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How to Bend Wood for Model Ships | Our Pastimes

The following subject matter has been compiled from original model ship building plank bending data within the Model Ship World forums. The information is reproduced from the original information provided by the identified members for the benefit and interest of model ship builders. Introduction The following are a series of posts from the MSW forums relating to plank model ship building plank bending data. Bendinf are reproduced here in a single document to provide a ehip, and a ready reference of the various techniques used by modellers.

Example 1. Phrygian posts this information on 10 May This technique is directed towards bending on a larger scale than usual in ship modelling, but model ship building plank bending data should be some useful information and the basic shi is applicable. Example 2. This comes from johannesludo5 on 21 October I have altered his comments slightly to bring them into more idiomatic English [ed].

I use my wifes steam iron. As you can see in the picture, I take the drawing of the model, and take the top deck as a reference; or I make a template of the curve. Then I take a whole length of plank and put it on a flat surface. I take the hot iron and start on the plank approximately where the curve starts and work the iron to the end of the plank. I lift the plank a little with the left hand or vice versa if youre right handed.

Do this several times until you have the right curve. In the beginning it takes a little practice, but if you do it right, it will give your model especially the hull a good look, and you do not have to use filler past any. Example model ship building plank bending data. This thread comes from tjdarla2 who began the discussion on 28 February I have edited some comments for brevity and pertinence [ed].

I have tried boiling water, soaking over night and used the wifes iron and cannot get this stuff to bend over the stern. Any ideas of what I can try next to bend this stuff?

Sometimes you just need more heat and sustained as the wood bends, and the flat surface of an iron doesn't deliver. Jack Nastyface: Most woods will bend but the stern is tough. Don't do the bend all in one go. Keep dipping and bendingslowly. Problem is that it might change the structure and colour of the wood. Advantage, it softens the structure of the wood, enabling you bensing do some amazing bends in the wood and after shhip the bend rata, as the wood hardens again when it dries.

I was letting it soak for 3 or more hours bfnding it was still hard to bend. Shiip I tried vending steam pot method to bend the wood. I only have to steam the planks for 30 minutes to get the right bend, longer for the stern planks.

Here are some pictures. Figure 3. Plank Steaming Jig. I like the look of your method. I also like the fact that both of the surfaces are supported to keep it from splintering. Are you having any problems with the fibres separating during the bending process? What I have been doing vata letting the planks steam for about 30 min. Example 4. This photo of a plank-bending jig comes from Gods Unicorn posted 10 Mayin his bemding of H.

Figure 1. Plank Bending Jig. Clloyd: Secondly - try this with a plank - bend it one way, then turn it over and bend the. You'll find on one side buildig small cracks appear as you bend it, not on the. You always want the cracking side to be on the inside of the curve as you bend the plank around the hull.

This is I believe again a result of the way strip wood is made and the fact that the grain buildijg not perfectly in line with the plank. Example 5. Simply soak the planks which are to be bent then spread a thin smear of Model ship building plank bending data along the plank, position one end of the plank on the model and press with the iron set at medium heat then as modfl plank is laid down follow along with the iron.

Bendung plank is steamed to shape while the heat sets the CA without any chance at all of it lifting. I also use it zhip straight dry planks just to ensure there are no spots along the planks length which are not stuck down tight. As soon as one plank is done I can start on the next one.

Works for me. Example 6. George Lounsbury: Planking seems to be hard until you get the idea and feel. I usually taper the plank widths to keep from having short runs. Also use heat and water to mould the plank to the hull curve.

My heat source is a small iron sold for applying the heat shrink coverings on model airplanes. As I am in the middle of planking the sub planks mow I could add photos of my method to my build log or. Kid Model ship building plank bending data I wasn't really crazy about using an electrical plank-bending tool. An easier technique is soaking the strips in very hot water for 15 minutes, pinning them in place model ship building plank bending data they dry, then removing the pins and gluing them into position.

Don't actually pin through the planks Danvad: To bend the planks for the first layer you could use a Plank Nipper plak of soaking them - you pplank an instant bend that stays that way. These are available from your hobby shop, on-line, or you could try making one yourself as I did.

The bought ones tend to cut into the plank a fair model ship building plank bending data - if you dull the sharp cutting edge on them they work a little better. The one I made doesn't cut the plank, it has more of a dzta action which leaves the inside face fairly smooth for exposed planks like the inside of the upper bulwarks.

