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+ Wooden ship ideas | wooden ship, model ships, model boats Another culprit causing the demise of wooden sailing ships. Examples of an ironclad: Jack: 1. A sailor. Also 'Jack Tar', referring to the over-abundant use of tar as a water-repelling preservative aboard a wooden sailing ship. 2. A relatively small flag flown at the bow of a ship, usually to indicate nationality. 14 rows�� Length Beam Name Service Fate Comment m ( ft) 6 m (50 ft 1 in) Belyana type . Apr 02, �� [The following illustrated glossary first appeared in its entirety in Wooden Ship Building and the Interpretation of Shipwrecks, by J. Richard Steffy ().It is reprinted here by permission of Texas A&M University Press, with minor edits to remove references pertaining to figures and chapters that were incorporated in the original work but do not form part of this volume.
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It's Amish domestic building a wooden sailing ship names. Oars which have been as well extensive or discerning might have the deleterious stroke upon your equates to to conduct your vessel sihp of a H2O. Detached from fishing a Flush Stream Russ does report journeys upon Caddo Lake as well as Lake Bistineau. There have been a little issues which did not pull out rightly in Sketchup but it does give me the great idea of how the couple of of my enhancements??will demeanour .

A slightly smaller ship discovered in Lake Nemi and built around the same time as the second ship; its purpose is unknown. Also destroyed in World War II.

HMS Victory. A gun ship of the line of the Royal Navy. Oldest naval ship still in commission and the only remaining ship of the line. Currently in dry dock at Portsmouth as a museum ship. It is the flagship of the First Sea Lord. A warship sunk on her maiden voyage when a gale forced water onto the ship; she fell over on her port side and sank.

The ship was well preserved and recovered relatively intact in She is now in the Vasa Museum in Stockholm , Sweden. Joseph H. A cargo ship wrecked and looted by locals off the coast of Torquay , Australia. Twelve Spanish sister ships of the line built in the Ferrol royal shipyards under supervision of the Marquis of Ensenada and nicknamed "the Twelve Apostles ".

They had between 68 and 74 guns each. Royal Albert. A gun three-decker of the Royal Navy, designed as sail-powered only but converted to screw propulsion during construction. Britannia class. Wooden paddlers that were the first fleet of the Cunard Line and the first year round scheduled Atlantic steamship service, with a capacity for passengers.

Most units were sold to different European navies in � Twin sister ships of the line, the last built in Spain. Isabel II served in Mexico and Morocco before becoming a school ship in , a hulk in , and a prison ship in ; she sunk in but was salvaged and broken up. HMS Queen. Refitted and converted to screw propulsion in Grace Dieu. An English carrack used as King Henry V 's flagship. She burned after being hit by lightning.

HMS Princess Royal. A three-masted barque. The beached ship burned to the waterline in , but the lower hull was buried and preserved in river silt. Named after the French frigate but built following the plans of the British frigate HMS Concorde , both smaller. Construction started in and used mostly traditional tools and techniques.

Kong Sverre. A steam and sail powered frigate of the Royal Norwegian Navy originally planned to be "Europe's Horror", the most technologically advanced warship in the world. However, after several delays in construction, it was found already obsolete at the time of launch and it spent most of its career in storage at a harbor.

It was a school ship between and , when it was put again in storage due to poor maintenance, and was never fit for service again. Largest three-decker of the French Navy and largest tall ship ever built in France. Unlike other sail ships of its time, it was never modified for steam power despite being difficult to manoeuvre, and often had to be towed by smaller steam ships during its service in the Crimean War.

It was turned into a school ship in USS Pennsylvania. Largest and most heavily armed American wooden sailing warship. It mounted guns and made only one voyage. After being laid up at the Norfolk Navy Yard for several years, it was burned to prevent its capture by the Confederates at the start of the American Civil War.

The last Canadian square-rigger barque of large tonnage, built for trade with South America and Britain. It was made of spruce but fastened with copper and iron. Converted to a transport ship in World War I and sunk during a storm off the coast of Wales in Built as a prototype for a new German Navy class of ocean-going minesweepers with an all- glued laminated timber hull that never entered production.

It served as a trials ship until , when it was rebuilt as a training and support vessel for mine-clearing divers, renamed and recommissioned in this capacity. Caledonia class.

Originally sail-powered, they were all converted to steam in the s. Rodney class. Three gun second rate ships of the line. They were among the last unarmored ships of the Royal Navy to be in full commission. Albion class. Hercule class. The first were sail powered only; later units were converted to steam, and the last one was built with an engine. USS Constitution. The second-oldest commissioned warship after the Royal Navy's HMS Victory in the world and the oldest wooden ship still sailing.

A gun first-rate triple-decker of the Royal Navy. Served as a gunnery ship off Plymouth after Nelson class. All three units built were sail-powered only originally, though the first HMS Nelson was given a steam engine in Royal Louis.

A gun First-rate ship of the line of the French Royal Navy. Duquesne Tourville. Sister gun sail and steam ships of the line that were used in the Crimean War and the French Intervention in Mexico. Later on, Duquesne was used as floating barracks, and Tourville as a prison ship for survivors of the Paris Commune.

