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Question 4 What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Solution: The food material taken in during the process of nutrition is used in cells to provide energy for various life processes. Diverse organisms do this in different ways � some use oxygen to breakdown glucose completely into carbon dioxide and water; some use other pathways that do not involve oxygen.
In all cases, the first step is the breakdown of glucose, a six-carbon molecule, into a three-carbon molecule called pyruvate. This process takes place in the cytoplasm. Further, the pyruvate may be converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide. This process takes place in yeast during fermentation. Since this process takes place in the absence of air oxygen , it is called anaerobic respiration. Breakdown of pyruvate using oxygen takes place in the mitochondria.
This process breaks up the three-carbon pyruvate molecule to give three molecules of carbon dioxide. The other product is water. Since this process takes place in the presence of air oxygen , it is called aerobic respiration. The release of energy in this aerobic process is a lot greater than in the anaerobic process. Question 5 How are the alveoli designed to maximise the exchange of gases?
Solution: Within the lungs, the passage divides into smaller and smaller tubes, which finally terminate in balloon-like structures, which are called alveoli. The alveoli provide a surface where the exchange of gases can take place. The walls of the alveoli contain an extensive network of blood vessels. As we have seen in earlier years, when we breathe in, we lift our ribs and flatten our diaphragm, and the chest cavity becomes larger as a result.
Because of this, air is sucked into the lungs and fills the expanded alveoli. The blood brings carbon dioxide from the rest of the body for release into the alveoli, and the oxygen in the alveolar air is taken up by blood in the alveolar blood vessels to be transported to all the cells in the body. During the breathing cycle, when air is taken in and let out, the lungs always contain a residual volume of air so that there is sufficient time for oxygen to be absorbed and for the carbon dioxide to be released.
Question 6 Describe double circulation in human beings. Solution: The double circulatory system of blood flow refers to the separate systems of pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation. The adult human heart consists of two separated pumps, the right side with the right atrium and ventricle which pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary circulation. The oxygenated blood re-enters the left side of the heart through the pulmonary vein into the left atrium and passes to the left ventricle where it is pumped to the rest of the body.
This part of the circulation is called as systemic circulation. This type of circulation is called double circulation. The advantage of a double circulatory system is that blood can be pumped to the rest of the body at a higher pressure. Question 1. Yeast respires anaerobically using sugar as a substrate. Out of the options given below, choose the correct combination of condition and product? Answer: c Under an aerobic condition, yeast respires and converts glucose to alcohol and CO2.
Question 2. The table shows the percentage composition of four samples of air. Which sample could Ncert Solutions For 10th Science Life Process 20 have been breathed out by a person after vigorous exercise? Answer: b This is because rapid aerobic respiration occurs � during vigorous exercise in order to obtain more energy. Question 3. Cramps caused during sudden activities are due to the formation of a lactic acid b acetic acid c excess of water d ethanol Answer: a Lactic acid is formed by the breakdown of pyruvate when oxygen is insufficient in muscles instead of forming C02 and water.
Accumulation of excess lactic acid in the muscles causes cramps. Question 4. Which of the following plays nose like function in plants? Answer: a When a person breathes deeply the external intercostal muscles contract causing the rib cage to swing up and out. Also, the diaphragm contracts and flattens causing the thoracic cavity to increase in volume and decrease in pressure.
Question 6. The diagram given above shows part of the lining of the human trachea. What is the function of X? The constant action of these cilia carry mucus and debris upward into the pharynx where they are swallowed. Question 7. The table given below shows the percentage composition of a gas in inspired and in expired air.
What is the gas? Nutrition Nutrition is the process by which source of energy food is transferred from outside the body of the organism to the inside. Most of the food sources are also carbon-based on Earth and depending on the complexity of these carbon sources different organisms use different kinds of nutritional processes.
Autotrophic Nutrition: Carbon and energy requirements of the autotrophic organism are fulfilled by photosynthesis. Heterotrophic Nutrition: Heterotrophs depend on other organisms for their nutrition. Respiration It is the process by which organism uses the food material to produce energy. Diverse organisms do this in different ways: Energy released during cellular respiration is immediately used to synthesise ATP which is used to fuel all other activities in the cell.
Large inter-cellular spaces ensure that all cells are in contact with air. Direction of diffusion depends upon the environmental conditions and the requirements of the plant. For e. CO2 elimination majorly takes place at night while oxygen release is the major event of the day time. Haemoglobin in RBC of blood transport O2 from lungs to various tissues of the body.
Life Process The processes which maintain the body functions and are required for the survival of living being are called life processes. Some of the important life processes are nutrition, respiration, transportation, excretion etc. Nutrition In Human Beings The alimentary canal is a long tube extending from the mouth to the anus.
The food is then passed to stomach via oesophagus. The peristaltic movements occur all along the gut which helps in pushing the food forward. In stomach, pepsin helps in protein digestion. It receives pancreas and liver secretions. The inner lining of the small intestine has numerous finger-like projections called villi which increase the surface area for absorption. Large intestine absorbs water from the unabsorbed food.
Oxygenation of blood: Invertebrates such as birds, mammals etc which constantly use energy to maintain their body temperature, blood goes through heart twice during each cycle which is known as double circulation.
Transport of Water. Excretion The biological process involved in removal of harmful metabolic wastes from body is called excretion.
Many unicellular organisms remove these wastes by simple diffusion from body surface into surrounding water. However, complex multi-cellular organisms use specialised organs to perform this function. Answer: Processes essential for maintaining life are : i Nutrition ii Respiration iii Transportation iv Excretion Page Number: Question 1 What are the differences between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition?
