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You can enable Google Docs offline access and keep editing your documents even when you are disconnected from Internet. All it takes is a free Google account. Etherpad is an online document editor primarily intended for collaborative editing in, as the site claims, "really real time". It's an open source, highly customizable tool for online document collaboration with friends, fellow students and classmates, or colleagues at work.
One of its advantages, especially appealing to users who are reluctant to use services which require email registration, is that there is no sign up with Etherpad. All you need to do is start a new pad and share the link to it with your collaborators.
You can also invite them by email if you prefer. After that, you can start working on the planned writing project together, in real-time, even if you are miles apart. Zoho offers around 20 free online applications including Writer for word processing. You can link your Zoho account to your Google and Yahoo accounts, as well. The Writer's interface shouldn't cause anyone problems as it is comfortably familiar. When working online there's always the risk of losing data due to a lost network connection, accidentally closing your browser or having your browser crash.
Luckily Zoho automatically saves your documents for you, as you finish typing. Zoho Writer is well-equipped with features that allow you to work easily online: two-way desktop sync, large file transfer, encryption, file recovery, two-step authentication, in-app chat, and more. You can import and work with MS Word documents, allowing you to insert images, and edit content as needed.
It can plug into Echosign for digital signatures, publish the document to a blog or make it public for all to see. Zoho Docs is completely free to use. Some people are reluctant to cut the ties to their local computer and put all their work and business documents online. If you're one of them and don't want to rely on an Internet connection, here are several free word processing applications to round out our list.
These you can download and install on your local computer. Take advantage of all the desktop features of MS Word without the hefty price tag! The Apache OpenOffice package actually includes six programs that all use the same engine making them inherently the same and extremely easy to learn and use.
The 6 applications included in the Apache OpenOffice suite are: Writer word processor , Calc spreadsheets , Impress presentations , Draw diagrams and illustrations and Base database manipulation and Math mathematical equations.
Writer can even natively do some things that Word cannot, like open PDF files without the addition of a plug-in or commercial add-on. As the software is open source it is maintained by a large community meaning help and bug fixes are freely available and quickly created. The downside to Writer is that it can only open DOCX files without the ability to edit and save them. It offers multi-language support, a spelling and grammar checker, ability to export in PDF and EPUB ebook format, AutoCorrect and AutoComplete features, a lot of extensions and document templates, and more regular updates and major and minor releases than Apache OpenOffice.
Jarte is based on Microsoft WordPad Engine, but is still free. There is a paid version of the software that adds on some extra functionality, but the free version is more than adequate and fully compatible with Word and WordPad documents.
Features include an ergonomic tabbed interface, small resource requirements, portability, support for touchscreens, and quick loading time. Jarte allows you to insert images, tables, hyperlinks and everything else that you have come to expect from Word. His book; Ceyuan haijing revolutionized the idea of inscribing a circle into triangles, by turning this geometry problem by algebra instead of the traditional method of using Pythagorean theorem.
Guo Shoujing of this era also worked on spherical trigonometry for precise astronomical calculations. At this point of mathematical history, a lot of modern western mathematics were already discovered by Chinese mathematicians.
Things grew quiet for a time until the thirteenth century Renaissance of Chinese math. This saw Chinese mathematicians solving equations with methods Europe would not know until the eighteenth century. The high point of this era came with Zhu Shijie 's two books Suanxue qimeng and the Siyuan yujian. In one case he reportedly gave a method equivalent to Gauss 's pivotal condensation.
Qin Jiushao c. Referring to Qin's solution of a 4th order equation, Yoshio Mikami Convert Mathematical Equations Pdf Word Generation put it: "Who can deny the fact of Horner's illustrious process being used in China at least nearly six long centuries earlier than in Europe? He used Tian yuan shu to convert intricated geometry problems into pure algebra problems.
He then used fan fa , or Horner's method , to solve equations of degree as high as six, although he did not describe his method of solving equations. Although he did not describe his method of solution of equations, it appears that it was not very different from that used by Chu Shih-chieh and Horner. Others who used the Horner method were Ch'in Chiu-shao ca. The four elements, called heaven, earth, man and matter, represented the four unknown quantities in his algebraic equations.
It deals with simultaneous equations and with equations of degrees as high as fourteen. The author uses the method of fan fa , today called Horner's method , to solve these equations. There are many summation series equations given without proof in the Mirror. A few of the summation series are: [44]. Shu-shu chiu-chang , or Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections , was written by the wealthy governor and minister Ch'in Chiu-shao ca.
The earliest known magic squares of order greater than three are attributed to Yang Hui fl. The embryonic state of trigonometry in China slowly Convert Mathematical Equations Pdf Word Yes No began to change and advance during the Song Dynasty � , where Chinese mathematicians began to express greater emphasis for the need of spherical trigonometry in calendarical science and astronomical calculations. Gauchet and Joseph Needham state, Guo Shoujing used spherical trigonometry in his calculations to improve the calendar system and Chinese astronomy.
Despite the achievements of Shen and Guo's work in trigonometry, another substantial work in Chinese trigonometry would not be published again until , with the dual publication of Euclid's Elements by Chinese official and astronomer Xu Guangqi � and the Italian Jesuit Matteo Ricci � After the overthrow of the Yuan Dynasty , China became suspicious of Mongol-favored knowledge.
