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Liked it? After that the men loafed around, in twos and threes, and talked low together. But none of them herded with Dick Allbright. They all give him the cold shake. If he come around where any of the men was, they split up and sidled away. They wouldn't man the sweeps with him. The captain had all the skiffs hauled up on the raft, alongside of his wigwam, and wouldn't let the dead men be took ashore to be planted; he didn't believe a man that got ashore would come back; and he was right.

A good many wanted to kill Dick Allbright, because he'd seen the bar'l on other trips, and that had an ugly look. Some wanted to put him ashore. Some said, let's all go ashore in a pile, if the bar'l comes again. Down she comes, slow and steady, and settles into her old tracks. You could a heard a pin drop.

Then up comes the captain, and says:�. Burn it up,�that's the way. And before anybody could say a word, in he went. But the old man got it aboard and busted in the head, and there was a baby in it! Yes, sir, a stark naked baby. It was Dick Allbright's baby; he owned up and said so. Yes, he said he used to live up at the head of this bend, and one night he choked his child, which was crying, not intending to kill it,�which was prob'ly a lie,�and then he was scared, and buried it in a bar'l, before his wife got home, and off he went, and struck the northern trail and went to rafting; and this was the third year that the bar'l had chased him.

He said the bad luck always begun light, and lasted till four men was killed, and then the bar'l didn't come any more after that.

He said if the men would stand it one more night,�and was a-going on like that,�but the men had got enough. They started to get out a boat to take him ashore and lynch him, but he grabbed the little child all of a sudden and jumped overboard with it hugged up to his breast and shedding tears, and we never see him again in this life, poor old suffering soul, nor Charles William neither. Been dead three years�how could it cry? You look bad�don't you feel pale? Show us the bunghole�do�and we'll all believe you.

Thar's thirteen of us. I can swaller a thirteenth of the yarn, if you can worry down the rest. Ed got up mad and said they could all go to some place which he ripped out pretty savage, and then walked off aft cussing to himself, and they yelling and jeering at him, and roaring and laughing so you could hear them a mile.

I was warm and soft and naked; so he says 'Ouch! I began to beg, and crept out amongst them trembling. They looked me over, wondering, and the Child of Calamity says�. When the paint come, and Bob took the brush and was just going to begin, the others laughing and rubbing their hands, I begun to cry, and that sort of worked on Davy, and he says�.

So I looked around on them, and some of them grumbled and growled, and Bob put down the paint, and the others didn't take it up. How long have you been aboard here? Then they roared�the whole crowd; and I was mighty glad I said that, because maybe laughing would get them in a better humor. You couldn't have growed this much in five year, and you was a baby when you come out of the bar'l, you know, and dead at that.

Come, now, tell a straight story, and nobody'll hurt you, if you ain't up to anything wrong. What is your name? She lays up the bend yonder. I was born on her.

Pap has traded up and down here all his life; and he told me to swim off here, because when you went by he said he would like to get some of you to speak to a Mr.

Jonas Turner, in Cairo, and tell him�'. They all laughed, and I tried again to talk, but they broke in on me and stopped me. Honest, now, do you live in a scow, or is it a lie? She lays up at the head of the bend. But I warn't born in her. It's our first trip. All boys does that. They might steal. Looky-here; if we let you off this time, will you keep out of these kind of scrapes hereafter? You ain't but little ways from shore. Overboard with you, and don't you make a fool of yourself another time this way.

I didn't wait to kiss good-bye, but went overboard and broke for shore. When Jim come along by and by, the big raft was away out of sight around the point. I swum out and got aboard, and was mighty glad to see home again. The boy did not get the information he was after, but his adventure has furnished the glimpse of the departed raftsman and keelboatman which I desire to offer in this place.

I now come to a phase of the Mississippi River life of the flush times of steamboating, which seems to me to warrant full examination�the marvelous science of piloting, as displayed there.

I believe there has been nothing like it elsewhere in the world. That was, to be a steamboatman. We had transient ambitions of other sorts, but they were only transient. When a circus came and went, it left us all burning to become clowns; the first negro minstrel show that came to our section left us all suffering to try that kind of life; now and then we had a hope that if we lived and were good, God would permit us to be pirates.

These ambitions faded out, each in its turn; but the ambition to be a steamboatman always remained. Once a day a cheap, gaudy packet arrived upward from St. Louis, and another downward from Keokuk. Before these events, the day was glorious with expectancy; after them, the day was a dead and empty thing. Not only the boys, but the whole village, felt this.

Presently a film of dark smoke appears above one of those remote 'points;' instantly a negro drayman, famous for his quick eye and prodigious voice, lifts up the cry, 'S-t-e-a-m-boat a-comin'! The town drunkard stirs, the clerks wake up, a furious clatter of drays follows, every house and store pours out a human contribution, and all in a twinkling the dead town is alive and moving.