Answer: Autotrophic nutrition Heterotrophic nutrition i In this mode of nutrition an organism makes or synthesizes its own food. Page Number: Question 1 What advantage over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial organism have with regard to obtaining oxygen for respiration? Page Number: Question 1 What are the components of the transport system in human beings? Page Number: Question 1 Describe the structure and functions of nephrons. NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 6 Textbook Chapter End Questions Question 1 The kidneys in human beings are a part of the system for i nutrition ii respiration iii excretion iv transportation Answer: iii Excretion Question 2 The xylem in plants are responsible for i transport of water Ncert Solutions For Class 10th Ch 6 Life Processes Science App ii transport of food iii transport of amino acids iv transport of oxygen Answer: i Transport of water Question 3 The autotrophic mode of nutrition requires i carbon dioxide and water ii chlorophyll iii sunlight iv all of the above Answer: iv All of the above Question 4 The breakdown of pyruvate to give carbon dioxide, water and energy takes place in i cytoplasm ii mitochondria iii chloroplast iv nucleus Answer: ii Mitochondria Question 5 How are fats digested in our bodies?
Answer: Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration 1. It takes place in the presence of oxygen. It takes place in the absence of oxygen. Complete breakdown of food occurs in aerobic respiration. Partial breakdown of food occurs in anaerobic respiration. The end products in aerobic respiration are carbon dioxide and water. The end products in anaerobic respiration may be ethanol and carbon dioxide as in yeast plants or lactic acid as in animal muscles. Aerobic respiration produces a considerable amount of energy.
Much less energy is produced in anaerobic respiration. Some organisms which use anaerobic respiration are yeast, bacteria etc. Answer: Xylem Phloem 1. Xylem conducts water and dissolved minerals from roots to leaves and other parts. Phloem conducts prepared food material from leaves to other parts of plant in dissolved form.
In xylem, the transport of material takes place through vessels and tracheids which are dead tissues. In phloem, transport of material takes place through sieve tubes with the help of companion cells, which are living cells.
In xylem upward movement of water and dissolved minerals is mainly achieved by transpiration pull. It is caused due to suction created by evaporation of water molecules from the cells of a leaf. In translocation, material is transferred into phloem tissue using energy from ATP. This increases the osmotic pressure that moves the material in the phloem to tissues which have less pressure Question 13 Compare the functioning of alveoli in the lungs and nephrons in the kidneys with respect to their structure and functioning.
Answer: Alveoli Nephron 1. Alveoli are functional unit of lungs. Nephrons are functional unit of kidney. A mature lung has about 30 crore alveoli. Answer Life processes such as nutrition, respiration, transportation, excretion, etc. Page No: In this acidic medium, enzyme pepsinogen is converted to pepsin, which is a protein-digesting enzyme. What is the function of digestive enzymes? Answer Digestive enzymes such as amylase, lipase, pepsin, trypsin, etc.
These simple particles can be easily absorbed by the blood and thus transported to all the cells of the body. How is the small intestine designed to absorb digested food? Answer The small intestine has millions of tiny finger-like projections called villi. These villi increase the surface area for more efficient food absorption. Within these villi, many blood vessels are present that absorb the digested food and carry it to the bloodstream.
From the bloodstream, the absorbed food is delivered to each and every cell of the body. The digested simple substances diffuse from food vacuole into cytoplasm. The remaining undigested material is moved near the surface of the single-celled body of amoeba and thrown out. Example of other unicellular organisms are Paramoecium and Euglena. Pseudopodia also help amoeba in locomotion. Question 2: a Where are salivary glands located in human beings?
State the role of saliva in the digestion of food. Answer 2: Salivary glands secrete their secretion called saliva in the mouth cavity. There are three pairs of salivary glands located in the mouth. Saliva Amylase enzyme. Role Or Function of saliva: 1. Saliva moisten the food thus help in chewing of food by the teeth. Human saliva contains an enzyme called salivary amylase that converts starch into maltose a sugar.
Saliva also helps in swolling and passage of food chewed food through the food canal which has soft lining. Thus, it is necessary for them to separate oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood, so that their circulatory system is more efficient and can maintain their constant body temperature.
Some finger like projection are present in the inner wall of small intestine. Write their name. Why are they important? Which is the internal energy reserve in plants?
Do the animals have the same energy reserve? Justify your answer. What are nutrients? Explain the structure of stomata. Write functions of guard cells.
Write major functions of stomata present in the epidermis. Stomata remains closed during the day in desert plants. How they get carbon dioxide for photosynthesis? Explain parasitic mode of nutrition with two examples. How does nutrition takes place in Paramoecium?
What is emulsification? Important Questions on 10th Science Chapter 6 How are fats digested in our bodies? Where does this process take place? Fats are present in the form of large globules in the small intestine. The small intestine gets the secretions in the form of bile juice and pancreatic juice respectively from the liver and the pancreas.
The bile salts from the liver break down the large fat globules into smaller globules so that the pancreatic enzymes can easily act on them. This is referred to as emulsification of fats. It takes place in the small intestine.
What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food? Saliva is secreted by the salivary glands, located under the tongue. It makes the food soft for easy swallowing. It contains a digestive enzyme called salivary amylase, which breaks down starch into sugar.
How are the alveoli designed to maximise the exchange of gases? The alveoli are the small balloon-like structures present in the lungs. The walls of the alveoli consist of extensive network of blood vessels. The alveolar surface when spread out covers about 80 m2 area. This large surface area makes the gaseous exchange more efficient. What would be the consequences of a deficiency of haemoglobin in our bodies? Haemoglobin is the respiratory pigment that transports oxygen to the body cells for cellular respiration.
Therefore, deficiency of haemoglobin in blood can affect the oxygen supplying capacity of blood. This can lead to deficiency of oxygen in the body cells.
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