One of the few four-deckers ever built with guns. Despite this, it saw extensive action in the American Revolutionary War and the Napoleonic Wars , even surviving and escaping successfully after being attacked by four warships and losing all her sails at the Battle of Cape St. It was ultimately captured and scuttled after the Battle of Trafalgar.

An extreme composite clipper, built to replace the ship of the same name wrecked the year before, which had been the favorite of the company owner, Jock Willis. Disappeared while sailing from Adelaide, Australia to London. After sustaining great damage in the Battles of Barfleur and La Hougue , it docked at Cherbourg for repairs, where it was surprised and subsequently destroyed.

USS Constellation. A sloop-of-war and the last sail-only warship designed and built by the US Navy. The second Constellation served in the American Civil War. Fu Po. It was hulked in , but was refitted for service in as a response to piracy.

Suffren class. A gun ship of the line design of the French Navy, first to have straight walls instead of tumblehome. The heightened center of gravity was compensated with new underwater stabilisers. All units completed after were modified to have steam in addition to sail power.

A gun elevated to in ship of the line of the French Navy. Dismasted at the Glorious First of June , it narrowly avoided capture and was restored to service. Commerce de Paris class. Auguste later Jacobin. An gun ship of the line active in the American and French revolutionary wars. Sunk during a storm along with most of her crew. Twin gun ships of the line, with a design inspired on HMS Victory. Their fate after being sold out of the Royal Navy in and respectively , is unknown.

Ordered as a gun second rate but re-rated and launched as a gun first rate ship of the line. It was placed on harbor service in , hulked in , and renamed HMS Pitt in It was sold out of the Navy in La Real. Though victorious in its duel with the Ottoman flagship Sultana , it was so damaged upon its return to Messina that the victory feast was not made aboard. Its fate is unknown but it might have sunk there shortly after.

A gun, first rate ship of the line of the French Navy. Saw action during the American Revolutionary War. Saint-Esprit class. Three gun ships of the line Saint-Esprit , Languedoc , and Couronne. Although considered sisters , each was built with a different design. HMS Calcutta. An gun second rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy. Initially put in reserve, she was mobilized for the Crimean War in but saw no action as it was deemed obsolete for modern naval warfare.

However, she later served as a flagship in the Second Opium War. Since , she served as a gunnery ship and was moored at Devonport. A gun French ship of the line deployed against the Barbary pirates in the Mediterranean and at the Caribbean theater of the American Revolutionary War , where its captain was killed in action at the Battle of Grenada.

After being decommissioned twice from the Navy, it became a merchantman for the Compagnie de Chine. Santa Ana class. Eight sister ships of the line built in Ferrol that served in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic during the Napoleonic Wars. Also called "Los Meregildos" after San Hermenegildo , built in Tonnant class Bucentaure class.

During the encounter, it run aground and was burnt by its own crew to prevent its capture by the British. It was the first gun two-decker to use the pounder long gun on her second battery, rising its firing power to that of a three-decker. Canopus class. A Spanish gun ship of the line built in Ferrol, but based on French designs.

Served in the Pacific until , when she sailed to Europe with a cargo of precious metals and several prisoners of Tupac Amaru II 's rebellion, then sunk off Peniche , Portugal with great loss of life. An gun third rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy. Renamed in and sold in , its later fate is unknown.

HMS Sans Pareil. A Royal Navy gun screw propelled ship of the line, based on the lines of a French Tonnant class of the same name captured in HMS Rochfort. Built in Stockholm for trade with China and named after Gothenburg , the home port of the Swedish fleet. All men aboard survived and most of its cargo could be salvaged. The shipwreck, which remained visible from the surface for several years, was excavated in � Built in the Kingston Royal Naval Dockyard in Upper Canada during the War of to fight on the Great Lakes , the only British ship of the line to be launched and entirely operated on freshwater.

She never saw action and was decommissioned already in In she was sold to a private company and was used as a storage hulk until her sinking. First rate ships of the line of the Royal Navy active in the Napoleonic wars. The first two were built to the same design and carried guns; Ville de Paris named after a captured French ship carried A corvette flagship of the Fujian Fleet , and the largest ship built at the Foochow Arsenal during the Imperial Fleet's westernization program of � Vanguard -class.

Nine were completed under the original sail ship design, and others were modified or converted into steam. A gun first-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, built to replace the ship of the same name lost in Assigned to anti-slavery and anti- smuggling patrol off the coast of Africa until , when she became a training ship. It fell into disrepair and eventually rotted away while being anchored in Manila. Sigyn later Sigyn. A Swedish trade barque, sold to Finland in Currently preserved in Turku.

Six Corps. A gun ship of the line in the French reserve fleet , named after the six merchant guilds of Paris , who donated the money for its construction. A gun third rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy. From she served as a training ship at Wellesley Nautical School. Formidable later HMS Ham. Flagship of the French Mediterranean galley fleet, built in Marseilles. French flagship at the Battle of Lagos , where it ran aground and was burnt by the British.

Dutch East India Company ship wrecked near the Houtman Abrolhos off western Australia , as a result of a failed mutiny. Though only 40 people of aboard died in the sinking, over perished later as a result of the lack of drinking water and infighting among the survivors. Batavia replica.

