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A sailing ship is a sea-going vessel that uses sails mounted on masts to harness the power of wind and propel the vessel. There is a variety of sail plans that propel sailing ships , employing square-rigged or fore-and-aft sails. Some ships carry square sails on each mast�the brig and full-rigged ship , said to be "ship-rigged" when there are three or more masts. Still others employ a combination of square and fore-and aft sails, including the barque , barquentine , and brigantine.
Early sailing ships were used for river and coastal waters in Ancient Egypt and the Mediterranean. Blue water sea-going sailing ships were first independently invented by the Austronesian peoples with the fore-and-aft crab-claw sail as well as the culturally unique catamaran and outrigger boat technologies.
These enabled the rapid Austronesian expansion into the islands of the Indo-Pacific since BCE from an origin in Taiwan , as well as facilitated the first maritime trading network in the Indo-Pacific from at least BCE. European sailing ships with predominantly square rigs became prevalent during the Age of Discovery , when they crossed oceans between continents and around the world.
In the European Age of Sail , a full-rigged ship was one with a bowsprit and three masts, each of which consists of a lower, top, and topgallant mast. The Age of Sail waned with the advent of steam-powered ships , which did not depend upon a favourable wind. The first sailing vessels were developed for use in the South China Sea by the Austronesian peoples , and also independently in lands abutting the western Mediterranean Sea by the 2nd millennium BCE.
In Asia, early vessels were equipped with crab claw sails �with a spar on the top and bottom of the sail, arranged fore-and-aft when needed. In the Mediterranean, vessels were powered downwind by square sails that supplemented propulsion by oars. Sailing ships evolved differently in the South China Sea and in the Indian Ocean , where fore-and-aft sail plans were developed several centuries into the Common Era. By the time of the Age of Discovery �starting in the 15th century�square-rigged, multi-masted vessels were the norm and were guided by navigation techniques that included the magnetic compass and making sightings of the sun and stars that allowed transoceanic voyages.
The Age of Sail reached its peak in the 18th and 19th centuries with large, heavily armed battleships and merchant sailing ships that were able to travel at speeds that exceeded those of the newly introduced steamships. Ultimately, the steamships' independence from the wind and their Small Boat Sailing Vessel Queue ability to take shorter routes, passing through the Suez and Panama Canals , [7] made sailing ships uneconomical. Initially sails provided supplementary power to ships with oars, because the sails were not designed to sail to windward.
In the Austronesian Indo-Pacific , sailing ships were equipped with fore-and-aft rigs that made sailing to windward possible. Later square-rigged vessels too were able to sail to windward, and became the standard for European ships through the Age of Discovery when vessels ventured around Africa to India, to the Americas and around the world. Later during this period�in the late 15th century�"ship-rigged" vessels with multiple square sails on each mast appeared and became common for sailing ships.
Sailing ships in the Mediterranean region date back to at least BCE, when Egyptians used a bipod mast to support a single square sail on a vessel that mainly relied on multiple paddlers. Later the mast became a single pole, and paddles were supplanted with oars.
Such vessels plied both the Nile and the Mediterranean coast. The inhabitants of Crete had sailing vessels by BCE. Between BCE and CE, the Phoenicians , Greeks and Romans developed ships that were powered by square sails, sometimes with oars to supplement their capabilities. Such vessels used a steering oar as a rudder to control direction. Fore-and-aft sails started appearing on sailing vessels in the Mediterranean ca.
Starting in the 8th century in Denmark, Vikings were building clinker -constructed longships propelled by a single, square sail, when practical, and oars, when necessary.
The first sea-going sailing ships in human history were developed by the Austronesian peoples from what is now Taiwan. Their invention of catamarans , outriggers , and crab claw sails enabled the Austronesian Expansion at around to BCE. Austronesian rigs were distinctive in that they had spars supporting both the upper and lower edges of the sails and sometimes in between , in contrast to western rigs which only had a spar on the upper edge.
Early Austronesian sailors also influenced the development of sailing technologies in Sri Lanka and Southern India through the Austronesian maritime trade network of the Indian Ocean , the precursor to the spice trade route and the maritime silk road.
They reached as far northeast as Japan and as far west as eastern Africa. They colonized Madagascar and their trade routes were the precursors to the spice trade route and the maritime silk road. Such sails may have originated at least several hundred years BCE. Vessels with such sails explored and traded along the western coast of Africa. This type of sail propagated to the west and influenced Arab lateen designs. By the 10th century CE, the Song Dynasty started building the first Chinese junks , which were adopted from the design of the Javanese djongs.
The junk rig in particular, became associated with Chinese coast-hugging trading ships. The Ming dynasty � saw the use of junks as long-distance trading vessels. The Indian Ocean was the venue for increasing trade between India and Africa between and The vessels employed would be classified as dhows with lateen rigs. During this interval such vessels grew in capacity from to tonnes. Dhows were often built with teak planks from India and Southeast Asia, sewn together with coconut husk fiber�no nails were employed.
This period also saw the implementation of center-mounted rudders, controlled with a tiller. Technological advancements that were important to the Age of Discovery in the 15th century were the adoption of the magnetic compass and advances in ship design.
