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Maine Boatbuilders Conference | December 5 at the Maine Maritime Museum Mar 16, �� Historic Cedar Lake is a acre natural lake that was formed when a glacier receded thousands of years ago in Northern Indiana. Initially called the Lake of The Red Cedars for the plethora of trees lining its shores, Cedar Lake is located a few miles east of the Indiana-Illinois state line and is popular with commuters from Chicago and Gary who enjoy lakeside living, boating, and fishing. Dear Twitpic Community - thank you for all the wonderful photos you have taken over the years. We have now placed Twitpic in an archived state. The Siege of Fort Pulaski (or the Siege and Reduction of Fort Pulaski) concluded with the Battle of Fort Pulaski fought April 10�11, , during the American Civil War. Union forces on Tybee Island and naval operations conducted a day siege, then captured the Confederate-held Fort Pulaski after a hour bombardment. The siege and battle are important for innovative use of rifled guns.
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Treasury Mints in the South. Fort plan shows outline and features, demilune. Bombproofs of timbers, yard trenched for ricochets. On January 3, , sixteen days before the secession of Georgia from the Union, volunteer militia seized Fort Pulaski from the Federal government [10] and, with Confederate forces, began repairing and upgrading the armament. On November 5, General Robert E. Lawton's October report for his Department listed 2, men and officers in the environs of Savannah, almost half of the command.

They built a battery on Tybee Island and manned it, along with lookouts along the beach. General Robert E. Lee had earlier surveyed the fort's defenses with Colonel Olmstead and determined, "they will make it pretty warm for you here with shells, but they cannot breach your walls at that distance.

No attacking ship could safely come within effective range, and land batteries could not be placed closer than Tybee Island, one to two miles away. Beyond 1, yards, they had no chance at all. The U. Fort garrison duty with untrained troops made up for lost time. In May for example, one newspaper correspondent reported that Confederates spent early morning in heavy labor such as mounting heavy guns.

Then came an hour and a half drill at the heavy guns with instruction or live fire out a mile or two. The proficiency of each gun crew was tracked in a "target practice" book.

Troops were tested on gunnery skills, then dinner at one. The rotating fatigue parties returned to work while officers reviewed infantry tactics, then instructed the men for an hour. Fatigue parties had "recall" at six. Then at "Dress Parade" retreat, the garrison performed infantry drill including combat formation evolutions.

Supper followed and afterwards an hour's recitation of army regulations, taps at nine. Operationally, General Robert E. He was returning to the fort that he had helped construct in his early U. He had been instrumental in the engineering connected with channeling tidewaters around the fort where a hurricane had swept a previous structure on the same site.

He knew the lay of the land and the tides of the sea there. Lee 's judgment as the District's commanding general was that "the river cannot be forced". Savannah's channel had been blocked. Lee brought Commodore Tattnall from a James River command, where under imminent attack from Union monitors he had landed sailors to expand Richmond fortifications immediately after the Battle of Hampton Roads.

Tattnall then manned batteries with his gunners to repel monitor attacks threatening to bombard Richmond's Tredegar Iron Works. Tattnall's sailors would perform similar service at a battery across from Savannah's Fort Jackson. Turning his attention to Fort Pulaski's defenses, Lee anticipated Union moves to establish batteries above the Fort. He ordered guns positioned to cover their likely positions were the Federals to get behind Pulaski in a siege attempt.

In January, following Tattnall's three- gunboat attack on seven Federal gunboats on the river, Lee's assessment was that "there is nothing to prevent their reaching the Savannah River, and we have nothing afloat that can contend against them. Now, the primary objective became, "we must endeavor to defend the city. In March, Lee passed along War Department orders to begin transferring regiments from Florida to Tennessee to reinstate operations following the "disasters to our arms" there.

Georgian troops had been sent to Virginia in July, additional Georgians would be moved to Tennessee also. The Confederate government required a withdrawal from seaboard forces into the interior of South Carolina and Georgia to better secure the breadbasket plantations feeding the armies.

In Florida, only the Apalachicola River had to be defended at all costs because Federal gunboats could penetrate so deeply into the Georgia interior.

On Lee's transfer to Richmond, he detailed urgent defense construction, then he called on Lawton's "earnest and close attention" to the Federal's probable approach to the city. Guns located in island batteries were to be removed to the mainland in and around Savannah's defensive lines. Obstructions in the river above the city were to be set by hands provided by upriver planters in the event of an envelopment by way of Fort McAllister.

