordination of uncertainty analyses in subsequent phases by the climate modeling community and IAM community may further contribute to this. The RCPs provide a unique set of data, particularly with respect to comprehensiveness and detail, as well as spatial scale of information for climate model projections. In the previous sections, we have shown the RCPs to be consistent with their selection criteria and to provide a good basis for exploring the range of climate outcomes by the climate modeling community.

The scenarios cover a range of radiative forcing pathways consistent with those in the current literature. The information that is provided for each of the RCPs is also much more elaborated than in previous exercises. Data on land use and air pollution have been made available with sectoral detail for different source categories and in a geographically explicit manner, at 0.

The data on greenhouse gas emissions have been run through one consistent carbon cycle and climate model. The RCPs have also been harmonized with the Small Wooden Sketch Pad Pdf latest data on historical periods, and the harmonization algorithms have allowed for a smooth transition from the historical periods to the scenario period.

The scaling factors used for this harmonization do not distort the original underlying IAM scenarios. This elaborate development process was necessary so that the RCPs may provide a consistent analytical thread that runs across communities involved in climate research. Subsequent phases of the development process of new scenarios for climate change assessment need to focus on defining a framework for socio-economic assumptions and storylines to guide RCP-based mitigation, adaptation and impacts analyses.

While the RCPs are each derived from internally consistent socio-economic assumptions, as a set they do not provide an internal logic nor do they span the full range of socio-economic trajectories in the literature. Hence, there is a need for a community effort similar to the one for defining the climate dimension of the RCPs.

This community effort will need to define the socio-economic dimension that would complement the RCPs. This process is planned as part of subsequent activities in the development of new scenarios.

The term Integrated Assessment Model refers to models that combine natural science and socio-economic aspects of climate change primarily for the purpose of assessing policy options for climate change control see for instance Weyant et al.

The procedure chosen has certain strengths and weaknesses. For instance, the decision was made to choose representative scenarios from different IAM teams, increasing the diversity of outcomes. At the same time, this implies that differences between RCPs include more factors than only the targeted forcing level. In this paper, we discuss these issues and also indicate new experiments that will be performed to overcome some of the weaknesses.

The forcing levels are relative to pre-industrial values and do not include land use albedo , dust, or nitrate aerosol forcing. The term harmonization is defined as a procedure whereby emission outputs from the IAMs are adjusted in such a way that emissions in the reference year are equal to some reference data set with these adjustments extended into the future, in some manner, to assure smooth data sets.

Most of these experiments are part of the so-called CMIP-5 model intercomparison project, which has been set up as a major input into AR5. For reporting primary energy use, the direct-equivalent accounting method is used as in the SRES.

This implies that energy from all non-combustible sources nuclear and non-biomass renewable is reported as secondary energy, i. Sub-report 2. Energ Econ 31 suppl 2 :S64�S Google Scholar.

The Energy Journal �

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