You won't need a plank bender or even soaking for the 2nd layer of planks, they are thin enough to bend easily. Example 7. Mudmuppet: For plank bending, Midel put two planks back buildinf back, and gently keep nipping down the length with a pair of side cutters. You can see both planks bending away from each other before your eyes. By crimping close together, or further apart, increases the severity of the bend.

Doing it this way only marks the inside of the plank. If bebding in a place where the rear will be visible you cant use this method. Just dont nip too tight or you bdnding cut straight. The link Danny provides here brings up the following which he posted on 29 August [Ed. Last year I bought a Plank Bender, I don't remember the brand but it had plastic handles and used a "crimping" action to bend the plank.

Looked model ship building plank bending data bit like a side-cutter. The concept worked fine once I got used how much pressure to apply to get an even bend without crushing the plank. I got about halfway through planking my model when one of the plastic handles snapped! Now without a Plank Bender and still with half of my planking to do I came up with an idea. I had an old brass "Saw Set" used for setting the teeth on ehip handsaw that I hadn't used for many years, and figured I could make a much model ship building plank bending data bender out of it than my previous one.

The model ship building plank bending data has basically four parts - a body, handle, blade and blade holder. Both the blade and its holder are independently spring loaded. I dismantled and cleaned the tool. Then I ground a convex shape into the blade holder. I ground the blade down about 2mm and radiused its model ship building plank bending data. After several re-assemblies in which I modified the angles of blade and holder, I made up a piece of flat aluminium which I ground into a concave shape to roughly match the shape of the blade holder.

I then epoxied that part to the inside top end of ahip body. The Bender works very well. I can make inside buildinv outside curves in a plank, with only a movel sand needed to remove the crimp marks, and even put a twist into a plank by varying the angle of entry. Time to Build: about 1 to 1.

I hope someone can make use of my idea. See photos. Plank Bender in Use. Depending on the quality of the wood in the plank you try to bend, and how tight a bend you try to make, you will occasionally break a piece - but you probably would have broken it using nearly any other method.

Bejding may not have been up to it! Splintering has not been a major problem. Again - the quality of timber. This method of bending movel takes a very little bit of snip to get good results. I have bent 2.

Main points:

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Pages: words. You will get a personal manager and a discount. Academic level:. We'll send you the first draft for approval by September 11, at AM. Total price:. The price is based on these factors:. This was dually met with the introduction of the Han Dynasty junk ship design in the same century. It is thought that the Chinese had adopted the Malay junk sail by this period, [29] although a UNESCO study argues that the Chinese were using square sails during the Han dynasty and adopted the Malay junk sail later, in the 12th century.

The Malay and Javanese people , started building large seafaring ships about 1st century AD. Large ships are about 50�60 metres � ft long, had 5.

This type of ship was favored by Chinese travelers, because they did not build seaworthy ships until around 8�9th century AD. Southern Chinese junks were based on keeled and multi-planked Austronesian jong known as po by the Chinese, from Javanese or Malay perahu - large ship.

This is different from northern Chinese junks, which are developed from flat bottomed riverine boats. Archeological investigations done at Portus near Rome have revealed inscriptions indicating the existence of a 'guild of shipbuilders' during the time of Hadrian. Until recently, Viking longships were seen as marking a very considerable advance on traditional clinker -built hulls of plank boards tied together with leather thongs.

Haywood [39] has argued that earlier Frankish and Anglo-Saxon nautical practice was much more accomplished than had been thought, and has described the distribution of clinker vs. The ship was 26 metres 85 ft long and, 4.

Upward from the keel, the hull was made by overlapping nine strakes on either side with rivets fastening the oaken planks together. It could hold upwards of thirty men. Sometime around the 12th century, northern European ships began to be built with a straight sternpost , enabling the mounting of a rudder, which was much more durable than a steering oar held over the side. Development in the Middle Ages favored "round ships", [41] with a broad beam and heavily curved at both ends.

Another important ship type was the galley which was constructed with both sails and oars. The first extant treatise on shipbuilding was written c. He wrote and illustrated a book that contains a treatise on ship building, a treatise on mathematics, much material on astrology, and other materials. His treatise on shipbuilding treats three kinds of galleys and two kinds of round ships.