Savannah's existing Fort Jackson , about three miles downriver from the city, was supplemented with two additional batteries. Defenders built fire barges. Then he added another battery situated farther upriver on Elba Island, blocking all river approach to Savannah.

The Union naval commander, Admiral Samuel F. Du Pont , conducted a reconnaissance of Lee's system of defense upriver.

When the commanding military general, Gen. Thomas W. Sherman , insisted on forcing Lee's riverine batteries against Du Pont's recommendation, Thomas Sherman was transferred to the western theater and replaced by General David Hunter. The Union fleet conducted explorations among the Atlantic inlets and coastal marshes by shallow draft ships, boats and monitors.

Sherman 's March from the interior in Olmstead had been reduced from to officers and men. They were organized into five infantry companies and had 48 cannons, including ten columbiads , five mortars, and a 4.

In consultation with Lee, Olmstead had distributed armament on the ramparts and in the casements to cover all approaches, and several were placed to cover westerly marshes and Savannah's North Channel. Navigational aids like the Tybee Lighthouse were dismantled and burned. Reports from the field had Confederate troops setting fires to everything that might be used by advancing Federal troops. Brigadier General Thomas W. The Union forces intended to recapture Fort Pulaski as federal property, to close the port of Savannah to the rebels, and to extend their blockade southward.

First they needed a coaling station for the blockading South Atlantic Squadron. It then could serve as a base for the expedition. Fort Sumter would not be retaken until , but the Battle of Port Royal answered the immediate requirement for a nearby staging area. Samuel F. Du Pont , Union Flag Officer commanding. USS Wabash landed crew manning a Parrott cannon. USS Unadilla , a gunboat in blockade of Savannah.

Over the next few months, Tattnall, an experienced US Navy commander, trained and fought his Confederate squadron into a flexible task force for coastal, amphibious, resupply and riverine operations. These four along with the converted slaver-privateer Bonita , [35] met eight of Du Pont's fifteen US warships on November 5, and were "outgunned and outclassed". They withdrew overnight into Skull Creek, Georgia.

The next day they sortied again. Under covering fires from Old Savannah engaging nearby heavy Union ships, the Sampson [37] assisted in amphibious operations taking off numbers of the Port Royal garrison. Resolute , returning from delivering dispatches to the City of Savannah , evacuated the garrison at Fort Walker.

The ship took off the garrison and returned to Savannah for repairs. The Union expedition next captured Tybee Island. The Union advance on Fort Pulaski began on November 24, Overnight, a reduced company set false campfires to misdirect the Confederates ashore.

The last blockade runner to make Savannah was the British steam ship Fingal. Its cargo of arms and munitions reached the entrance to Wassaw Sound at the mouth of the Savannah River on a clear night in mid November, but heavy fog in the early morning masked the ship's progress across the bar and upriver.

Later she made two unsuccessful attempts at escaping the blockade before being converted into an ironclad. As the Union Flag Officer Du Pont sought to close the alternative channels local ships used, he sank stone-filled ships in the Savannah River channel, and stationed gunboats at two southerly estuaries, Wassaw Sound, south of Wilmington Island, and Ossabaw Sound at Skidaway Island.

On November 26 Tattnall's flag, CSS "Old" Savannah , in company with Resolute and Sampson sortied out from under Fort Pulaski's guns in a "brave but brief" attack on the Union ships outside the bar, driving them out to sea. Tattnall's squadron withdrew up the Savannah River for refit and two days later, the same three resupplied the Fort with six months provisions, despite "the spirited opposition of Federal ships".

Sampson received considerable damage, returning to patrol the Savannah River only in mid-November the following year. His professional reading had followed the test records of the experimental rifled gun which the Army had begun testing in Following a reconnaissance of the ground, he proposed the unconventional plan to reduce Fort Pulaski with mortars and rifled guns.

Sherman [51] approved the plan, but not the promise of the rifled guns. His endorsement was qualified, believing gunnery effect would be limited, "to shake the walls in a random manner. Lee believed the fort could be captured by bombardment alone. Two sites for Federal batteries were selected upriver from the fort to cut it off from Savannah, just as Lee had anticipated.

Confederate Commodore Josiah Tattnall had sunk a stone schooner to obstruct the northward channel connecting the river to the Union-held Port Royal, and he patrolled the river with Confederate gunboats.

