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Its islands are situated about midway between Hawaii and Australia. Tuvalu is composed of three reef islands and six atolls. They lie west of the International Date Line. The first inhabitants of Tuvalu were Polynesians , according to well-established theories regarding a migration of Polynesians into the Pacific that began about three thousand years ago. Their navigation skills enabled them to make elaborately planned journeys in either double-hulled sailing canoes or outrigger canoes.
Scholars believe that the Polynesians spread out from Samoa and Tonga into the Tuvaluan atolls, which then served as a stepping stone for further migration into the Polynesian outliers in Melanesia and Micronesia. The island of Funafuti was named Ellice's Island in Later, after the work of English hydrographer Alexander George Findlay , the name Ellice began to be applied to the whole nine-island group.
In the late 19th century, Great Britain claimed control over the Ellice Islands, designating them as within their sphere of influence as the result of a treaty between Great Britain and Germany that demarcated their respective spheres of influence in the Pacific Ocean. From to , they were managed as part of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony.
A referendum was held in to determine whether the Gilbert Islands and Ellice Islands should each have their own administration. Due to the results of the referendum, the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony legally ceased to exist on 1 October , and on 1 January , the old administration was officially separated, [12] and two separate British colonies, Kiribati and Tuvalu, were formed.
On 1 October , Tuvalu became fully independent as a sovereign state within the Commonwealth. And on 5 September , Tuvalu became the th member of the United Nations. The origins of the people of Tuvalu are addressed in the theories regarding the migration into the Pacific that began about years ago. During pre-European-contact times, there was frequent canoe voyaging between the nearer islands including Samoa and Tonga.
Possible evidence of human-made fires in the Caves of Nanumanga suggests humans may have occupied the islands for thousands of years. An important creation myth in the islands of Tuvalu is the story of the te Pusi mo te Ali the Eel and the Flounder , who are said to have created the islands of Tuvalu. The stories of the ancestors of the Tuvaluans vary from island to island.
On Niutao , [15] Funafuti and Vaitupu , for instance, the founding ancestor is described as being from Samoa , [16] [17] whereas on Nanumea , the founding ancestor is described as being from Tonga. Captain John Byron passed through the islands of Tuvalu in , during his circumnavigation of the globe as captain of the Dolphin Keith S.
Whalers began roving the Pacific, although they visited Tuvalu only infrequently because of the difficulties of landing on the atolls. For less than a year between and , Peruvian ships engaged in the so-called " blackbirding " trade, by which they recruited or impressed workers, combed the smaller islands of Polynesia from Easter Island in the eastern Pacific to Tuvalu and the southern atolls of Marine Corps Online Stores 02 the Gilbert Islands now Kiribati.
They sought recruits to fill the extreme labour shortage in Peru. The Rev. Murray, [32] the earliest European missionary in Tuvalu, reported that in about people were taken from Funafuti and about were taken from Nukulaelae, [23] as there were fewer than of the recorded in as living on Nukulaelae. Christianity came to Tuvalu in when Elekana , a deacon of a Congregational church in Manihiki , Cook Islands , became caught in a storm and drifted for eight weeks before landing at Nukulaelae on 10 May In , the Rev.
Murray of the LMS, a Protestant congregationalist missionary society, arrived as the first European missionary; he also evangelised among the inhabitants of Tuvalu. By Protestantism was considered well established, as there were preachers on each island. The islands came into Britain's sphere of influence in the late 19th century, when each of the Ellice Islands was declared a British protectorate by Captain Gibson of HMS Curacoa , between 9 and 16 October Trading companies became active in Tuvalu in the midth century; the trading companies engaged palagi traders who lived on the islands.
John also known as Jack O'Brien was the first European to settle in Tuvalu; he became a trader on Funafuti in the s. He married Salai, the daughter of the paramount chief of Funafuti.
Louis Becke , who later found success as a writer, was a trader on Nanumanga from April until the trading station was destroyed later that year in a cyclone. Some islands would have competing traders, while dryer islands might only have a single trader. In the later s and into first decade of the 20th century, structural changes occurred in the operation of the Pacific trading companies; they moved from a practice of having traders resident on each island to instead becoming a business operation where the supercargo the cargo manager of a trading ship would deal directly with the islanders when a ship visited an island.
The boreholes on Funafuti, at the site now called Darwin's Drill , [60] are the result of drilling conducted by the Royal Society of London for the purpose of investigating the formation of coral reefs to determine whether traces of shallow water organisms could be found at depth in the coral of Pacific atolls. Drilling occurred in , and Charles Hedley , a naturalist at the Australian Museum , accompanied the expedition, and during his stay on Funafuti he collected invertebrate and ethnological objects.
Harry Clifford Fassett , captain's clerk and photographer, recorded people, communities and scenes at Funafuti in during a visit of USFC Albatross when the United States Fish Commission was investigating the formation of coral reefs on Pacific atolls. Early in the war, the Japanese invaded and occupied Makin , Tarawa and other islands in what is now Kiribati.
Funafuti was used as a base to prepare for the subsequent seaborne attacks on the Gilbert Islands Kiribati that were occupied by Japanese forces. The islanders assisted the American forces building airfields on Funafuti , Nanumea and Nukufetau and to unload supplies from ships. The atolls of Tuvalu acted as staging posts during the preparation for the Battle of Tarawa and the Battle of Makin that commenced on 20 November , which were part of the implementation of "Operation Galvanic".