Outside Medieval Europe, great advances were being made in shipbuilding. The mainstay of China's merchant and naval fleets was the junk , which had existed for centuries, but it was at this time that the large ships based on this design were built. During the Sung period � AD , the establishment of China's first official standing navy in AD and the enormous increase in maritime trade abroad from Heian Japan to Fatimid Egypt allowed the shipbuilding industry in provinces like Fujian to thrive as never before.

The largest seaports in the world were in China and included Guangzhou , Quanzhou , and Xiamen. In the Islamic world, shipbuilding thrived at Basra and Alexandria , the dhow , felucca , baghlah and the sambuk , became symbols of successful maritime trade around the Indian Ocean ; from the ports of East Africa to Southeast Asia and the ports of Sindh and Hind India during the Abbasid period.

At this time islands spread over vast distances across the Pacific Ocean were being colonised by the Melanesians and Polynesians, who built giant canoes and progressed to great catamarans. Shipbuilders in the Ming dynasty primarily worked for the government, under command of the Ministry of Public Works. During the early years of the Ming dynasty, the Ming government maintained an open policy towards sailing. Between and , the government conducted seven diplomatic Ming treasure voyages to over thirty countries in Southeast Asia, India, the Middle East and Eastern Africa.

Six voyages were conducted under the Yongle Emperor's reign, the last of which returned to China in After the Yongle Emperor's death in , his successor the Hongxi Emperor ordered the suspension of the voyages.

The seventh and final voyage began in , sent by the Xuande Emperor. Although the Hongxi and Xuande Emperors did not emphasize sailing as much as the Yongle Emperor, they were not against it. This led to a high degree of commercialization and an increase in trade. Large numbers of ships were built to meet the demand.

The Ming voyages were large in size, numbering as many as ships and 28, men. Shachuan , or 'sand-ships', are ships used primarily for inland transport.

It is said in vol. The shipyard was under the command of Ministry of Public Works. The shipbuilders had no control over their lives. The builders, commoner's doctors, cooks and errands had lowest social status. There were two major ways to enter the shipbuilder occupation: family tradition, or apprenticeship.

If a shipbuilder entered the occupation due to family tradition, the shipbuilder learned the techniques of shipbuilding from his family and is very likely to earn a higher status in the shipyard. Additionally, the shipbuilder had access to business networking that could help to find clients.

If a shipbuilder entered the occupation through an apprenticeship, the shipbuilder was likely a farmer before he was hired as a shipbuilder, or he was previously an experienced shipbuilder. Many shipbuilders working in the shipyard were forced into the occupation. The ships built for Zheng He's voyages needed to be waterproof, solid, safe, and have ample room to carry large amounts of trading goods.

Therefore, due to the highly commercialized society that was being encouraged by the expeditions, trades, and government policies, the shipbuilders needed to acquire the skills to build ships that fulfil these requirements. Shipbuilding was not the sole industry utilising Chinese lumber at that time; the new capital was being built in Beijing from approximately onwards, [44] which required huge amounts of high-quality wood.

These two ambitious projects commissioned by Emperor Yongle would have had enormous environmental and economic effects, even if the ships were half the dimensions given in the History of Ming. Considerable pressure would also have been placed on the infrastructure required to transport the trees from their point of origin to the shipyards.

Shipbuilders were usually divided into different groups and had separate jobs. Some were responsible for fixing old ships; some were responsible for making the keel and some were responsible for building the helm. After , the Ming government reversed its open maritime policies, enacting a series of isolationist policies in response to piracy.

The policies, called Haijin sea ban , lasted until the end of the Ming dynasty in During this period, Chinese navigation technology did not make any progress and even declined in some aspect. Documents from for example, refer to watercraft on the Sierra Leone river, carrying men.

Others refer to Guinea coast peoples using war canoes of varying sizes � some 70 feet in length, 7�8 feet broad, with sharp pointed ends, rowing benches on the side, and quarter decks or focastles build of reeds. The watercraft included miscellaneous facilities such as cooking hearths, and storage spaces for the crew's sleeping mats.

From the 17th century, some kingdoms added brass or iron cannons to their vessels. The city-state of Lagos for instance, deployed war canoes armed with swivel cannons.