The Federals had to clear the obstruction on their most direct supply line first; it required three weeks. A camp and supply depot was established on the next island north, Dawfuskie Island. Tattnall's gunboats still commanded the lower river around Point Venus.

As a part of Lee's active defense, the Confederate's Savannah River Squadron launched continuous patrols. Their naval gunnery required the work along the river by Union besiegers to be done at night. The Federal's guns had to be pulled by hand through swamp over moveable tram sections, the men working in brackish alligator-infested marsh, sinking in over their waist most of the day.

The artillery then had to be placed on board-and-bag platforms to avoid their loss by sinking into the morass. The soldiers rested during the day. By Lee's estimation, the fort could not be reduced by bombardment or direct assault, only by starvation. As long as supplies could be built up, they would be. The last Confederate supply ship to Fort Pulaski was the small workhorse steamboat Ida. On February 13, it was on a routine run to the fort down the North Channel. The new battery of Federal heavy guns on the north bank opened up for the first time.

The old side-wheeler ran for Pulaski and the battery got off nine shots before the guns recoiled off their platforms. Union troops went back to work modifying platform construction and resetting the cannon. Two days later Ida ran up the South Channel under the extinguished lighthouse and returned to Savannah through Tybee Creek.

Once the Union battery at Venus Point was disclosed, Confederate gunboats engaged in gunnery duels, but they were driven off. Federals built another battery on the Savannah River across from Venus Point. They threw a boom across Tybee Creek and cut the telegraph line between Savannah and Cockspur Island. Two infantry companies entrenched nearby to ward off Confederate raiding activity and a gunboat was detailed to patrol the channel and support the infantry.

By late February , no supplies or reinforcements could get in; the Confederate garrison could not get out. The last link of communications was a weekly swamp swimming courier. At the end of February Tattnall laid plans for an amphibious assault on the two advanced batteries at Venus Point and Oakley Island. General Lee personally interceded.

Preparations at Old Fort Jackson were not completed. Although Tattnall's flagship had been put back into service since the Squadron's January resupply sortie, one of the three gunboats was still seriously disabled.

Lee reasoned that if Tattnall's plan failed, the city itself would be open to attack. The three-to-seven exchange had not gone well for the defenders of Savannah.

A possible two-to-seven match against ships with superior armament did not promise better. No further consideration was given to relief of the Fort; in any case, it had perhaps sixteen weeks of provisions left in store. Meanwhile, Federal emplacements continued to improve on Jones and Bird islands, Venus Point and other points along the river.

Heavy caliber rifled cannon which the Federals needed to reduce Pulaski had arrived nearby in February, at which time Gillmore decided to locate the batteries at the northwestern tip of Tybee Island nearest the fort. Roads had to be laid down, gun emplacements excavated, magazines and bomb-proofs constructed. As the work progressed southwesterly nearing the Fort, in the last mile the Union troops came under fire from the Fort's Confederate gunners.

A ranging shot said to be aimed by Colonel Olmstead himself cut a Union soldier in two. The following bombardment from elevated fort guns effected mortar barrages that forced all construction to proceed on Tybee Island by night.

Each morning the uncompleted elements of siege construction were camouflaged against the fort's spotters. To land the cannon onto Tybee Island, artillery pieces were taken off transports, set on rafts at high tide, and pitched into the surf near shore. At low tide, manpower alone would drag the guns up the beach. Two hundred and fifty men were required to move a inch mortar along on a sling cart. Later Union amphibious operations would employ "contraband" escaped slave labor for much of this work.

While offloading proceeded day and night according to the tides, Confederate bombardment from Fort Pulaski gunners required all Federal movement into the island limited to night time.

One of the two inch mortars of Battery Halleck at yards range was given the task of signaling the opening of the bombardment. The battery would proceed by shelling the arches of the north and northeast faces with plunging fire, "exploding after striking, not before".

The four batteries closest to the fort were each given specific firing missions. Battery Sigel at yards included the five pounder Parrotts and a pounder James rifled cannon formerly a pounder smoothbore. Their mission was to fire on the barbette guns until silenced, then switch to percussion shells onto the southeast walls and adjacent embrasure, at a rate of 10�12 rounds an hour to effect wall penetrations for the planned infantry assaults to come later.