Drays, carts, men, boys, all go hurrying from many quarters to a common center, the wharf. Assembled there, the people fasten their eyes upon the coming boat as upon a wonder they are seeing for the first time. And the boat is rather a handsome sight, too. Then such a scramble as there is to get aboard, and to get ashore, and to take in freight and to discharge freight, all at one and the same time; and such a yelling and cursing as the mates facilitate it all with!

Ten minutes later the steamer is under way again, with no flag on the jack-staff and no black smoke issuing from the chimneys. After ten more minutes the town is dead again, and the town drunkard asleep by the skids once more. My father was a justice of the peace, and I supposed he possessed the power of life and death over all men and could hang anybody that offended him.

This was distinction enough for me as a general thing; but the desire to be a steamboatman kept intruding, nevertheless. I first wanted to be a cabin-boy, so that I could come out with a white apron on and shake a tablecloth over the side, where all my old comrades could see me; later I thought I would rather be the deckhand who stood on the end of the stage-plank with the coil of rope in his hand, because he was particularly conspicuous.

But these were only day-dreams,�they were too heavenly to be contemplated as real possibilities. By and by one of our boys went away. He was not heard of for a long time. At last he turned up as apprentice engineer or 'striker' on a steamboat. This thing shook the bottom out of all my Sunday-school teachings. That boy had been notoriously worldly, and I just the reverse; yet he was exalted to this eminence, and I left in obscurity and misery.

There was nothing generous about this fellow in his greatness. He would always manage to have a rusty bolt to scrub while his boat tarried at our town, and he would sit on the inside guard and scrub it, where we could all see him and envy him and loathe him.

And whenever his boat was laid up he would come home and swell around the town in his blackest and greasiest clothes, so that nobody could help remembering that he was a steamboatman; and he used all sorts of steamboat technicalities in his talk, as if he were so used to them that he forgot common people could not understand them. He would speak of the 'labboard' side of a horse in an easy, natural way that would make one wish he was dead.

And he was always talking about 'St. Looy' like an old citizen; he would refer casually to occasions when he 'was coming down Fourth Street,' or when he was 'passing by the Planter's House,' or when there was a fire and he took a turn on the brakes of 'the old Big Missouri;' and then he would go on and lie about how many towns the size of ours were burned down there that day.

Two or three of the boys had long been persons of consideration among us because they had been to St. Louis once and had a vague general knowledge of its wonders, but the day of their glory was over now. They lapsed into a humble silence, and learned to disappear when the ruthless 'cub'-engineer approached. This fellow had money, too, and hair oil. Also an ignorant silver watch and a showy brass watch chain.

He wore a leather belt and used no suspenders. If ever a youth was cordially admired and hated by his comrades, this one was. No girl could withstand his charms. He 'cut out' every boy in the village.

When his boat blew up at last, it diffused a tranquil contentment among us such as we had not known for months. But when he came home the next week, alive, renowned, and appeared in church all battered up and bandaged, a shining hero, stared at and wondered over by everybody, it seemed to us that the partiality of Providence for an undeserving reptile had reached a point where it was open to criticism. This creature's career could produce but one result, and it speedily followed.

Boy after boy managed to get on the river. The minister's son became an engineer. The doctor's and the post-master's sons became 'mud clerks;' the wholesale liquor dealer's son became a barkeeper on a boat; four sons of the chief merchant, and two sons of the county judge, became pilots.

Pilot was the grandest position of all. The pilot, even in those days of trivial wages, had a princely salary�from a hundred and fifty to two hundred and fifty dollars a month, and no board to pay. Two months of his wages would pay a preacher's salary for a year. Now some of us were left disconsolate. We could not get on the river�at least our parents would not let us. So by and by I ran away.

I said I never would come home again till I was a pilot and could come in glory. But somehow I could not manage it. I went meekly aboard a few of the boats that lay packed together like sardines at the long St. Louis wharf, and very humbly inquired for the pilots, but got only a cold shoulder and short words from mates and clerks. I had to make the best of this sort of treatment for the time being, but I had comforting daydreams of a future when I should be a great and honored pilot, with plenty of money, and could kill some of these mates and clerks and pay for them.

But I was ashamed to go home. I was in Cincinnati, and I set to work to map out a new career. I had been reading about the recent exploration of the river Amazon by an expedition sent out by our government. It was said that the expedition, owing to difficulties, had not thoroughly explored a part of the country lying about the head-waters, some four thousand miles from the mouth of the river. It was only about fifteen hundred miles from Cincinnati to New Orleans, where I could doubtless get a ship.

I had thirty dollars left; I would go and complete the exploration of the Amazon. This was all the thought I gave to the subject. I never was great in matters of detail. I packed my valise, and took passage on an ancient tub called the 'Paul Jones,' for New Orleans.

For the sum of sixteen dollars I had the scarred and tarnished splendors of 'her' main saloon principally to myself, for she was not a creature to attract the eye of wiser travelers. When we presently got under way and went poking down the broad Ohio, I became a new being, and the subject of my own admiration. I was a traveler! A word never had tasted so good in my mouth before. I had an exultant sense of being bound for mysterious lands and distant climes which I never have felt in so uplifting a degree since.

