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NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution - Learn CBSE Revise Biology lessons with TopperLearning�s NCERT Solutions for CBSE Class 10 Biology Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution. Increase your Science score in the competitive Class 10 board exams by utilising these textbook solutions. Our expert solutions include accurate answers for the tricky questions on concepts such as analogous organs, Mendel�s law of inheritance and so on.
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This can happen because of geographical segregation or because of some genetic changes. Will geographical isolation be a major factor in the speciation of a self-pollinating plant species?

In a self-pollinating plant species, geographical segregation cannot be a major factor in speciation, because no new trait can become a part of the genotype in self-pollination plant species. However, there are some chances of some environmental changes which can lead to some variations.

Will geographical isolation be a major factor in the speciation of an organism that reproduces asexually? In case of an asexually reproducing organism, geographical isolation cannot be a major factory in speciation because meiosis does not take place Ncert Solutions Class 10th Heredity And Evolution Val during asexual reproduction.

Give an example of characteristics being used to determine how close two species are in evolutionary terms. Let us take the example of humans and apes. Both of them have similar body design. Body hair and mammary glands are present in both the animals.

Hence, these two animals are closely related in evolutionary term. Now take some common characters between a fish and a man. Vertebral column, brain box and jaws are present in both of them. But fish and man look entirely different from each other.

Hence, they are not very closely related in evolutionary term; rather are like distant relatives. Can the wing of a butterfly and the wing of a bat be considered homologous organs? Wings of a butterfly are composed of chitinous membrane, while wings of a bat are composed of bony skeleton.

Hence, these are not homologous organs rather analogous organs. What are fossils? What do they tell us about the process of evolution? The preserved remains of animals or plants or other organisms from the distant past are called fossils.

These fossils tell us about many extinct animals and also give insights into how the evolution could have taken place. Why are human beings who look so different from each other in terms of size, colour and looks said to belong to the same species? In spite of wide differences in size, colour and looks, human beings can interbreed. Hence, all of them are kept under one species. If complexity of body design is the criterion, then chimpanzee is obviously better than bacteria.

But if ability of survival in almost all kinds of habitat is a criterion then bacteria are far ahead than any other group of organisms.

A Mendelian experiment consisted of breeding tall pea plants bearing violet flowers with short pea plants bearing white flowers. The progeny all bore violet flowers but almost half of them were short. In evolutionary terms, we have more in common with a A Chinese school-boy.

A study found that children with light-coloured eyes are likely to have parents with light-coloured eyes. On this basis, can we say anything about whether the light eye colour trait is dominant or recessive? No, since two copies of traits are inherited from parents, one from the mother and the other from the father. Unless we know the nature of these two variants of traits we cannot tell which is dominant and which is recessive. Recessive traits appear when both the parents contribute recessive allele.

From this statement we can only presume are that both parents are contributing recessive allele. How are the areas of study- evolution and classification interlinked? When we classify organism we look for similarities among organism which allows us to group them. Based on these principles we can work out the evolutionary relationship to the species. Explain the terms analogous and homologous organs with examples. Analogous organs: Such organs which perform a similar function but are different in structure and origin.

Example- Wings of birds and wings of insects. Homologous organs: Such organs which may have different functions but similar structure and origin. Example- forearm of frog, lizard and bird. Outline a project which aims to find the dominant coat colour in dogs. Explain the importance of fossils in deciding evolutionary relationship. What evidence do we have for the origin of life from inanimate matter? The evidence was given by Stanley L. Miller and Harold C. Urey in They assembled an atmosphere similar to that thought to exist on early earth over water.

This was maintained by them at a temperature just below degrees Celcius and sparks were passed through the mixture of gases to stimulus lightening. Explain how sexual reproduction gives rise to more viable variations than asexual reproduction.

How does this affect the evolution of those organisms that reproduce sexually? Give an example of characteristics being used to determine how close two species are in evolutionary terms. Answer: If similar characteristics are shown in different organisms, then these are considered to be inherited from the common ancestry. It also shows the closeness of the species. For example, bats and birds have some similarity in their wings, so they are closely related, while lizard and squirrel do not have wings so these are not closely related to the birds and bats.

Can the wing of a butterfly and the wing of a bat be considered homologous organs? Answer: The wings of a butterfly and the wings of a bat cannot be considered to be homologous organs because they have different basic designs though they are used for the same purpose of flying. They are analogous organs. What are fossils? What do they tell us about the process of evolution? Answer: Fossils : Fossils are the remains or traces of a dead organism. These are formed through the formation of sedimentary rocks.

They provide following information on the process of evolution. Why are human beings who look so different from each other in terms of size, colour and looks said to belong to the same species?