Seaworthy replica of the ship, built in and currently housed at the Bataviawerf in Lelystad. A gun first-rate ship of the line, named after a smaller, earlier ship it replaced. Duc de Bourgogne later Peuple. An gun ship of the line and flagship of the French expeditionary fleet to assist the North American rebels during the American Revolutionary War; it carried the Count of Rochambeau and saw action at the Battle of the Saintes. Its hull was coppered in Twin gun ships of the line of the French Navy during the Revolutionary Wars.

Marco Polo. First cargo and emigrant ship to sail from England to Australia in under six months. It was run aground off Cavendish, Prince Edward Island deliberately when its pumps failed during a storm. Neptune class. Three gun second rate ships of the line of the Royal Navy, mostly used during the Napoleonic Wars. Flagship of the Brest fleet during the American Revolutionary War, with guns. Santa Rosa. A Portuguese galleon destroyed by an accidental gunpowder explosion while sailing in convoy from Salvador, Brazil to Lisbon.

It previously saw action against the Ottomans in the Mediterranean. City of Adelaide British Queen Lawrence [32]. Haian Yuyuen Tek Sing c. Jylland Kaskelot HMS Sovereign of the Seas Khufu ship BC. Sigyn Bretagne Provence Walther von Ledebur Jacob Fritz Olympias In the age of sail, boats were essential equipment on any ship. Used as a tender , for shore landing parties, towing, warping , rescue missions, patrols, escape from mutiny , to mention only a few purposes.

Boats came in a variety of shapes and sizes depending on time-period, geography and function: barges , cutters , dinghies , gigs , launches , longboats , pinnaces , shallops , skiffs , wherries and yawls. Boatswain: The officer who is responsible for the boats, sails, rigging, colours, anchors, and cables.

Also called Bosun. Bobstay: A rope or chain used to steady the bowsprit of a ship. Boejer: A small single-masted Dutch vessel with an extreme rounded stern and bow , normally carrying leeboards.

It had a very shallow draft but a relatively tall mast, intended for use on canals, rivers and coastal regions. Bollard: A heavy post on a ship or wharf , used for securing mooring ropes or cables. Bolster: A substantial timber used as a temporary support or to strengthen and reinforce a ship's frame or cradle while under construction. Boltrope: A rope sewn into the outer edge of a sail to prevent it from tearing.

Bomb Vessel: Developed by the French to battle the Barbary corsairs , these vessels used high trajectory mortars instead of conventional guns. The hull was strengthened to take the weight of one or more mortars and the foremast was completely omitted. Late 18th century bomb vessels would have had a full three-masted rig, and some were used for perilous polar expeditions since their sturdily built hulls would hold up well in the ice.

Examples of a bomb vessel Bonaventure Mizzenmast: Small fourth mast abaft the mizzenmast , often seen in larger galleons. Bonnet: An extra strip of canvas fixed to the foot of a fore-and-aft sail. Boom: A spar used to hold or extend the foot of a sail. In fore-and-aft rigged vessels such as schooners , a boom is a spar at the foot of the mainsail and also of the foresail and the mizzen.

A boom often pivots and connects at the fore end to the mast by means of a gooseneck. Additionally, in square-rigged vessels, the temporary extensions to the yardarms to allow the rigging of studdingsails were also callen booms. Bootship: An 18th century three masted vessel with a rounded bow and stern , and a flat or rounded tafferel extending beyond the sides of the vessel. Often used as whalers.

Developed from of the earlier 17th century Fluyt. They were either square-rigged on all masts with a spanker on the mizzen , or had a fore-and-aft gaff-rigged mizzen. Also bootschip in Dutch, literally translated as 'boatship". Sometimes also referred to as a kat or cat. Examples of a bootship Bossing: Shaping metal plates, normally with a mallet, to fit the shape of the hull. Bow: The fore end of a vessel. Also called prow. Bow Chaser: A cannon located near the bow of a vessel for the purpose of raking an enemy ship or hapless victim while she's being pursued chased.

Bowline: A line attached to the weather leech of a square sail to haul it forward, allowing the ship to point as high into the wind as possible. Bowsprit: A large spar projecting over the stem of a vessel to carry the stays for the fore- topmast and from which the jibs are set.

Could be thought of as a n th mast. A standing bowsprit is fixed in position while a running bowsprit can be taken in movable. Also called boltsprit. Boy: Also cabin boy or ship's boy. A young man acting as a servant on a ship; fetching water; helping out with the cooking; cleaning etc. Exerpt from A history of the United States Navy from to : 'The captain of a frigate usually had both a steward and a boy who acted as his servants, while the lieutenants, purser, surgeon and sailing master were entitled to one boy each.

The lieutenants of the marines were waited on by marines. One boy was allotted to the gunner, boatswain and a few others as a special favor, while a man and a boy were appointed to a certain number of midshipmen. Performing this action was thus called 'bracing the yard'.

Brail: One of a number of thin lines attached to the leech of a sail for hauling it in. Breast Hook: 'Bow shaped' timbers used to strengthen the bows of a ship, positioned horizontally at different heights across the stem. On larger vessels, a breast hook would be located below each deck and the deck planking would be supported by and rabbeted onto this timber. Breech: The solid metal base of a cannon , from the cascabel to the start of the concave inside bore.