The formation of the United Nations after World War II resulted in the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization committing to a process of decolonisation; as a consequence, the British colonies in the Pacific started on a path to self-determination. In , the ministerial government was introduced to the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony through a change to the Constitution. In that year a general election was held, [82] and a referendum was held in to determine whether the Gilbert Islands and Ellice Islands should each have their own administration.
The Tuvaluan Order , which took effect on 1 October , recognised Tuvalu as a separate British dependency with its own government. The second stage occurred on 1 January , when separate administrations were created out of the civil service of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony. The House of Assembly was dissolved in July , with the government of Toaripi Lauti continuing as a caretaker government until the elections were held.
Tuvalu became fully independent within the Commonwealth on 1 October On 5 September , Tuvalu became the th member of the United Nations. Tuvalu is a volcanic archipelago, and consists of three reef islands Nanumanga , Niutao and Niulakita and six true atolls Funafuti , Nanumea , Nui , Nukufetau , Nukulaelae and Vaitupu.
The highest elevation is 4. Over four decades, there had been a net increase in land area of the islets of The sea level at the Funafuti tide gauge has risen at 3. Funafuti is the largest atoll, and comprises numerous islets around a central lagoon that is approximately On the atolls, an annular reef rim surrounds the lagoon with several natural reef channels. The surveys identified 66 species that had not previously been recorded in Tuvalu, which brings the total number of identified species to Tuvalu is a party to the Convention on Biological Diversity.
The native broadleaf forest is limited to 4. The coral base of the atoll was used as fill to create the runway. The resulting borrow pits impacted the fresh-water aquifer. In the low-lying areas of Funafuti, the sea water can be seen bubbling up through the porous coral rock to form pools with each high tide. This project increased the usable land space on Fongafale by eight per cent. During World War II, several piers were also constructed on Fongafale in the Funafuti Lagoon; beach areas were filled and deep-water access channels were excavated.
These alterations to the reef and shoreline resulted in changes to wave patterns, with less sand accumulating to form the beaches, compared to former times; the shoreline is now exposed to wave action. Several attempts to stabilise the shoreline have not achieved the desired effect. The rising population has resulted in an increased demand on fish stocks, which are under stress, [] although the creation of the Funafuti Conservation Area has provided a fishing exclusion area to help sustain the fish population across the Funafuti lagoon.
Population pressure on the resources of Funafuti, and inadequate sanitation systems, have resulted in pollution. Plastic waste is a problem in Tuvalu, for much imported food and other commodities are supplied in plastic containers or packaging. Tuvalu experiences two distinct seasons, a wet season from November to April and a dry season from May to October. Typically the islands of Tuvalu receive between to mm 8 to 16 in of rainfall per month.
As low-lying islands lacking a surrounding shallow shelf, the communities of Tuvalu are especially susceptible to changes in sea level and undissipated storms. Tuvaluan leaders have been concerned about the effects of rising sea levels. Whether there are measurable changes in the sea level relative to the islands of Tuvalu is a contentious issue. Tuvalu has adopted a national plan of action as the observable transformations over the last ten to fifteen years show Tuvaluans that there have been changes to the sea levels.
Because of the low elevation, the islands that make up this nation are vulnerable to the effects of tropical cyclones and by the threat of current and future sea level rise. The highest elevations are typically in narrow storm dunes on the ocean side of the islands which are prone to overtopping in tropical cyclones, as occurred with Cyclone Bebe , which was a very early-season storm that passed through the Tuvaluan atolls in October Sources of drinking water were contaminated as a result of the system's storm surge and the flooding of the sources of fresh water.
George Westbrook, a trader on Funafuti, recorded a cyclone that struck Funafuti on 23�24 December Tuvalu experienced an average of three cyclones per decade between the s and s; however, eight occurred in the s. Along with a tropical depression that affected the islands a few days later, Severe Tropical Cyclone Ofa had a major impact on Tuvalu with most islands reporting damage to vegetation and crops.
In March , the winds and storm surge created by Cyclone Pam resulted in waves of 3 metres 9. On Nui, the sources of fresh water were destroyed or contaminated. The coconut palms were washed away, leaving the islet as a sand bar.
The Tuvalu Government carried out assessments of the damage caused by Cyclone Pam to the islands and has provided medical aid, food as well as assistance for the cleaning-up of storm debris.
Tuvalu is also affected by perigean spring tide events which raise the sea level higher than a normal high tide. Rainwater harvesting is the principal source of fresh water in Tuvalu. Nukufetau, Vaitupu and Nanumea are the only islands with sustainable groundwater supplies.
The effectiveness of rainwater harvesting is diminished because of poor maintenance of roofs, gutters and pipes. The 65 m 3 desalination plant operates at a real production level of around 40 m 3 per day. In July , a United Nations Special Rapporteur called on the Tuvalu Government to develop a national water strategy to improve access to safe drinking water and sanitation.
Government water planning has established a target of between 50 and L of water per person per day accounting for drinking water, cleaning, community and cultural activities. Tuvalu is working with the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission SOPAC to implement composting toilets and to improve the treatment of sewage sludge from septic tanks on Fongafale , for septic tanks are leaking into the freshwater lens in the sub-surface of the atoll as well as the ocean and lagoon.
The Constitution of Tuvalu states that it is "the supreme law of Tuvalu" and that "all other laws shall be interpreted and applied subject to this Constitution"; it sets out the Principles of the Bill of Rights and the Protection of the Fundamental Rights and Freedoms.
From the creation of the British colony of Tuvalu until independence, the legislative body of Tuvalu was called the House of the Assembly or Fale I Fono.
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