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Explain with examples what historians mean by the integration of cults. Ans: During the period of the 10th Century to the 17th Century, an important trend noticed in the religious life in India is the worship of God in many forms. Many God and Goddesses appear in the scultures and texts but they are various forms of the original deities only.
Historians have noticed the two marked trends in the socio-religious life of those days. The first was dissemination of the Brahminical ideas.
The Brahminical texts were reproduced in simple Sanskrit. They were now made available to women and shudras, who did not have access to Brahminical literature by and large. The second was the Brahmins who were working on the beliefs and practices. It was a process of evolution, wherein traditional classical traditions were getting new shapes continuously as they were being impacted by the traditions of common people throughout the land. Now let us look at the two of the following examples.
A very good example of the above description is the temple of Jagannatha at Puri in Orissa. The temple is of Lord Jagannatha who is another form of Vishnu only.
The word Jagannatha means one who owns the world. There were many local gods; their statues were often created by wood and stones by tribals. Even families began to have Kul Devata. The Goddeses were also created in wood and stone. They all were in various forms only often of Vishnu.
To what extent do you think the architecture of mosques in the subcontinent reflects a combination of universal ideals and local traditions? Ans: The architecture of mosques in the subcontinent reflects a combination of universal ideals and local traditions in a significant way. Some architectural features of mosques are universal � such as their orientation towards Mecca, evident in the placement of the mihrab prayer niche and the minbar pulpit. However, there are variations in roofs and building materials.
For example, a mosque in Kerala c. Atiya mosque in Mymensingh district, Bangladesh was built with brick. It ig one of the best examples of Kashmiri wooden architecture. It has the spire and the beautifully carved eaves. It is decorated with papier mache. In the medieval ages the Islamic world witnessed a big social and religious movement called Sufi movement.
Sufi movement was the people-centric and not God-centric. It believed serving people was the real form of worship. Sufi movement has had many branches too. One group of Sufi preachers took very radical path. They were mystics who renounced material world took to the life of asceticism.
Discuss the ways in which the Alvars, Nayanars and Virashaivas expressed critiques of the caste system. It was the period of the 6th Century. Alvars are those who were disciples of Vishnu and Nayanars were those who claimed themselves the followers of Lord Shiva.
They travelled place to place and would sing devotional songs in Tamil in the name of Shiva or Vishnu as the case may be. Apart from being a religious movement, it was a social movement too. Many historians are of the view that Alvars and Nayanars gave a blow to the caste system and Brahminism. This is corroborated by the fact that the movement was open to people from diverse background.
The Bhaktas came from the castes of Brahmin to artisans to even those that were considered untouchables. Virashaivas was a movement of the 12th Century that took place in Karnataka. The movement was led by a Brahmin named Basavanna , who was a minister in the court of Chalukya king. The followers of Basavanna are called Virashaivas and they worshipped Shiv. They were also called and perhaps more often Lingayats, which literary means wearer of Lingas.
They challenged the caste system and they challenged the idea of any caste being pollutant. This helped them grow support among marginalised sections of the society. Virashaivas also attacked some evil practices supposedly not approved by Shashtras, such as post puberty marriage and remarriage of widows.
Further they also questioned the theory of rebirth. Describe the major teachings of either Kabir or Guru Nanak and the way they have been transmitted. Did he want to establish a new religion? Ans: Kabir is a great poet-cum-saint of Indian society. He has had appeal among Hindus and Muslims alike as it is believed that he was bom as Hindu but was brought up by a muslim couple. He wrote poems that exhorted both communities to take to social reforms. The major teachings of Kabir were as follows: 1.
Kabir described God as nirankar having no shape. He used the terms drawn from Islamic tradition like Allah, Ncert Solutions For Class 10th History Chapter 1 Video Khuda, Hajrat and Peer but also used words of Ncert Solutions For Class 10th History Chapter 4 Student Vedic traditions like Alakh the unseen and nirakar the formless. Thus, he freely took to both traditions viz. Islamic and Vedantic.
He repudiated idol worship and polytheism. He emphasised on the oneness of God though there can be many names of His. He criticised religious rituals of hindus and muslims alike. He also preached against caste discrimination. He combined the Sufi traditions of love of God with the Hindi tradition of remembrance of God. He also emphasised the dignity of labour. Thus, the essence of the teachings of Kabir was simple living based on love and respect all.
He wrote in simple language to be understood by common man of the country. His birth place is now in Pakistan. He learnt Persian, Arabic , Hindi and Mathematics. He spent time in the company of Sufi saints and Bhaktas of various socio-religious movements. The major teachings of Guru Nanak are as follows: 1. He rejected the religious texts of both Hindus and Muslims. He preached God is Nirakar viz. He criticised the religious practices like ceremonial bath, sacrifices , idol worship, and emphasised simplicity.
He called upon his followers to connect to divine by remembering and repeating the divine name. Guru Nanak expressed himself in Punjabi, the language of the local people in a lyrical form called Shabad. Shabad can be recited in various ragas. Discuss the major beliefs and practices that characterised Sufism. Ans: The major beliefs and practices that characterised Sufism are as given below �. Examine how and why rulers tried to establish connections with the traditions of the Nayanars and the sufis.
Ans: Nayanars were the worshippers of Lord Shiva. It gained a shape of powerful Bhakti movement in South India in 6th Century onwards. Apart from being popular with the people, the movement got support and patronage of the rulers of the time. This is manifested by the following facts: 1. They gave great patronage to the Bhakti movement saints including Nayanars. Thus, they did by making grants of land and constructing temples of Shiva and Vishnu for the saints of Bhakti movement.
The most beautiful temples of Shiva of South India, namely, at Chidambaram, Tanjavur and Gangaikondacholpuram were constructed under the patronage of Chola rulers. During the same period some of the most spectacular representation of Shiva in bronze sculpture were produced. All this was possible because the rulers patronised the Nayanars.
Nayanars had considerable following among farmers. The rulers tried to establish connections with the Nayanars and this is explained by the aforesaid description. The reason why they did is not far to seek. One reason could be to bring sanctity to the their rule. By giving alms to the temple and the preachers of Nayanar sect the rulers also announced their wealth and might. Next such acts might have endeared the rulers to the masses.
This rule is known as the period of Delhi Sultanate. The rulers of Delhi Sultanate claimed themselves under Khalifate of Kabul and tried to legitimize their rule. However, the rulers realised for the very beginning that it was impractical. Under the Delhi Sultanate most of the people were not Muslim. The rulers of Delhi Sultanate wanted to take a practical path of governance without renouncing Islam.
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