With the development of the carrack , the west moved into a new era of ship construction by building the first regular oceangoing vessels. In a relatively short time, these ships grew to an unprecedented size, complexity and cost. Shipyards became large industrial complexes and the ships built were financed by consortia of investors. These considerations led to the documentation of design and construction practices in what had previously been a secretive trade run by master shipwrights, and ultimately led to the field of naval architecture , where professional designers and draftsmen played an increasingly important role.

The ships of the Napoleonic Wars were still built more or less to the same basic plan as those of the Spanish Armada of two centuries earlier but there had been numerous subtle improvements in ship design and construction throughout this period.

For instance, the introduction of tumblehome ; adjustments to the shapes of sails and hulls; the introduction of the wheel; the introduction of hardened copper fastenings below the waterline; the introduction of copper sheathing as a deterrent to shipworm and fouling; etc. Though still largely based on pre-industrial era materials and designs, ships greatly improved during the early Industrial Revolution period to , as "the risk of being wrecked for Atlantic shipping fell by one third, and of foundering by two thirds, reflecting improvements in seaworthiness and navigation respectively.

One study finds that there were considerable improvements in ship speed from to "we find that average sailing speeds of British ships in moderate to strong winds rose by nearly a third. Driving this steady progress seems to be continuous evolution of sails and rigging, and improved hulls that allowed a greater area of sail to be set safely in a given wind. By contrast, looking at every voyage between the Netherlands and East Indies undertaken by the Dutch East India Company from to , we find that journey time fell only by 10 per cent, with no improvement in the heavy mortality, averaging six per cent per voyage, of those aboard.

Initially copying wooden construction traditions with a frame over which the hull was fastened, Isambard Kingdom Brunel 's Great Britain of was the first radical new design, being built entirely of wrought iron. Despite her success, and the great savings in cost and space provided by the iron hull, compared to a copper sheathed counterpart, there remained problems with fouling due to the adherence of weeds and barnacles. As a result, composite construction remained the dominant approach where fast ships were required, with wooden timbers laid over an iron frame Cutty Sark is a famous example.

Later Great Britain ' s iron hull was sheathed in wood to enable it to carry a copper-based sheathing. Brunel's Great Eastern represented the next great development in shipbuilding.

Built in association with John Scott Russell , it used longitudinal stringers for strength, inner and outer hulls, and bulkheads to form multiple watertight compartments. Steel also supplanted wrought iron when it became readily available in the latter half of the 19th century, providing great savings when compared with iron in cost and weight.

Wood continued to be favored for the decks. During World War II , the need for cargo ships was so great that construction time for Liberty ships went from initially eight months or longer, down to weeks or even days.

They employed production line and prefabrication techniques such as those used in shipyards today. The total number of dry-cargo ships built in the United States in a year period just before the war was a grand total of two. During the war, thousands of Liberty ships and Victory ships were built, many of them in shipyards that didn't exist before the war. And, they were built by a workforce consisting largely of women and other inexperienced workers who had never seen a ship before or even the ocean.

After the Second World War, shipbuilding which encompasses the shipyards, the marine equipment manufacturers, and many related service and knowledge providers grew as an important and strategic industry in a number of countries around the world. This importance stems from:. Historically, the industry has suffered from the absence of global rules [ citation needed ] and a tendency towards state - supported over-investment due to the fact that shipyards offer a wide range of technologies, employ a significant number of workers, and generate income as the shipbuilding market is global.

Japan used shipbuilding in the s and s to rebuild its industrial structure; South Korea started to make shipbuilding a strategic industry in the s, and China is now in the process of repeating these models with large state-supported investments in this industry. Conversely, Croatia is privatising its shipbuilding industry.

As a result, the world shipbuilding market suffers from over-capacities, depressed prices although the industry experienced a price increase in the period � due to strong demand for new ships which was in excess of actual cost increases , low profit margins, trade distortions and widespread subsidisation.

All efforts to address the problems in the OECD have so far failed, with the international shipbuilding agreement never entering into force and the � round of negotiations being paused in September after no agreement was possible.

After numerous efforts to restart the negotiations these were formally terminated in December Where state subsidies have been removed and domestic industrial policies do not provide support in high labor cost countries, shipbuilding has gone into decline.

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