I was in such a glorified condition that all ignoble feelings departed out of me, and I was able to look down and pity the untraveled with a compassion that had hardly a trace of contempt in it. Still, when we stopped at villages and wood-yards, I could not help lolling carelessly upon the railings of the boiler deck to enjoy the envy of the country boys on the bank. If they did not seem to discover me, I presently sneezed to attract their attention, or moved to a position where they could not help seeing me.

And as soon as I knew they saw me I gaped and stretched, and gave other signs of being mightily bored with traveling. I kept my hat off all the time, and stayed where the wind and the sun could strike me, because I wanted to get the bronzed and weather-beaten look of an old traveler. Before the second day was half gone I experienced a joy which filled me with the purest gratitude; for I saw that the skin had begun to blister and peel off my face and neck.

I wished that the boys and girls at home could see me now. We reached Louisville in time�at least the neighborhood of it. We stuck hard and fast on the rocks in the middle of the river, and lay there four days. I was now beginning to feel a strong sense of being a part of the boat's family, a sort of infant son to the captain and younger brother to the officers.

There is no estimating the pride I took in this grandeur, or the affection that began to swell and grow in me for those people. I could not know how the lordly steamboatman scorns that sort of presumption in a mere landsman. I particularly longed to acquire the least trifle of notice from the big stormy mate, and I was on the alert for an opportunity to do him a service to that end.

It came at last. The riotous powwow of setting a spar was going on down on the forecastle, and I went down there and stood around in the way�or mostly skipping out of it�till the mate suddenly roared a general order for somebody to bring him a capstan bar.

I sprang to his side and said: 'Tell me where it is�I'll fetch it! If a rag-picker had offered to do a diplomatic service for the Emperor of Russia, the monarch could not have been more astounded than the mate was.

He even stopped swearing. He stood and stared down at me. It took him ten seconds to scrape his disjointed remains together again. Then he said impressively: 'Well, if this don't beat hell! I crept away, and courted solitude for the rest of the day. I did not go to dinner; I stayed away from supper until everybody else had finished. I did not feel so much like a member of the boat's family now as before.

However, my spirits returned, in installments, as we pursued our way down the river. I was sorry I hated the mate so, because it was not in young human nature not to admire him. He was huge and muscular, his face was bearded and whiskered all over; he had a red woman and a blue woman tattooed on his right arm,�one on each side of a blue anchor with a red rope to it; and in the matter of profanity he was sublime.

When he was getting out cargo at a landing, I was always where I could see and hear. He felt all the majesty of his great position, and made the world feel it, too. When he gave even the simplest order, he discharged it like a blast of lightning, and sent a long, reverberating peal of profanity thundering after it. I could not help contrasting the way in which the average landsman would give an order, with the mate's way of doing it. If the landsman should wish the gang-plank moved a foot farther forward, he would probably say: 'James, or William, one of you push that plank forward, please;' but put the mate in his place and he would roar out: 'Here, now, start that gang-plank for'ard!

Lively, now! Snatch it! Aft again! Dash it to dash! Going to heave it clear astern? Where 're you going with that barrel! For'ard with it 'fore I make you swallow it, you dash-dash-dash- dashed split between a tired mud-turtle and a crippled hearse-horse! When the soreness of my adventure with the mate had somewhat worn off, I began timidly to make up to the humblest official connected with the boat�the night watchman.

He snubbed my advances at first, but I presently ventured to offer him a new chalk pipe; and that softened him. So he allowed me to sit with him by the big bell on the hurricane deck, and in time he melted into conversation. He could not well have helped it, I hung with such homage on his words and so plainly showed that I felt honored by his notice. He told me the names of dim capes and shadowy islands as we glided by them in the solemnity of the night, under the winking stars, and by and by got to talking about himself.

He seemed over-sentimental for a man whose salary was six dollars a week�or rather he might have seemed so to an older person than I. But I drank in his words hungrily, and with a faith that might have moved mountains if it had been applied judiciously. What was it to me that he was soiled and seedy and fragrant with gin? What was it to me that his grammar was bad, his construction worse, and his profanity so void of art that it was an element of weakness rather than strength in his conversation?

He was a wronged man, a man who had seen trouble, and that was enough for me. As he mellowed into his plaintive history his tears dripped upon the lantern in his lap, and I cried, too, from sympathy.

He said he was the son of an English nobleman�either an earl or an alderman, he could not remember which, but believed was both; his father, the nobleman, loved him, but his mother hated him from the cradle; and so while he was still a little boy he was sent to 'one of them old, ancient colleges'�he couldn't remember which; and by and by his father died and his mother seized the property and 'shook' him as he phrased it.