The compass was an addition to the ancient method of navigation based on sightings of the sun and stars. The compass was invented by Chinese. It had been used for navigation in China by the 11th century and was adopted by the Arab traders in the Indian Ocean. The compass spread to Europe by the late 12th or early 13th century. The compass card was also a European invention.
At the beginning of the 15th century, the carrack was the most capable European ocean-going ship. It was carvel-built and large enough to be stable in heavy seas.
It was capable of carrying a large cargo and the provisions needed for very long voyages. Later carracks were square-rigged on the foremast and mainmast and lateen-rigged on the mizzenmast. They had a high rounded stern with large aftcastle , forecastle and bowsprit at the stem. As the predecessor of the galleon , the carrack was one of the most influential ship designs in history; while ships became more specialized in the following centuries, the basic design remained unchanged throughout this period.
Sailing ships became longer and faster over time, with ship-rigged vessels carrying taller masts with more square sails. Other sail plans emerged, as well, that had just fore-and-aft sails schooners , or a mixture of the two brigantines , barques and barquentines.
Cannon were present in the 14th century, but did not become common at sea until they could be reloaded quickly enough to be reused in the same battle.
The size of a ship required to carry a large number of cannon made oar-based propulsion impossible, and warships came to rely primarily on sails. The sailing man-of-war emerged during the 16th century. By the middle of the 17th century, warships were carrying increasing numbers of cannon on three decks. Naval tactics evolved to bring each ship's firepower to bear in a line of battle �coordinated movements of a fleet of warships to engage a line of ships in the enemy fleet. One side of a ship was expected to shoot broadsides against an enemy ship at close range.
Fast schooners and brigantines, called Baltimore clippers , were used for blockade running and as privateers in the early s. These evolved into three-masted, usually ship-rigged sailing vessels, optimized for speed with fine lines that lessened their cargo capacity. Clippers yielded to bulkier, slower vessels, which became economically competitive in the mid 19th century.
During the Age of Sail, ships' hulls were under frequent attack by shipworm which affected the structural strength of timbers , and barnacles and various marine weeds which affected ship speed. Iron-hulled sailing ships , often referred to as " windjammers " or " tall ships ", [45] represented the final evolution of sailing ships at the end of the Age of Sail. They were built to carry bulk cargo for long distances in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
They were the largest of merchant sailing ships, with three to five masts and square sails, as well as other sail plans. They carried lumber , guano , grain or ore between continents. Later examples had steel hulls. Iron-hulled sailing ships were mainly built from the s to , when steamships began to outpace them economically, due to their ability to keep a schedule regardless of the wind.
Steel hulls also replaced iron hulls at around the same time. The four-masted, iron-hulled ship, introduced in with the full-rigged County of Peebles , represented an especially efficient configuration that prolonged the competitiveness of sail against steam in the later part of the 19th century. Coastal top-sail schooners with a crew as small as two managing the sail handling became an efficient way to carry bulk cargo, since only the fore-sails required tending while tacking and steam-driven machinery was often available for raising the sails and the anchor.
In the 20th century, the DynaRig allowed central, automated control of all sails in a manner that obviates the need for sending crew aloft. This was developed in the s in Germany as a low-carbon footprint propulsion alternative for commercial ships. The rig automatically sets and reefs sails; its mast rotates to align the sails with the wind. The sailing yachts Maltese Falcon and Black Pearl employ the rig. Every sailing ship has a sail plan that is adapted to the purpose of the vessel and the ability of the crew; each has a hull , rigging and masts to hold up the sails that use the wind to power the ship; the masts are supported by standing rigging and the sails are adjusted by running rigging.
Hull shapes for sailing ships evolved from being relatively short and blunt to being longer and finer at the bow. Each layer could be scaled to the actual size of the vessel in order to lay out its hull structure, starting with the keel and leading to the ship's ribs. The ribs were pieced together from curved elements, called futtocks and tied in place until the installation of the planking.
Typically, planking was caulked with a tar-impregnated yarn made from manila or hemp to make the planking watertight. Until the midth century all vessels' masts were made of wood formed from a single or several pieces of timber which typically consisted of the trunk of a conifer tree. From the 16th century, vessels were often built of a size requiring masts taller and thicker than could be made from single tree trunks. On these larger vessels, to achieve the required height, the masts were built from up to four sections also called masts , known in order of rising height above the decks as the lower, top, topgallant and royal masts.
Such a section was known as a made mast , as opposed to sections formed from single pieces of timber, which were known as pole masts. For ships with square sails the principal masts, given their standard names in bow to stern front to back order, are:. Each rig is configured in a sail plan , appropriate to the size of the sailing craft.
Both square-rigged and fore-and-aft rigged vessels have been Small Boat Sailing Vacations 8th built with a wide range of configurations for single and multiple masts. Types of sail that can be part of a sail plan can be broadly classed by how they are attached to the sailing craft:.
Sailing ships have standing rigging to support the masts and running rigging to raise the sails and control their ability to draw power from the wind. The running rigging has three main roles, to support the sail structure, to shape the sail and to adjust its angle to the wind. Square-rigged vessels require more controlling lines than fore-and-aft rigged ones.
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