Breeching Rope: A thick and heavy rope used to secure a cannon to the side of a ship for the purpose of controlling and limiting the recoil when the gun was fired.

It was often wound around or spliced to the cascabel of a cannon and looped through a ring on either side of a gun-carriage. Both ends had an eye-splice by which the rope was connected on either side of the gun to a heavy ringbolt attached to the side of a ship.

As a rule of thumb, a breeching rope was three times the length of the gun barrel. Brig: A two-masted vessel, square-rigged on both masts. The main mast carries a fore-and-aft boom-sail as well. In the 17th century the term Brig was also used as short for Brigantine , which then could be any variety of two-masted square-rigged vessels depending on nation and region. Examples of a brig Brigantine: A two-masted vessel with square sails on the foremast and fore-and-aft sails on the mainmast.

See also Hermaphrodite Brig. In the 17th century the term Brigantine was also used to describe any variety of small two-masted square-rigged vessels.

Examples of a brigantine British East India Company: Sometimes referred to as "John Company", was a joint-stock company of investors, which was granted a Royal Charter by Elizabeth I on December 31, , with the intent to favour trade privileges in India. The Company transformed from a commercial trading venture to one which virtually ruled India as it acquired auxiliary governmental and military functions, until the Company's dissolution in Typical ships of the British East India Company Broach: When a ship veers or turns suddenly and uncontrollably broadside to the wind and waves.

Broached, broaching. Broadside: 1. The simultaneous discharge of some or all of the port or starboard guns. The side of a ship. Brow: The gangway or entrance onto a ship while docked. Buccaneer: Another term for pirate , pertaining to and origination from pirates who preyed on Spanish 'treasure' ships in the West Indies during the 17th century.

Bucekarl: A mercenary seaman for hire by anyone who's willing to pay. Sailors were always in short demand, the mortality rate was rather high, ship Captains would often hire who ever they could. Sometimes not the most trusted crew members, these mercenary seaman, mutiny was often instigated or carried out by crew members differing in nationality from the ship, ship's Captain or core crew. Also Buscarl 17th century Bulkhead: A vertical partition, running either fore-and-aft or athwart ships, dividing the hull into separate compartments.

Bull Rope: A rope used for hoisting a topmast or topgallant mast in a square-rigged ship. Bulwark: The planking along the sides of a ship, above the upper deck and below the gunwales , to act as a railing to prevent crew and passengers from falling or being washed overboard. Bumkin: A small spar , usually made of oak or fir, projecting from each side of a ship's bow , or protruding from the stern, providing for tack fairleads. Also called 'boomkin'. Bunk: A built-in wooden bed on board of later ships, often built in tiers, one above the other.

Bunt: The middle or center part of a sail. Also called belly bellying. Buntline: A rope tied to the foot of a square sail that keeps it from opening or bellying when it is being hauled up for furling to the yard. Normally there were multiple somewhat evenly-spaced buntlines leading through blocks on a yard to the foot of a square sail bent to that yard. Buntline Hitch: A knot used to tie a buntline to the foot of a square sail. Buoy: A float of different shape and size, attached by a cable or chain to the seabed to mark navigational channels or underwater hazards such as shallow banks, rocks or reefs.

A ship's buoy could be attached by rope to the anchor , to indicate the underwater location of the anchor so that the ship could stay clear of the anchor and the anchor-cable. Burthen: An older term used to express a ship's carrying capacity. About 40 cubic feet per ton burthen. Also spelled burden. Buss: A relatively large two- or sometimes three-masted European sailing vessel dating from the late 15th through the 17th century, used mainly for the North-Sea herring fishery.

Up to about tons in size. Also buis Dutch. Buttock: The width or part of a vessel where the hull rounds down to the stern. The Great Cabin was the Captain's or Master's quarters. Cable: 1. A thick and heavy rope of considerable length, used to moor or retain a ship at anchor. A naval unit of distance. The British cable was 0. Still used by some navies as a distance measure of meters. Camber: The slight convex athwart curvature of a ship's deck , providing for water drainage. Canister shot: A cannister filled with small solid balls, fired to inflict damage to personnel, rigging and sails.

Think of it as giant shot-gun ammunition. Cannon: An artillery gun made of bronze, or from the 16th century on more increasingly made of iron and usually mounted on a wheeled gun-carriage. Early ship's cannons often resembled nothing more than a barrel strapped to a plank, later this 'plank' would develop into the full gun-carriage.

The angle of elevation could be altered by moving a wooden wedge-like block, the quoin , under the base of the barrel. Its size ranged greatly, from a 4 pounder to a 60 pounder, with 'pounder' meaning the weight of the shot, or ball the cannon fired. In and before the 16th century a cannon was classified according to size, with such names as " cannon-royal ", " demi-cannon ", " cannon-perier ", " culverin ", " demi-culverin ", " saker ", " falcon ", " falconet ", " minion ", "fowler", "base", "bastard" and "murderer".

By the 18th century a cannon was classified by the weight of the roundshot it fired. A cannon's muzzle velocity was anywhere between and fps and a typical cannon had a practical range of to metres.