After his mother shook him, members of the nobility with whom he was acquainted used their influence to get him the position of 'loblolly-boy in a ship;' and from that point my watchman threw off all trammels of date and locality and branched out into a narrative that bristled all along with incredible adventures; a narrative that was so reeking with bloodshed and so crammed with hair-breadth escapes and the most engaging and unconscious personal villainies, that I sat speechless, enjoying, shuddering, wondering, worshipping.

It was a sore blight to find out afterwards that he was a low, vulgar, ignorant, sentimental, half-witted humbug, an untraveled native of the wilds of Illinois, who had absorbed wildcat literature and appropriated its marvels, until in time he had woven odds and ends of the mess into this yarn, and then gone on telling it to fledglings like me, until he had come to believe it himself.

WHAT with lying on the rocks four days at Louisville, and some other delays, the poor old 'Paul Jones' fooled away about two weeks in making the voyage from Cincinnati to New Orleans.

This gave me a chance to get acquainted with one of the pilots, and he taught me how to steer the boat, and thus made the fascination of river life more potent than ever for me. It also gave me a chance to get acquainted with a youth who had taken deck passage�more's the pity; for he easily borrowed six dollars of me on a promise to return to the boat and pay it back to me the day after we should arrive.

But he probably died or forgot, for he never came. It was doubtless the former, since he had said his parents were wealthy, and he only traveled deck passage because it was cooler.

I soon discovered two things. One was that a vessel would not be likely to sail for the mouth of the Amazon under ten or twelve years; and the other was that the nine or ten dollars still left in my pocket would not suffice for so imposing an exploration as I had planned, even if I could afford to wait for a ship.

Therefore it followed that I must contrive a new career. The 'Paul Jones' was now bound for St. I planned a siege against my pilot, and at the end of three hard days he surrendered. Louis for five hundred dollars, payable out of the first wages I should receive after graduating. I entered upon the small enterprise of 'learning' twelve or thirteen hundred miles of the great Mississippi River with the easy confidence of my time of life.

If I had really known what I was about to require of my faculties, I should not have had the courage to begin. I supposed that all a pilot had to do was to keep his boat in the river, and I did not consider that that could be much of a trick, since it was so wide. The boat backed out from New Orleans at four in the afternoon, and it was 'our watch' until eight.

Bixby, my chief, 'straightened her up,' plowed her along past the sterns of the other boats that lay at the Levee, and then said, 'Here, take her; shave those steamships as close as you'd peel an apple. I held my breath and began to claw the boat away from the danger; and I had my own opinion of the pilot who had known no better than to get us into such peril, but I was too wise to express it. In half a minute I had a wide margin of safety intervening between the 'Paul Jones' and the ships; and within ten seconds more I was set aside in disgrace, and Mr.

Bixby was going into danger again and flaying me alive with abuse of my cowardice. I was stung, but I was obliged to admire the easy confidence with which my chief loafed from side to side of his wheel, and trimmed the ships so closely that disaster seemed ceaselessly imminent. When he had cooled a little he told me that the easy water was close ashore and the current outside, and therefore we must hug the bank, up-stream, to get the benefit of the former, and stay well out, down-stream, to take advantage of the latter.

In my own mind I resolved to be a down-stream pilot and leave the up-streaming to people dead to prudence. Now and then Mr. Bixby called my attention to certain things. Said he, 'This is Six-Mile Point.

It was pleasant enough information, but I could not see the bearing of it. I was not conscious that it was a matter of any interest to me. Another time he said, 'This is Nine-Mile Point. I hoped Mr. Bixby would change the subject. But no; he would crowd up around a point, hugging the shore with affection, and then say: 'The slack water ends here, abreast this bunch of China-trees; now we cross over. He gave me the wheel once or twice, but I had no luck.

I either came near chipping off the edge of a sugar plantation, or I yawed too far from shore, and so dropped back into disgrace again and got abused. The watch was ended at last, and we took supper and went to bed. At midnight the glare of a lantern shone in my eyes, and the night watchman said�. And then he left. I could not understand this extraordinary procedure; so I presently gave up trying to, and dozed off to sleep. Pretty soon the watchman was back again, and this time he was gruff.

I was annoyed. I said:�. Now as like as not I'll not get to sleep again to-night. The 'off-watch' was just turning in, and I heard some brutal laughter from them, and such remarks as 'Hello, watchman!

He's delicate, likely. Give him some sugar in a rag and send for the chambermaid to sing rock-a-by-baby to him. About this time Mr. Bixby appeared on the scene. Something like a minute later I was climbing the pilot-house steps with some of my clothes on and the rest in my arms.

Bixby was close behind, commenting. Here was something fresh�this thing of getting up in the middle of the night to go to work. It was a detail in piloting that had never occurred to me at all. I knew that boats ran all night, but somehow I had never happened to reflect that somebody had to get up out of a warm bed to run them. I began to fear that piloting was not quite so romantic as I had imagined it was; there was something very real and work-like about this new phase of it.