Answer: This is because although genetic make up of humans may be slightly different in different races of people, there is no reproductive isolation. Reproductive isolation differentiates one species from the other. Human beings different in size, colour and looks can marry among themselves and produce fertile offspring. Answer: Bacteria is a primitive organism as they came into being very early in evolution.

But these organisms are still surviving in the present conditions after millions of years. This is because they have adapted well to the changing environment over these years. Same is the case for all other organisms like spiders, fishes and chimpanzees which have adapted to their environment and have survived. Therefore, all the organisms which exist have a body design which is better as it is suited to their environment. A Mendelian experiment consisted of breeding tall pea plants bearing violet flowers with short pea plants bearing white flowers.

The progeny all bore violet flowers, but almost half of them were short. In evolutionary terms, we have more in common with : a a Chinese school-boy b a chimpanzee c a spider d a bacterium Answer: a A Chinese school-boy. A study found that children with light coloured eyes are likely to have parents with light coloured eyes. On this basis, can we say anything about whether the light eye colour trait is dominant or recessive?

Answer: This information is not complete. On the basis of this, it cannot be decided light colour trait is dominant or recessive. So it cannot be said until one does not know the nature of this trait in the parents. Question 5. How are the areas of study-evolution and classification interlinked? Justify this statement. Resemblances in organisms are because they have arisen from a common ancestor and differences in them are due to adaptations to different types of environment. Since the organisms can be graded in order of increasing complexity it indicates at the concept of evolution.

Question 6. Explain the terms analogous and homologous organs with examples. For example, The wings of an insect and a bird are analogous organs. Homologous organs : Those organs which have the same basic structure or same basic design but different functions are called homologous Ncert Solutions Class 10th Heredity And Evolution Data organs. For example, The wing of a bat, flipper of a seal, front leg of a horse and arm of a man are homologous organs. Question 7.

Outline a project which aims to find the dominant coat colour in dogs. Answer: Suppose a black homozygous male is mated with a white homozygous female. If the progeny has all black dogs then the dominant coat colour is black. Question 8. Explain the importance of fossils in deciding evolutionary relationships.

Answer: Fossils play important role in providing evolutionary evidences because by knowning the age of fossils we can know about the evolution process of an organism. For example, a fossil bird called archaeopteryx that looked like a bird had many other features of reptiles. It had feathered wings like those of birds, but teeth and tail like those of reptiles. Archaeopteryx is, therefore, a connecting link between the reptiles and birds, and hence suggests that the birds have evolved from the reptiles.

Question 9. What evidence do we have for the origin of life from inanimate matter? Haldane at first in suggested that life is originated from inanimate matter. According to him life must have developed from the simple inorganic molecules which were present at that time.

Later, Miller and Urey in presented its evidences. They assembled an apparatus to create an early earth atmosphere which was supposed to consist of gases like methane, ammonia and hydrogen sulphide, etc. At the end of one week, it was found that about 15 per cent of carbon from methane had been converted into simple compounds and amino acids which make up protein molecules formed in Ncert Solutions Class 10th Heredity And Evolution Video living organisms.

This experiment provides the evidence that the life originated from inanimate matter or lifeless matter like inorganic molecules. Question Explain how sexual reproduction gives rise to more viable variations than asexual reproduction.

How does this affect the evolution of those organisms that reproduce sexually? These variations are inherited and increase the chances of survival of an organism.

How is the equal genetic contribution of male and female parents ensured in the progeny? Gametes in the sexually reproducing organisms are formed by the process of meiosis during which half of the genetic material goes into each gamete. When the gametes from male and female parents fuse with each other during sexual reproduction, the normal complement is restored. Half of the genetic material comes from the female and half from the male.

Only variations that confer an advantage to an individual organism will survive in a population. Do you agree with this statement? Answer: Yes, variations that confer an advantage to an individual organism are inherited.

The organism can survive longer in an environment and maintain its existence in the population. Formulae Handbook for Class 10 Maths and Science. Answer: Natural selection selects the individuals having useful variations which ensure their survival in the prevailing conditions of environment. Variant individuals that can withstand or cope with prevailing environment will survive better and will increase in number through differential reproduction.

Answer: Mendel took pea plants with contrasting characteristics � tall plant and dwarf short plant. On cross pollination, he got all tall plants in F1 generation. Then by self pollination of F1 tall plants, he produced second generation F2 consisting of tall and short plants in the ratio of 3 : 1. Answer: In a dihybrid cross made by Mendel, it was observed that when two pairs of traits or characters were considered; each trait expressed independent of the other. Thus, Mendel was able to propose the Law of Independent Assortment which says about independent inheritance of traits.