Smoothbore, black-powder cannon remained the dominant naval artillery until the middle of the 19th century. Note: While a bronze saker would have weighed - Lbs, an iron saker would have almost doubled the weight to about lbs. Cannon-royal: The original designation for a cannon , firing pound stone or iron roundshot. Cant Frame: Frames fore and aft , not set at right angles to the keel ; introduced in English ships around Cap: The wooden block at the top of a mast through which the mast is drawn when being stepped or lowered, often elm was used.

Capsquare: A metal covering plate, part of a gun-carriage, which passes over the trunnions of a cannon , and holds it in place while allowing it to pivot. Capstan: A cylindrical barrel used for heavy lifting, also called Capstern. The capstan sometimes two on larger ships was located in the centre line of a ship, sometimes through several deck-levels. Wooden rods were inserted into receiving openings in the head of the capstan to rotate the barrel.

A dog or pawl ratchet mechanism was located at or below the base to prevent the capstan from slipping back. Rank or commanding officer of a ship or squadron see also Commodore. Caracore: A small, light and swift sailboat with a single triangular or rectangular sail and an outrigger , originating in the East Indies. Also called Proa. Caravel: A relatively small but highly manoeuvrable Portuguese vessel of the 15th and 16th centuries setting lateen sails on two, three, or four masts and sometimes setting a single square sail on the foremast.

When lateen-rigged was classified as a 'caravela latina', when modified as a square-rigged vessel was classified as a 'caravela redonda'. A typical three masted 'caravela latina' shown above, note the sharply decreasing mast height from fore to aft.

The image below depicts the profile of a large four-masted caravel. Examples of a caravel Careen: To turn a ship on her side for repairs or cleaning, or a ship leaning to one side while sailing in the wind. Carling: Timbers running fore and aft that connect the transverse beams supporting the deck of a ship. Also used to describe the timbers used to frame the partners.

An unofficial North American measurement of a vessel's cargo capacity, very much popular in the 's. Carpenter's Measurement was calculated by multiplying the length of a vessel, measured on-deck from stem to sternpost, with the beam of the vessel and the depth of her hold, and dividing the result by Carrack: A large three- or four-masted sailing vessel developed from the earlier cog , in use from the 14th to the 17th century, usually with elevated structures at the bow and stern.

At short range they were enormously destructive to a ship's timbers. A real ship smasher. The addition of carronades was not reflected in the nominal rate of a ship; a gun ship mounting 10 carronades was still designated as a Carvel Built: A method of ship building in which the planks are laid flush with the edges laid close and caulked to make them watertight as opposed to clinker built where the side planks overlap. Generally only small boats and early ships were clinker built.

Cascabel: A rounded projection at the rear of the breech of a muzzle loading cannon's barrel. Also spelled cascable. Cat: The name of the purchase by which the anchor was hoisted to the cathead in preparation for stowing or letting go.

Cat O' Nine Tails: A whip made from unraveling a rope's strands 3x3. Used as punishment for a variety of offences aboard a Naval ship. Also called ' Captains Daughter '.

Cathead: A heavy piece of timber projecting from each side of the bow of a vessel to hold the anchors in position and clear away from the bow. Early catheads were often capped off with a carved cat or lion face. Catwalk: Or gangway. A narrow, elevated walkway, as on either side of a ship, connecting the quarter-deck section to the forecastle. Caulk: The process of driving material into the seams of the ship's deck or sides to make them watertight.

The tools used were caulking irons and mallets. Caulking Mallet: A shipbuilding tool. An iron or wooden mallet heavy hammer used to strike a variety of irons , to open and close seams or to fill seams with oakum.

Ceiling: The inside planking in the holds of a vessel, laid across the floors and carried up the sides of the holds to the beams. Celestial Navigation: In celestial navigation, the two coordinates used to determine a ship's bearing were the azimuth and altitude of a celestial body. Centerboard: A type of retractable keel used on sailing vessels to prevent drifting downwind. Also known as a drop keel. Chain: A unit of length equal to 4 rods or 4x Chain Plate: One of a number of strips of iron, chains, or a combination of iron links and straps with each lower end fastened to a ships hull and the upper end carrying a deadeye to which the shrouds or back stays were connected and tensioned.

Chain Shot: A chain with a solid ball sphere or half-sphere at each end, fired from a cannon to inflict damage to a ships rigging and masts. Channel: A flat, plank-like or platform-like projection from the side of a sailing ship that is used to spread the shrouds clear of the hull. Before its equivalent was often called a chain wale. The upper ends of the chain plates were connected and terminated here.

Charter: Late 18th century Dutch equivalent to the English Rates: 1st Charter : 80 guns 2nd Charter : 70 guns 3rd Charter : 60 guns 4th Charter : 50 guns 5th Charter : 36 guns 6th Charter : 20 guns Only the first 4 charters were considered ' ships of the line '. Chesstree: A timber fitted on the outside of the hull , just below the gunwale. It had one or more holes with internal rollers or pulleys through which the main tack or sheets were hauled from within board.

Dutch fashion chesstree ornamented with overlapping scales. Chine: The line created by the intersection between the side and the bottom of a flatbottom boat or ship. Chip Log: A piece of wood tied to a knotted cord. The speed of a vessel was measured by counting the number of knots passing over the stern while being timed. The nautical unit knot came from these equidistant knots tied in a rope.

