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Make Your Own List. Can we cultivate qualities like grit, tenacity and kindness? How about habits of the successful�hard work, perseverance and productivity? Angela Duckworth , bestselling author of Grit and founder of the Character Lab at the University of Pennsylvania, recommends five books, including a title that graces every CEO's shelf. Interview by Eve Gerber. Your book Grit is so impactful that some students in the United States are graded on it.
Tell us about the book and the attribute itself. Grit is the combination of passion and perseverance over long time periods. For young people, that stretch of time might be a month; for adults, it might mean multiple years.
I tried to make the science accessible. Before I began writing, I read through a big stack of science non-fiction bestsellers. I like reading memoirs, so I tried to write a book in my voice.
That phrase might bring to mind a writing workshop or method acting class, but what do you take it to mean? I use it in the way that Aristotle used character. To have character is to be somebody who does well for themselves, but importantly, does well by other people too. We also might say we admire their work ethic, their grit, or their optimism. I think of character as a plural noun. Many things comprise our character.
There are research studies on grit, on gratitude, on curiosity. Scientific insight into how these attributes help and how they develop are big advances. Sigmund Freud said that the chief developmental challenge of childhood is to be able to delay the gratification of certain impulses and to negate certain impulses altogether.
Nobody had figured out how to test that until Walter Mischel. He created a test where children were given the choice: Do you want to eat one treat, or several? All the kids in the experiment�and I really mean all of them�chose the bigger pile. Walter would then say: You can have the bigger pile, but you have to just wait until I do something in the other room and come back.
Many children gobbled a marshmallow as soon as he stepped out. Some children were able to wait two minutes, seven minutes, even fifteen minutes. Then Walter followed these kids through life. Support Five Books. Five Books interviews are expensive to produce. If you're enjoying this interview, please support us by donating a small amount. The ability to wait predicted a wide range of life outcomes, just like Freud and Walter hypothesized.
How long you sat�the ability to delay gratification�predicted the quality of your friendships, your physical health, and whether you would go on to commit a crime, along with a whole host of other positive outcomes in later life.
He talks about his struggles with self-control and how he developed his experiments. It integrates all his studies, all his wisdom. I read A Curious Mind in one sitting. I sank into a chair and fell into the story of this person, who did not start with material advantages but ended up doing great creative work as a Hollywood producer, creating award-winning, wildly-popular work like Apollo 13 and Arrested Development.
The book has lots of stories about curiosity conversations with people that are famous for different reasons and in different fields. Curiosity is increasingly grabbing the attention of top neuroscientists and psychologists. Mindset by Carol Dweck is next. Tell us about the science that led to a conflagration of character development school assemblies in the last decade.
A recent study showed that the majority of teachers in the US know this phrase: growth mindset. Growth mindset is the belief that people can grow with effort and opportunity. Understanding the research that Carol Dweck has done and unpacking is invaluable. Why do some have fixed mindsets?
Where do they come from? How do mindsets determine what we do? Plus, Carol Dweck is not only a great psychologist, she is an outstanding writer. It resonates with people who have become successful�CEOs, coaches and other leaders�because the belief that your abilities can grow is foundational to their achievements.
We are the first generation to use the science of experimental psychology to help people become happier and healthier.
Take the importance of practice: studies show that not all practice is effective, but concentrated practice focused on precise skills, with deliberate goals and immediate feedback, can lead to large improvements in performance. Get the weekly Five Books newsletter. We did a very short experiment where we taught kids that information and found that, compared to placebo controls, they actually improved their grades. You could say the lesson of all this research and the lesson of your character lab is that it only takes 25 minutes to change a child.
For example, in the experiment that I just told you about, performance improvements disappeared or got diluted over longer periods of time, so that by the second marking period following the intervention, they were no longer detectable. The real lesson is if you�as a parent, coach, teacher or boss�help someone to understand the nature of practice, it will help them deal with the effort and the frustration that is necessary to achieve better.
That needs to be reinforced in continually and in every possible way. So, we are working on providing the scientific insights that you can use to make your managing, parenting, and teaching better.
But applying those insights is not as simple as relaying them. Mitch Prinstein is a fabulous psychologist who studies social intelligence. I only chose books that I think are great science, but also really well-written. Prinstein wrote a wonderful book, very warm and relatable. Popularity is an inescapable part of life�especially for adolescents and teenagers and the people who love them, but for everybody in many facets of life. His work and this book shows that there are ways to go about the popularity game that are bad for you and for others.
A chicken-or-egg question: With attributes like popularity and growth mindset, how do we distinguish whether those attributes lead to success, or whether success leads to those attributes? The thing about the chicken-and-egg question is that for almost everything that I study�grit, popularity, productivity�the relationship between the attribute and achievement is truly reciprocal. In other words, there is no real good answer to your question, because they follow each other.
For example, kids who are more socially adept and have more friends do better in school, which probably helps them have more friends.
Both my intuition and the science show that most things feed into each other. Kids who are happy are healthy and tend to do well in school, which makes them happy and healthy. It also means that there are vicious cycles�people who start to get depressed and become socially isolated and stop sleeping well. Performance slips, causing a continued downward spiral.
What we want are upward spirals. Bill Damon pioneered the science on purpose. He would say that purpose is doing something that is beyond the self, but also rewarding to self. Personally, my top level goal is to help people thrive. But I also find the process very gratifying and pleasurable. There is nothing I want to do more passionately than reading a new psychology article.
In the book, Bill Damon talks about his own research as well as that of others. His research shows that only a minority of young people feel a sense of purpose. His research focuses on where purpose comes from and how to share it. When you read it, you feel like you are sitting across from someone who is not only a great scientist, but a wise soul. Path to Purpose radiates his warmth, his empathy and his wisdom on how to lead a good life. For that reason, it has had a big impact. Purpose seems like a calling, rather than a cultivable character attribute.
How is character development shaped by genes and environment? All of the books that I recommended concern genetically-influenced attributes.
At the same time, all these things are environmentally shaped. So, in general, positive reinforcement is the best way to deter negative behavior. Five Books aims to keep its book recommendations and interviews up to date. If you are the interviewee and would like to update your choice of books or even just what you say about them please email us at editor fivebooks. Angela Duckworth is the Founder and CEO of Character Lab , a nonprofit whose mission is to advance the science and practice of character development.
She is also the Christopher H. She can be found on Twitter angeladuckw. We ask experts to recommend the five best books in their subject and explain their selection in an interview. This site has an archive of more than one thousand interviews, or five thousand book recommendations. We publish at least two new interviews per week.
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