It was a rather dingy night, although a fair number of stars were out. The big mate was at the wheel, and he had the old tub pointed at a star and was holding her straight up the middle of the river. The shores on either hand were not much more than half a mile apart, but they seemed wonderfully far away and ever so vague and indistinct. The mate said:�. The vengeful spirit in me exulted. I said to myself, I wish you joy of your job, Mr. Bixby; you'll have a good time finding Mr.

Jones's plantation such a night as this; and I hope you never will find it as long as you live. The stumps there are out of water at this stage: It's no great distance to the lower, and you'll have to get along with that.

And then the mate left. My exultation began to cool and my wonder to come up. Here was a man who not only proposed to find this plantation on such a night, but to find either end of it you preferred. I dreadfully wanted to ask a question, but I was carrying about as many short answers as my cargo-room would admit of, so I held my peace. All I desired to ask Mr. Bixby was the simple question whether he was ass enough to really imagine he was going to find that plantation on a night when all plantations were exactly alike and all the same color.

But I held in. I used to have fine inspirations of prudence in those days. Bixby made for the shore and soon was scraping it, just the same as if it had been daylight.

And not only that, but singing�. It seemed to me that I had put my life in the keeping of a peculiarly reckless outcast. Presently he turned on me and said:�. This manner jolted me. I was down at the foot again, in a moment. But I had to say just what I had said before. Tell me the name of any point or place I told you. You're the stupidest dunderhead I ever saw or ever heard of, so help me Moses!

The idea of you being a pilot�you! Why, you don't know enough to pilot a cow down a lane. Oh, but his wrath was up! He was a nervous man, and he shuffled from one side of his wheel to the other as if the floor was hot. He would boil a while to himself, and then overflow and scald me again. I tremblingly considered a moment, and then the devil of temptation provoked me to say:�.

This was a red rag to the bull. He raged and stormed so he was crossing the river at the time that I judge it made him blind, because he ran over the steering-oar of a trading-scow. Of course the traders sent up a volley of red-hot profanity.

Never was a man so grateful as Mr. Bixby was: because he was brim full, and here were subjects who would talk back. He threw open a window, thrust his head out, and such an irruption followed as I never had heard before.

The fainter and farther away the scowmen's curses drifted, the higher Mr. Bixby lifted his voice and the weightier his adjectives grew. When he closed the window he was empty. You could have drawn a seine through his system and not caught curses enough to disturb your mother with.

Presently he said to me in the gentlest way�. There's only one way to be a pilot, and that is to get this entire river by heart. You have to know it just like A B C. That was a dismal revelation to me; for my memory was never loaded with anything but blank cartridges. However, I did not feel discouraged long. I judged that it was best to make some allowances, for doubtless Mr. Bixby was 'stretching.

The stars were all gone now, and the night was as black as ink. I could hear the wheels churn along the bank, but I was not entirely certain that I could see the shore. The voice of the invisible watchman called up from the hurricane deck�. I said to myself, I wish I might venture to offer a small bet that it isn't. But I did not chirp. I only waited to see. Bixby handled the engine bells, and in due time the boat's nose came to the land, a torch glowed from the forecastle, a man skipped ashore, a darky's voice on the bank said, 'Gimme de k'yarpet-bag, Mars' Jones,' and the next moment we were standing up the river again, all serene.

I reflected deeply awhile, and then said�but not aloud�'Well, the finding of that plantation was the luckiest accident that ever happened; but it couldn't happen again in a hundred years. By the time we had gone seven or eight hundred miles up the river, I had learned to be a tolerably plucky up-stream steersman, in daylight, and before we reached St.

Louis I had made a trifle of progress in night-work, but only a trifle. I had a note-book that fairly bristled with the names of towns, 'points,' bars, islands, bends, reaches, etc. It made my heart ache to think I had only got half of the river set down; for as our watch was four hours off and four hours on, day and night, there was a long four-hour gap in my book for every time I had slept since the voyage began.

My chief was presently hired to go on a big New Orleans boat, and I packed my satchel and went with him. She was a grand affair. When I stood in her pilot-house I was so far above the water that I seemed perched on a mountain; and her decks stretched so far away, fore and aft, below me, that I wondered how I could ever have considered the little 'Paul Jones' a large craft.

There were other differences, too. The 'Paul Jones's' pilot-house was a cheap, dingy, battered rattle-trap, cramped for room: but here was a sumptuous glass temple; room enough to have a dance in; showy red and gold window-curtains; an imposing sofa; leather cushions and a back to the high bench where visiting pilots sit, to spin yarns and 'look at the river;' bright, fanciful 'cuspadores' instead of a broad wooden box filled with sawdust; nice new oil-cloth on the floor; a hospitable big stove for winter; a wheel as high as my head, costly with inlaid work; a wire tiller-rope; bright brass knobs for the bells; and a tidy, white-aproned, black 'texas-tender,' to bring up tarts and ices and coffee during mid-watch, day and night.