The court turned away from math and physics in favor of botany and pharmacology. Imperial examinations included little mathematics, and what little they included ignored recent developments. Martzloff writes:. At the end of the 16th century, Chinese autochthonous mathematics known by the Chinese themselves amounted to almost nothing, little more than calculation on the abacus, whilst in the 17th and 18th centuries nothing could be paralleled with the revolutionary progress in the theatre of European science.
Moreover, at this same period, no one could report what had taken place in the more distant past, since the Chinese themselves only had a fragmentary knowledge of that.
One should not forget that, in China itself, autochthonous mathematics was not rediscovered on a large scale prior to the last quarter of the 18th century. Correspondingly, scholars paid less attention to mathematics; pre-eminent mathematicians such as Gu Yingxiang and Tang Shunzhi appear to have been ignorant of the Tian yuan shu Increase multiply method. To the average scholar, then, tianyuan seemed numerology. When Wu Jing collated all the mathematical works of previous dynasties into The Annotations of Calculations in the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art , he omitted Tian yuan shu and the increase multiply method.
Instead, mathematical progress became focused on computational tools. In 15 century, abacus came into its suan pan form. Easy to use and carry, both fast and accurate, it rapidly overtook rod calculus as the preferred form of computation.
Zhusuan , the arithmetic calculation through abacus, inspired multiple new works. Suanfa Tongzong General Source of Computational Methods , a volume work published in by Cheng Dawei , remained in use for over years.
Although this switch from counting rods to the abacus allowed for reduced computation times, it may have also led to the stagnation and decline of Chinese mathematics. The pattern rich layout of counting rod numerals on counting boards inspired many Chinese inventions in mathematics, such as the cross multiplication principle of fractions and methods for solving linear equations. Similarly, Japanese mathematicians were influenced by the counting rod numeral layout in their definition of the concept of a matrix.
Algorithms for the abacus did not lead to similar conceptual advances. This distinction, of course, is a modern one: until the 20th century, Chinese mathematics was exclusively a computational science. In the late 16th century, Matteo Ricci decided to published Western scientific works in order to establish a position at the Imperial Court. With the assistance of Xu Guangqi , he was able to translate Euclid's Elements using the same techniques used to teach classical Buddhist texts.
Under the Western-educated Kangxi Emperor , Chinese mathematics enjoyed a brief period of official support. Meishi Congshu Jiyang was an encyclopedic summary of nearly all schools of Chinese mathematics at that time, but it also included the cross-cultural works of Mei Wending , Goucheng's grandfather. However, no sooner were the encyclopedias published than the Yongzheng Emperor acceded to the throne.
Yongzheng introduced a sharply anti-Western turn to Chinese policy, and banished most missionaries from the Court. With access to neither Western texts nor intelligible Chinese ones, Chinese mathematics stagnated. In , the First Opium War forced China to open its door and look at the outside world, which also led to an influx of western mathematical studies at a rate unrivaled in the previous centuries.
In , the Chinese mathematician Li Shanlan and the British missionary Alexander Wylie co-translated the later nine volumes of Elements and 13 volumes on Algebra. Chinese scholars were initially unsure whether to approach the new works: was study of Western knowledge a form of submission to foreign invaders? But by the end of the century, it became clear that China could only begin to recover its sovereignty by incorporating Western works.
Chinese scholars, taught in Western missionary schools, from translated Western texts, rapidly lost touch with the indigenous tradition. As Martzloff notes, "from onwards, solely Western mathematics has been practised in China. Chinese mathematics experienced a great surge of revival following the establishment of a modern Chinese republic in Ever since then, modern Chinese mathematicians have made numerous achievements in various mathematical fields.
In , at the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the government paid great attention to the cause of science although the country was in a predicament of lack of funds. The Chinese Academy of Sciences was established in November The Institute of Mathematics was formally established in July Then, the Chinese Mathematical Society and its founding journals restored and added other special journals.
In the 18 years after , the number of published papers accounted for more than three times the total number of articles before Many of them not only filled the gaps in China's past, but also reached the world's advanced level. During the chaos of the Cultural Revolution , the sciences declined. In the field of mathematics, in addition to Chen Jingrun, Hua Luogeng, Zhang Guanghou and other mathematicians struggling to continue their work.
After the catastrophe, with the publication of Guo Moruo 's literary "Spring of Science", Chinese sciences and mathematics experienced a revival. In , a new mathematical development plan was formulated in Beijing, the work of the mathematics society was resumed, the journal was re-published, the academic journal was published, the mathematics education was strengthened, and basic theoretical research was strengthened.
An important mathematical achievement of the Chinese mathematician in the direction of the power system is how Xia Zhihong proved the Painleve conjecture in When there are some initial states of N celestial bodies, one of the celestial bodies ran to infinity or speed in a limited time.
Infinity is reached, that is, there are non-collision singularities. The Painleve conjecture is an important conjecture in the field of power systems proposed in A very important recent development for the 4-body problem is that Xue Jinxin and Dolgopyat proved a non-collision singularity in a simplified version of the 4-body system around In addition, in , Shen Weixiao and Kozlovski, Van-Strien proved the Real Fatou conjecture : Real hyperbolic polynomials are dense in the space of real polynomials with fixed degree.
This conjecture can be traced back to Fatou in the s, and later Smale proposed Convert Mathematical Equations Pdf Word Split him in the s. Masters and Ph. All you need to do is to select your topics below and submit them to your supervisor for approval. Then after approval come back for your complete material. Our statistics project topics on this website have their complete works and project materials and ready for instant download in PDF or MS-Word format.
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