Also called hand log. Cleat: A piece of equipment made of iron or wood having projecting arms called horns to which a rope can be wound and secured. A thumb cleat has only one horn and was normally used on a yard or boom. Clew: The lower, aft corner of a fore-and-aft sail or the two lower corners of a square sail. Clew Line: A line used for hauling up the clews when furling a sail. Clinker Built: A method of ship building in which the hull planks overlap.

Early ships such as longships , nefs and early cogs were clinker built, as were, and still are, some small boats. Also called lapstrake construction. Clipper: A variety of square-rigged speed-built merchant ships built between and Often thought of as some of the most beautiful and elegant sailing vessels ever built.

The three-masted Cutty Sark on display at Greenwich, England may well be the best known of the clippers. Examples of a clipper Close-hauled: The trim of sails when sailing close to into the wind was required, generally within 45 degrees to the wind. A vessel was said to be close hauled, when her tacks were drawn close to windward; the sheets hauled close aft and the bow-lines were drawn to their greatest extension. Clove Hitch: Also called ratline hitch , as it was used to tie and secure the ratlines to the shrouds.

Coak: To join two scarfed timbers with tenons. Also a hardwood pin joining two timbers or two halfs of a tackle block. Coaming: The framing or vertical barriers around openings in the upper or weather deck such as hatches, usually about cm high, to prevent water on deck from running into the interiour of a vessel.

Coble: A small clinker-built open fishing vessel from the North-Eastern coast of England and Scotland. Characterized by a relatively high bow, exaggerated sheer and shallow draft, often setting a single lugsail. Cocca: Mediterranean equivalent for the Northern European cog. Introduced to the Mediterranean in the 14th century, a cocca was a one- or two-masted square-rigged and clinker-built vessel.

Also Coca , Cocha or Cocche. Cockswain: The helmsman or crew member in command of a ship's boat. Cofferdam: A watertight chamber or compartment attached to the outside of a ship's hull below the water line so that repairs can be made. Also called caisson.

Cog: A single-masted clinker-built vessel used until the 15th century. The first mention of a cog is from AD in Muiden near Amsterdam. Even though the usual clinker construction limited the ultimate size of a cog, the English chronicler Thomas Walsingham speaks of great cogs in with three decks and over crew and soldiers.

A cog is characterised by high sides, a relatively flat bottom, rounded bilge and a single square sail. Also Kog Dutch or Kogge German. Examples of a cog Coir: The fibres obtained from the husk of a coconut, used for making rope.

Collier: A broad beamed and shallow draught merchant sailing ship. They were designed to transport coal between ports. Examples of a collier Come About: To change tack and thus the direction or course of a sailing vessel. In other words: changing the position of the vessel and the sails for the wind to come in from the opposite direction, from starboard to port and vice versa.

Commander: A British naval rank directly below Captain , introduced in Could command 'lesser ships'. Commodore: Temporary rank of a Captain in command of a squadron.

Companionway: Any staircase or ladder leading from one deck to another. Compass: A navigational instrument used since the 12th century for determining a ship's direction and position.

A compass was often housed in a binnacle and still consists today of a pivoting magnetic needle which is freely suspended to align itself to the earth's magnetic field, the needle turns until its ends are aligned with the magnetic north and south poles. The ship's direction would be the angle the needle made with the lubber's line or simply the direction forward. Also used to determine azimuth in celestial navigation.

Composite Construction: Late 19th century hull construction using an iron or steel frame with wooden planking. Coppering: The sheathing of the hull of a wooden vessel below the waterline with copper plates. Expensive but intended to extend a ship's life-span significantly by preventing damage caused by shipworm , and to prevent the build-up of weed and barnacles resulting in slower speed. Also Barbary Corsair. Corvette: Smallest of all the three-masted square-rigged sailing warships.

Corvettes were used primarily for reconnaissance. Also called a 'sloop-of-war' , and could be classified as a small frigate. Armed with guns on only one deck.

Examples of a corvette Counter: The overhang of the stern above the waterline. Course: A sail set on the lower yard of a square-rigged ship or any principal sail of a ship. The fore-and-aft main-stay-sails of brigs and schooners were also called courses.

Crab: A small and sometimes portable capstan , for the purpose of lifting equipment and cargo. Cradle: The timber frame constructed around the hull of a ship while under construction on the launching ways. The cradle was often designed to slide down the ways with the ship when the ship was launched.

Crank: 1. A ship which, either because her construction or by the way her cargo was stowed, could not carry a great deal of sail without the danger of capsizing. Crayer: A small single-masted and slow merchant vessel. Built solely for maximum hold capacity, not for its sailing qualities. Creeper: A very small anchor, very much like a grapnel but without any flukes or barbs. Used for the retrieval of mooring lines, anchor cables, flotsam etc.

Crimp: A person who coerces, often by force or deception, men into service as sailors. See also shanghai. Cross Staff: A relatively accurate tool used in celestial navigation since the early 16th century, it consisted of a scaled wooden staff or rod with one or more sliding perpendicular 'transoms' with which the angle between a celestial object such as the sun or moon and the horizon could be measured altitude.