A man with blood group A marries a woman with blood O and their daughter has blood group O. Is this information enough to tell you which of the traits � blood group A or O is dominant? Answer: No. This is because we do not know about the blood group of all the progeny. Hence, the information is incomplete to draw any such conclusion. Answer: The females carry two X-chromosomes. Males have one X and one Y- chromosome. Thus, female is homogametic and male is heterogametic.

When a sperm carrying X- chromosome fertilises an egg, the zygote develops into female XX condition. When sperm carrying Y-chromosome fertilises an egg, the zygote develops into a male XY condition. Thus, sex is determined at the time of fertilisation. Answer: Different ways are : variation, natural selection and genetic drift isolation. Why are traits acquired during the lifetime of an individual not inherited? Answer: Because acquired characters bring changes only in non-reproductive tissues and cannot change the genes of the germ cells.

Thus, acquired traits cannot be passed to next generation. Answer: i If any natural calamity occurs and kills these small number of surviving tigers, they can become extinct resulting in the loss of some genes forever.

These both are very important for giving better survival chances to the species. What factors could lead to the rise of a new species? Answer: Genetic variations, natural selection and reproductive isolation could lead to the rise of a new species. Will geographical isolation be a major factor in the speciation of a self-pollinating plant species? Answer: No, because pollination occurs on the same plant in self-pollinating plant species. Answer: No, because asexual reproduction involves single parent or organism.

Give an example of characteristics being used to determine how close two species am in evolutionary terms? Answer: Homologous organs, analogous organs and vestigial organs help to identify evolutionary relationships amongst the species.

Can the wing of butterfly and the wing of a bat be considered homologous organs? Answer: No, wing of a bat and wing of a bird cannot be considered as homologous organs because they have different basic structure.

Answer: Fossils are the impression or remains of ancient life found preserved in the sedimentary rocks. Fossils are direct evidences of evolution. Fossils also help to identify evolutionary relationship between apparently different species.

They also tell about the extent of evolution that has taken place. Page Question 1. Answer: They look different because of interaction of genes with environment which results in change in their appearance. But they belong to the same species as they have same number of chromosomes and can breed among themselves.

Answer: No, because different designs are the product of evolution and different species have different body design to suit or adapt to their environment. A Mendelian experiment consisted of breeding tall pea plants bearing violet flowers with short pea plants bearing whfte flowers. The progeny all bore violet flowers, but almost half of them are short.

An example of homologous organs is a our arm and a dogs fore-leg. Answer: d Both organs in all options have same basic structural design but have different functions and appearance. In evolutionary terms, we have more in common with a a Chinese school-boy. Answer: a A Chinese school-bpy is also a human being.

A study found that children with light-coloured eyes are likely to have parents with light-coloured eyes. Answer: We can say that light eye colour trait is dominant because only dominant traits are expressed in the first generation. How are the areas of study � evolution and classification� inteilinked?

Answer: Evolution and classification are interlinked with each other in many ways. Classification is the most important term to explain evolution. It is based on the similarities and differences between two species or among two organisms. More closer the characteristics, the moe doser is the evolution and chances to be in the same group of classification.

Thus, the classification of species is a reflection of their evolutionary relationship. Answer: Analogous organs are those organs which have different basic structural designs and developmental origins but have similar appearance and perform similar functions.

Examples: Wings of an insect and wings of a bat. Examples: Forelimbs of frog and forelimbs of human. Outline a project which alms to find the dominant coat colour in dogs. Answer: A homozygous black RB male dog and a homozygous white bb female dog is taken and given to mate and produce offspring in F1 generation. If black colour is dominant out of every 4 dogs, 3 will be black and if white colour is dominant 3 out of 4 dogs will be white.

Answer: Fossils and their study is useful to know about the species which are no longer alive. They provide evidence and missing links between two classes. They are helpful in forming a sequence of organisms in the pathway of evolution. Thus, fossils have importance in deciding evolutionary relationships.

Answer: Stanley L. Miller and Harold C. Urey provided evidence regarding origin of life from inanimate matter. They assembled an atmosphere similar to that existed on early earth. The atmosphere had molecules like ammonia, methane, hydrogen sulphide and water, but no oxygen. So, life arose afresh on earth. Explain how sexual reproduction gives rise to more viable variations that asexual reproduction.

Answer: Variations occurring during sexual reproduction may be due to:. In asexually reproducing organisms only errors during DNA copying or mutations cause variations.

Since the extent of variations is much larger in sexually reproducing organisms, therefore, the chances of evolution is also much in sexually reproducing These variations enable the organisms to adapt themselves to the changing conditions and also help to face the struggle for Over the time, they and rise to new species.

Answer: Genetically organisms are of types. As the chromosomes are the bearer of genes so haploids have single set of genes. A single gene determines the expression of character.

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