Now this was 'something like,' and so I began to take heart once more to believe that piloting was a romantic sort of occupation after all. The moment we were under way I began to prowl about the great steamer and fill myself with joy. She was as clean and as dainty as a drawing-room; when I looked down her long, gilded saloon, it was like gazing through a splendid tunnel; she had an oil-picture, by some gifted sign-painter, on every stateroom door; she glittered with no end of prism-fringed chandeliers; the clerk's office was elegant, the bar was marvelous, and the bar-keeper had been barbered and upholstered at incredible cost.

The boiler deck i. The fires were fiercely glaring from a long row of furnaces, and over them were eight huge boilers! This was unutterable pomp. The mighty engines�but enough of this. I had never felt so fine before. And when I found that the regiment of natty servants respectfully 'sir'd' me, my satisfaction was complete.

Louis was gone and I was lost. Here was a piece of river which was all down in my book, but I could make neither head nor tail of it: you understand, it was turned around. Due to the city's high northerly latitude, the length of the day varies widely from more than 18 hours around midsummer to only around 6 hours in late December. The nights from late May until mid-July are bright even when cloudy.

Stockholm has relatively mild weather compared to other locations at a similar latitude, or even farther south. With an average of just over hours of sunshine per year, it is also one of the sunniest cities in Northern Europe, receiving more sunshine than Paris, [40] London [41] and a few other major European cities of a more southerly latitude.

Because of the urban heat island effect and the prevailing wind traveling overland rather than sea during summer months, Stockholm has the warmest July months of the Nordic capitals. Stockholm has an annual average snow cover between 75 and days. In spite of its mild climate, Stockholm is located further north than parts of Canada that are above the Arctic tree line at sea level.

Winters generally bring cloudy weather with the most precipitation falling in December and January as rain or as snow. Spring and autumn are generally cool to mild. According to ongoing measurements, the temperature has increased during the years � as compared with the last series. This increase averages about 1. Warming is most pronounced during the winter months, with an increase of more than 2.

The warmest month ever recorded was July with a mean temperature of Annual precipitation is mm The precipitation is not uniformly distributed throughout the year.

Snowfall occurs mainly from December through March. Snowfall may occasionally occur in late October as well as in April. In Stockholm, the aurora borealis can occasionally be observed. Stockholm's location just south of the 60th parallel north means that the number of daylight hours is relatively small during winter � about six hours � while in June and the first half of July, the nights are relatively short, with about 18 hours of daylight.

Around the summer solstice the sun never reaches further below the horizon than 7. Also, when looking straight up towards the zenith , few stars are visible after the sun has gone down. This is not to be confused with the midnight sun , which occurs north of the Arctic Circle , around 7 degrees farther north. Its councillors are elected concurrently with general elections , held at the same time as the elections to the Riksdag and county councils.

The Council convenes twice every month at Stockholm City Hall , and the meetings are open to the public. The matters on which the councillors decide have generally already been drafted and discussed by various boards and committees.

Once decisions are referred for practical implementation, the employees of the City administrations and companies take over. The elected majority has a Mayor and eight Vice Mayors. The Mayor and each majority Vice Mayor is the head of a department, with responsibility for a particular area of operation, such as City Planning.

The opposition also has four Vice Mayors, but they hold no executive power. The City Executive Board renders an opinion in all matters decided by the council and bears the overall responsibility for follow-up, evaluation and execution of its decisions. The Board is also responsible for financial administration and long-term development. The City Executive Board consists of 13 members, who represent both the majority and the opposition.

Its meetings are not open to the public. The almost total absence of heavy industry and fossil fuel power plants makes Stockholm one of the world's cleanest metropolises. The last decade has seen a significant number of jobs created in high technology companies. A major IT centre is located in Kista , in northern Stockholm. Stockholm is Sweden's financial centre.

In recent years, tourism has played an important part in the city's economy. Stockholm County is ranked as the 10th largest visitor destination in Europe, with over 10 million commercial overnight stays per year.

Among 44 European cities, Stockholm had the 6th highest growth in the number of nights spent in the period � The largest companies in Stockholm, by number of employees [63]. The city-owned company Stokab started in to build a fiber-optic network throughout the municipality as a level playing field for all operators City of Stockholm, Around a decade later, the network was 1.

City of Stockholm, Research and higher education in the sciences started in Stockholm in the 18th century, with education in medicine and various research institutions such as the Stockholm Observatory.

The medical education was eventually formalized in as Karolinska Institutet. Stockholm University , founded in with university status granted in , has 52, students as of [update]. The Stockholm School of Economics , founded in , is one of the few private institutions of higher education in Sweden. In the fine arts , educational institutions include the Royal College of Music , which has a history going back to the conservatory founded as part of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music in , the Royal University College of Fine Arts , which has a similar historical association with the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts and a foundation date of , and the Swedish National Academy of Mime and Acting , which is the continuation of the school of the Royal Dramatic Theatre , once attended by Greta Garbo.