Later often replaced by the more usable but somewhat less accurate backstaff or quadrant. Crossjack: The lowest square sail , or the lower yard of the mizzenmast. Also cro'jack. Crosstree: Light oak timber spreader fixed across the trestle trees at the upper ends of the lowermast and topmast. They supported the topmast and topgallant mast shrouds. Crown: The lower end of an anchor-shank where the arms come together.

Crowfoot: Rigging to even the pull or load on spars , stays and leeches - Often more decorative than purposeful. Crow's Nest: A platform for a lookout at or near the top of a mast. Named for the cage which housed ravens, often carried by Norsemen at their masthead ; for when a raven was released, its flight direction would hopefully indicate shore. Crutch: Oblique or horizontal knee used to reinforce the stern.

Culverin: A long-barreled heavy cannon used in the 16th and 17th centuries, often an 18 pounder with two serpent-shaped handles and a muzzle velocity of over fps. Currach: A small rounded boat made of hides stretched over a wicker frame ; still used in some parts of Great Britain. Also called Coracle. Cutter: 1. A fast-sailing fore-and-aft rigged single-masted vessel usually setting double headsails , used for patrol and dispatch services. Cutters were the ships of choice for English smugglers during the 18th century.

The largest were up to tons burden and could carry up to 12 guns. A clinker built ship's boat used for travel between ship and shore.

Cutwater: The forward curve or edge of the stem of a ship. Dandy-rig: A name used for a variety of rigs, most often a ketch or yawl-rig.

Also formerly applied to the rig of some English punts. Founded in , the second Danish East India Company was dissolved in Davit: A purchase for suspending or lowering heavy equipment and objects. For example: fish davits for raising the flukes of an anchor, or boat davits for lowering and raising a ship's boat.

Deadeye: A round or triangular hardwood disk with one or more holes and a grooved perimeter, used to properly tension and tighten a shroud or stay. As in the image below, the most commonly thought of variety had three holes. Dead-light: A shutter for a stern or gallery light. Deadrise: The 'rise' or angle between the hull and horizontal, at any given point on a section through the hull below the waterline.

Deadweight: Deadweight tonnage is the absolute maximum weight that a ship can safely carry when fully loaded. It includes crew, passengers, cargo, fuel, water, and stores. Often expressed in long tons or metric tons. Acronym: dwt. It is measured by measuring the displacement difference when the vessel is empty or light and fully loaded. Dead-wood: Solid timbers at the bow and stern , just above the keel where the lines narrowed down so that separate side timbers would not fit.

They extended from the keel upwards, effectively raising the floor-timbers at the bow and stern. Deals: Planks cut from pine or fir of a specific size, for instance deals of 3" x 9" x 12' were common. Deck: A horizontal platform in a vessel that corresponds to a floor in a building. Decks in wooden vessels often were sloped towards the stern or bow , and always had an athwart camber. Demi-cannon: A heavy cannon , usually a thirty to thirty-six pounder.

Demi-culverin: A long barreled cannon used in the 16th and 17th centuries, normally a 9 to 13 pounder. Demurrage: Charges required as compensation for the delay, or the detention of a ship beyond its scheduled time of departure. Dinghy: A small rowing or sailing boat , often a tender to a larger vessel. Disembark: Leaving a ship to go ashore. Displacement Tonnage: The actual weight of a ship and its contents. One displacement ton, measuring the displacement of seawater while a ship is afloat, is equivalent to one long ton or about one cubic meter 35 cubic feet of salt water.

Dhow: A lateen-rigged sailing vessel that originated in the Middle East. Early dhows were of shell-first construction. Most dhows are known by names referring to their hull shape.

The ghanjah was a large two- or three-masted vessel with a curved stem and a long sloping and often ornately carved transom , originating from India. The baghlah was the traditional two-masted deep-sea dhow; it had a transom with usually five windows and a poop deck similar to European galleons or caravels. Other large seagoing two-masted dhows were the double-ended boom , which had a long stem pointing to the heavens, often with a bowsprit flying a jib , and the sambuk.

The smaller battil featured a long stem topped by a large, club-shaped stemhead and a sternpost decorated with cowrie shells and leather.

The badan was a much smaller and single-masted, shallow draught boat, used for fishing and oyster diving. Dog: A hinged catch that fits into a notch of a ratchet to move a wheel forward or prevent it from moving backward. Dogger: A two-masted fishing-vessel resembling a ketch. Also hooker. Doldrums: Regions near the equator where there is little or no wind. Dolphin Striker: The short perpendicular spar under the cap of the bowsprit used to counteract the upward pull on the jib-boom of the fore topgallant stay or topmast stay.

Dory: A small, narrow, flat-bottomed and shallow draft boat of between 15 to 20 ft in length, usually with high sides and a sharp prow , propelled by oars. Also spelled Dorey British. Double Block: A tackle block with two sheaves located side by side. Down Easter: A square-rigged merchant vessel combining large carrying capacity with a relatively sharp hull. They got their name from having been built in Maine, down wind and east of all the major East Coast ports, and were being used largely for the California grain trade Examples of a down easter Drabler: An additional strip of canvas attached to the foot of the bonnet of a fore-and-aft sail.