Battery Totten at a range of yards with four inch siege mortars was assigned to explode shells over the northeast and southeast walls, or at any hidden batteries outside the fort. Battery Scott at yards with its three inch and one 8-inch columbiads was to fire solid shot and breach the same area as Battery McClellan. Fire was to cease at dark, except for special directions, and in the event, intermittent harassment was sustained on the fort overnight. A signal officer was stationed at Battery Scott to communicate the ranging of the mortar batteries Stanton, Grant and Sherman.

Rain squalls on the ninth prevented action, but all was ready for the Federals by April 10, and the newly appointed Commander of the Department, Major-General David Hunter, sent a demand for "immediate surrender and restoration of Fort Pulaski to the authority and possession of the United States. The Confederate gunnery was described by the Federal commander as "efficient and accurate firing As the day wore on, counter-battery fire from Fort Pulaski were gradually silenced as their guns were either dismounted or rendered unserviceable.

There ensued a lull from the Fort, but the Confederate gunners re-opened an energetic counter battery duel that required the Parrotts to give up their wall assignment and concentrate on the working Confederate guns until they were re-silenced. By nightfall the wall at the southeast corner had been breached. The Georgia gunners again found targets, described in dispatches as Rebel "firing At the same time, the Parrott rifles and Columbiads opened a great gap in the wall, sending shot across the interior of the fort and against the northwest powder magazine containing twenty tons of powder.

Regarding his situation as hopeless, Olmstead surrendered the fort at p. General Gillmore reported in his after-action assessment of the siege by his artillery, "Good rifled guns, properly served can breach rapidly" at � yards when they are followed by heavy round shot to knock down loosened masonry.

The pounder James is unexcelled in breaching, but its grooves must be kept clean. The rifled cannon fired significantly further with more accuracy and greater destructive impact than the smoothbores then in use. Its application achieved tactical surprise unanticipated by senior commanders of either side. In its December attack on Fort Fisher, the bombardment was diffused and scattered, without any real damage to the fort by the many shots aimed at the fort's flagpole.

Admiral Porter adopted General Gillmore's gunnery tactics for the second attack, assigning targets until they were destroyed. The January bombardment dismounted 73 of the fort's 75 guns and mostly shot away the fort's palisade.

On his release as a prisoner-of-war, Colonel Olmstead was assigned engineer and gunnery duty there. Repeated Union naval and amphibious assaults failed �, both Union gunboats and ironclads repeatedly suffered substantial damage and loss by Confederate gunnery and mines. See the "External Links" section below "References" to find directions, hours of operation, and descriptions of exhibits.

Chief Loron Sagouarram, who had signed the Treaty of , addressed the gathering in , providing his understanding of the Treaty relationship. The Whales of August , one of Bette Davis 's last films, was shot here in In , composers Peter J. McLaughlin and Akiva G. Zamcheck wrote a piece in four movements paying homage to the wreck of the Don, lost near Ragged Island on June 29, The piece received critical acclaim from the Portland Press Herald and from fellow Maine composers.

Portland has a substantial fleet of deep-sea fishing vessels that offload their catch primarily at the Portland Fish Exchange. Numerous towns and islands serve as ports for lobster boats. Recreational fishing boats can also be chartered. Navy vessels. Predominant fish in the bay include mackerel , striped bass , and bluefish. Shellfish include lobsters , crabs , mussels , clams and snails. Harbor seals congregate on certain exposed ledges, and whales on occasion swim into the bay, and in a few instances into Portland Harbor.

Seagulls , cormorants and varying species of ducks are the most common birds; more rarely osprey , eagles and herons have been sighted. Casco Bay contains bay mud bottoms and banks in some locations, providing important substrates for biota. Peaks Island is served by a car ferry and, during the summer, sees 16 ferries a day. The other islands see fewer ferries and no car transport.

Great and Little Diamond islands and Long Island are served primarily by the Diamond Pass run, which is popular with tourists in the summer months. Other services offered by Casco Bay Lines include a daily mailboat run, a cruise to Bailey Island, and a sunset run.

Other services such as water taxis are also popular alternatives to the ferry, but are limited to six passengers per boat. Minor islands [8]. The Island Institute publishes The Working Waterfront , a free monthly newspaper reporting "the news of Maine's coast and islands. In the early twentieth-century, the Casco Bay Breeze published news of the islands from to From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

The Gorges Society. Threshold of War: Franklin D. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN Archived from the original on Retrieved CS1 maint: archived copy as title link.

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