Other schools include the design school Konstfack , founded in , the University College of Opera founded in but with older roots , the University College of Dance , and the Stockholms Musikpedagogiska Institut the University College of Music Education. The biggest complaint from students of higher education in Stockholm is the lack of student accommodations, the difficulty in finding other accommodations and the high rent.

By the turn of the 19th century, Stockholm largely consisted of the area today known as City Centre, roughly 35 km 2 14 sq mi or one-fifth of the current municipal area.

The municipal border was established in ; with the exception of Hansta, in purchased by Stockholm Municipality from Sollentuna Municipality and today a nature reserve. Of the population of , in , , were men and , women. The average age is 40 years; As of October , there were , foreign-born people in Stockholm. The largest group of them are the Finns 17, , followed by Iraqis 16, , Poles 11, and Iranians 11, Residents of Stockholm are known as Stockholmers " stockholmare ".

The entire Stockholm metropolitan area , consisting of 26 municipalities, has a population of over 2. In the following municipalities some of the districts are contained within the Stockholm urban area, though not all: [4] [5]. Apart from being Sweden's capital, Stockholm houses many national cultural institutions. Other authors with notable heritage in Stockholm were the Nobel Prize laureate Eyvind Johnson � and the popular poet and composer Evert Taube � The city's oldest section is Gamla stan Old Town , located on the original small islands of the city's earliest settlements and still featuring the medieval street layout.

The oldest building in Stockholm is the Riddarholmskyrkan from the late 13th century. After a fire in when the original medieval castle was destroyed, Stockholm Palace was erected in a baroque style. Storkyrkan Cathedral, the episcopal seat of the Bishop of Stockholm, stands next to the castle. It was founded in the 13th century but is clad in a baroque exterior dating to the 18th century.

As early as the 15th century, the city had expanded outside of its original borders. During the 19th century and the age of industrialization Stockholm grew rapidly, with plans and architecture inspired by the large cities of the continent such as Berlin and Vienna.

In the s modernism characterized the development of the city as it grew. In the s, suburban development entered a new phase with the introduction of the Stockholm metro. In the s this suburban development continued but with the aesthetic of the times, the industrialized and mass-produced blocks of flats received a large amount of criticism. At the same time that this suburban development was taking place, the most central areas of the inner city were being redesigned, known as Norrmalmsregleringen.

Sergels Torg , with its five high-rise office towers was created in the s, followed by the total clearance of large areas to make room for new development projects.

The most notable buildings from this period include the ensemble of the House of Culture , City Theatre and the Riksbank at Sergels Torg, designed by architect Peter Celsing. Stockholm's architecture along with Visby, Gotland [76] provided the inspiration for Japanese anime director Hayao Miyazaki as he sought to evoke an idealized city untouched by World War.

His creation called Koriko , draws directly from what Miyazaki felt was Stockholm's sense of well-established architectural unity, vibrancy, independence, and safety.

Stockholm is one of the most crowded museum-cities in the world with around museums, visited by millions of people every year. The Nationalmuseum houses the largest collection of art in the country: 16, paintings and 30, objects of art handicraft. The collection dates back to the days of Gustav Vasa in the 16th century, and has since been expanded with works by artists such as Rembrandt , and Antoine Watteau , as well as constituting a main part of Sweden's art heritage, manifested in the works of Alexander Roslin , Anders Zorn , Johan Tobias Sergel , Carl Larsson , Carl Fredrik Hill and Ernst Josephson.

From the year to the museum was closed due to a restoration of the building. It was founded in by Artur Hazelius � to show the way of life in the different parts of Sweden before the industrial era. Stockholm has a vibrant art scene with a number of internationally recognized art centres and commercial galleries.

Amongst others, privately sponsored initiatives such as Bonniers Konsthall, Magasin 3, and state-supported institutions such as Tensta Konsthall and Index all show leading international and national artists. The Stockholm suburbs are places with diverse cultural background. This amusement park has over 30 attractions and many restaurants. It is a popular tourist attraction and visited by thousands of people every day.

It is open from the end of April to the middle of September. Stockholm is the media centre of Sweden. It has four nationwide daily newspapers and is also the central location of the publicly funded radio SR and television SVT. All major magazines are also located to Stockholm, as are the largest literature publisher, the Bonnier group. The world's best-selling video game Minecraft was created in Stockholm by Markus 'Notch' Persson in , and its company Mojang is headquartered there.

The most popular spectator sports are football and ice hockey. Manchester United won the trophy after a 2�0 victory. Historically, the city was the host of the Summer Olympics. From those days stem the Stockholms Olympiastadion which has since hosted numerous sports events, notably football and athletics. Other major sports arenas are Friends Arena the new national football stadium, Stockholm Globe Arena , a multi-sport arena and one of the largest spherical buildings in the world and the nearby indoor arena Hovet.