Also spelled drabbler. Draft: The depth of a ship in the water. The vertical distance between the waterline and the keel , expressed in feet or meters. Also draught. Draught: The plans for construction of a ship, showing at least hull cross-sections and water-lines horizontal sections.

Draughts were often at scale quarter of an inch to a foot. Drawings did not exist for ships built before the 17th century, which were constructed solely by and from a shipwright's knowledge and experience. Also draft. Drawing Knife: A shipbuilding tool with a long and slender sharp-edged blade and two handles, one on each end. It was used to draw material away from the piece to be worked on. Dressing Sails: Applying a treatment to sails to preserve and keep them supple in wet and cold weather.

Often a mixture of linseed oil and ochre, giving the sails a red-brown appearance. Tar, tallow and oak bark were also used as ingredients, hence the term barking sails.

Dromon: A medium-size, fast-sailing Mediterranean galley often armed with Greek fire for burning enemy ships.

Druxey: Fungal decay in a ship's timbers , characterized by spongy whitish-colored spots and veins. Dubbing: A term used for working with an adze in smoothing or evening timbers.

Dunnage: Loose wood, laid in the bottom of a ship's hold , to raise the cargo, to keep it from getting water damaged. Most ships would take on some water during rough weather or just through seepage. Earing: A rope used to fasten the top corners of a square sail to its yard , or an eye spliced into the boltrope of a sail for reefing purposes.

Examples of an East-Indiaman Elm: Wood from various deciduous trees of the genus Ulmus and an important timber in wooden shipbuilding since its tough and curly grain makes it very resistant to splitting. Elm trees were usually felled in winter when they contained no sap. Elm was used for bees , bibbs , caps , tops and planking below the waterline. Ensign: A large standard, banner or flag, hoisted on the ensign-staff.

The ensign is used to distinguish the ships of different nations from each other, and to characterise the different squadrons of the navy. The Red Ensign as carried by English civil vessels from Ensign-staff: A long pole erected over the poop , used to hoist the ensign. Entry: The form of the fore part of the ship as it cuts through the water.

Escutcheon: A shield-shaped emblem located on a ship's stern , bow or sides, bearing a coat of arms, name, or owners symbol. Even Keel: When the draft of a vessel fore and aft is equal. In other words: the ship's keel is parallel to the ship's waterline. Eye: A circular loop on the end of a shroud or stay. Eyes of a ship: The extreme bows of a ship.

Originated from the ancient custom of painting an eye on each side of the bow so a ship could find her way. Fack: A full circle of any coiled rope or cable. Fairlead: A means, often a pulley- block , of leading a line in the proper direction and prevent snagging or chafing.

Falcon: A small anti-personnel cannon , usually a 2 to 3 pounder. Fashion Piece s : The aft most timbers in the submerged hull of a ship forming the shape of the stern. Fathom: A unit of measurement for depth.

One fathom is 1. The fibers are usually tarred as a preservative. The caulker drove a few strands into the seam with a caulking iron Caulking iron Used to drive caulking material into the gaps between the vessel's planking. The mallet made a knocking sound that told the caulker how far the oakum was in the seam.

After the seam was fully caulked, it was payed Pay payed verb To pour hot pitch into a deck or side seam after it has been caulked with oakum, in order to prevent the oakum from getting wet.

Also, to dress a mast or yard with tar, varnish, or tallow, or to cover the bottom of a vessel with a mixture of sulphur, rosin, and tallow or in modern days, an anti-fouling mixture. Ship joiners Joiner joinery A carpenter who finishes interior woodwork. Joinery is the interior woodwork. They built and finished the deck houses, the galley Galley joinery The kitchen on board a vessel. Read more was often very elaborate and required highly-skilled joinery work. Painters applied coatings to protect the wood.

After the ship was launched, the crew became painters, for painting never ended. Sometimes a vessel had a figurehead Figurehead A carved wooden statue or figure attached to the bow under the bowsprit of a vessel.

The figurehead was mounted on the bow Bow Forward part or head of a vessel. While the hull was being built, spar Spar A round timber or metal pole used for masts, yards, booms, etc. After the Civil War, most spar timber came from the West Coast, which had a large supply of Sitka spruce and Douglas fir. After squaring and tapering the timber, spar makers shaped the spar into an eight-sided timber and finished it round. Shipbuilders used shear legs Shear legs shears A temporary structure of two or three spars raised at an angle and lashed together at the point of intersection.

Riggers Rigging The term for all ropes, wires, or chains used in ships and smaller vessels to support the masts and yards standing rigging and for hoisting, lowering, or trimming sails to the wind running rigging.

Running rigging lines move through blocks and are not wormed, parceled, or served. They are wormed, parceled, and served for water-proofing. To protect it from rot, rigging was given a waterproof cover, a process called worming Worming Running a small line up a rope, following the lay of the line. Running rigging Running rigging The part of the rigging that includes the ropes that move the rig: move yards and sails, haul them up and lower them, move masts, and hoist weights.

There are many kinds of blocks. Blocks with ropes run through them form a tackle. Then the rigger set up all of the spars, preparing them to receive sails, attaching iron work and blocks, and running all of the rest of the lines.

A ship was constructed on large wooden blocks and posts called shores Shore A prop or beam used for support during vessel construction.

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