The city was also second runner up in the Summer Olympics bids. Stockholm first bid for the Winter Olympics for Winter Olympics , but withdrew its bid in due to financial matters. Stockholm also hosted all but one of the Nordic Games , a winter multi-sport event that predated the Winter Olympics.

In , the Stockholms Kungar Rugby league club was formed. They are Stockholm's first Rugby league team and will play in Sweden's National Rugby league championship. Each year since , the tournament has been hosted at the Kungliga tennishallen. There are over restaurants in Stockholm. Stockholm is one of the cleanest capitals in the world. The city's environmental program is the fifth since the first one was established in the mids. In the beginning of , Stockholm launched the program Professional Study Visits [93] in order to share the city's green best practices.

The program provides visitors with the opportunity to learn how to address issues such as waste management, urban planning, carbon dioxide emissions, and sustainable and efficient transportation system, among others. According to the European Cities Monitor , [94] Stockholm is the best city in terms of freedom from pollution.

Stockholm used to have problematic levels of particulates PM10 due to studded winter tires, but as of the levels are below limits, after street-specific bans. Instead the current problem is nitrogen oxides emitted by diesel vehicles. Stockholm has an extensive public transport system.

Since the s, the operation and maintenance of the SL public transport services are contracted out to independent companies bidding for contracts, such as MTR , which operate the Metro. The archipelago boat traffic is handled by Waxholmsbolaget , which is also wholly owned by the County Council.

SL has a common ticket system in the entire Stockholm County, which allows for easy travel between different modes of transport. The tickets are of two main types, single ticket and travel cards , both allowing for unlimited travel with SL in the entire Stockholm County for the duration of the ticket validity. On 1 April , a zone system A, B, C and price system was introduced. Single tickets were available in forms of cash ticket, individual unit pre-paid tickets, pre-paid ticket slips of 8, sms-ticket and machine ticket.

Cash tickets bought at the point of travel were the most expensive and pre-paid tickets slips of 8 are the cheapest. The duration of the travel card validity depended on the exact type; they were available from 24 hours up to a year. As of , a day card costs SEK. Tickets of all these types were available with reduced prices for students and persons under 20 and over 65 years of age. On 9 January , the zone system was removed, and the cost of the tickets was increased.

With an estimated cost of SEK As Stockholm Central Station is overloaded, the purpose of this project was to double the city's track capacity and improve service efficiency. Operations began in July Stockholm is at the junction of the European routes E4 , E18 and E A half-completed motorway ring road exists on the south, west and north sides of the City Centre.

The many islands and waterways make extensions of the road system both complicated and expensive, and new motorways are often built as systems of tunnels and bridges. Stockholm has a congestion pricing system, Stockholm congestion tax, [] in use on a permanent basis since 1 August , [] [] after having had a seven-month trial period in the first half of All the entrances and exits of this area have unmanned control points operating with automatic number plate recognition.

All vehicles entering or exiting the congestion tax affected area, with a few exceptions, have to pay 10�20 SEK 1. The maximum tax amount per vehicle per day is 60 SEK 6. After the trial period was over, consultative referendums were held in Stockholm Municipality and several other municipalities in Stockholm County.

The then-reigning government Persson Cabinet stated that they would only take into consideration the results of the referendum in Stockholm Municipality.

The opposition parties Alliance for Sweden stated that if they were to form a cabinet after the general election �which was held the same day as the congestion tax referendums�they would take into consideration the referendums held in several of the other municipalities in Stockholm County as well. The results of the referendums were that the Stockholm Municipality voted for the congestion tax, while the other municipalities voted against it.

The opposition parties won the general election and a few days before they formed government Reinfeldt Cabinet they announced that the congestion tax would be reintroduced in Stockholm, but that the revenue would go entirely to road construction in and around Stockholm.

During the trial period and according to the agenda of the previous government the revenue went entirely to public transport. The large Stockholm archipelago is served by the archipelago boats of Waxholmsbolaget owned and subsidized by Stockholm County Council. Between April and October, during the warmer months, it is possible to rent Stockholm City Bikes by purchasing a bike card online or through retailers. When their validity runs out they can be reactivated and are therefore reusable.

With a journey of 20 minutes, the train ride is the fastest way of traveling to the city center. Arlanda Central Station is also served by commuter, regional and intercity trains. Additionally, there are also bus lines, Flygbussarna , that run between central Stockholm and all the airports. As of [update] there are no airports specifically for general aviation in the Stockholm area.

The popular X service to Gothenburg takes three hours. Most of the trains are run by SJ AB. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Redirected from Stockholm, Sweden. Capital of Sweden. For other uses, see Stockholm disambiguation. Coat of arms. Eken, the Venice of the North , the Venice of Scandinavia [1]. Main article: History of Stockholm. Main article: Geography of Stockholm. Main article: Stockholm Municipality. Climate data for Stockholm Bromma Airport. See also: Stockholm Municipality. Main article: Education in Stockholm.

This section needs to be updated.




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