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NCERT Solutions for Class 10 History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe NCERT Solutions for Class 10 History � India and The Contemporary World � II given in PDF form updated for new academic session based on latest CBSE Syllabus and new NCERT Books for The learning objective of class 10 history chapter 4 is to Familiarize with the Pro- to- Industrial phase and Early � factory system and.
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In this system, national currencies were pegged to the dollar at a fixed exchange rate. Question 6. Imagine that you are an indentured Indian labourer in the Caribbean.

Drawing from the details in this chapter, write a letter to your family describing your life and feelings. Actually the agents, who hired me and others, provided false information about final destinations, modes of travel, the nature of the work, and living and working conditions.

We are forced to live in harsh conditions. What is more we have been given few legal rights. I am very upset and so are my fellow indentured labourers. In spite ofour best efforts, most of us fail to do the works allotted to us properly and in given time frame. In case of absenteeism from work, one is prosecuted and even sent to jail.

Deductions are also made from wages if the work is considered to have been done unsatisfactorily. Many labourers cannot therefore earn their full wages and are punished in various ways. Actually, we are slaves without any rights and freedoms. I am afraid I can lose my family.

Although I am in great trouble, I have full faith in God. One day He will shower His blessings on me and my fellow labourers.

Yours Raman. Question 7. Explain the three types of movements or flows within international economic exchange. Find one example of each type of flow which involved India and Indians, and write a short account of it.

Answer: The three types of movements or flows within international economic exchange are:. With industrialisation, British cotton manufacture began to expand and industrialists pressurised the government to restrict cotton imports and protect local industries.

Tariffs were imposed on cloth imports into Britain. As a result, the inflow of fine Indian cotton began to decline. But the value of British exports to India was much higher than the value of British imports from India. Britain used this surplus to balance its trade deficits with other countries. By helping Britain balance its deficits, India played a crucial role in the late nineteenth century world economy.

Question 8. Explain the causes of the Great Depression. Answer: The Great Depression began around and lasted till the mids. During this period most parts of the world experienced catastrophic decline in production, employment, incomes and trade.

The depression was caused by a combination of several factors:. As prices fell and agricultural incomes declined, farmers tried to expand production and bring a larger volume of produce to the market to maintain their overall income.

This worsened the glut an excessive supply in the market, pushing down prices even further. Farm produce rotted as there were no buyers. While it was often extremely easy to raise loans in the US when the going was good, the US overseas lenders panicked at the first sign of trouble.

A year later it was one quarter of that amount. Countries that depended crucially on US loans now faced an acute crisis. The withdrawal of the US loans affected much of the rest of the world. In Europe, it led to the failure of some major banks and the collapse of currencies such as the British pound sterling.

In Latin America and elsewhere it intensified the fall in agricultural and raw material prices. With the fall in prices and the prospect of depression, the US banks also slashed domestic lending and called back loans.

Faced with falling incomes, many households in the US could not repay what they had borrowed. Ultimately, the US banking system collapsed. Thousands of banks went bankrupt and were forced to close. In the seventeenth century merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villages.

In the seventeenth century, merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villages because production in urban areas could not be increased due to the presence of powerful trade guilds. These maintained control over production, regulated prices and competition, and restricted the entry of new people in the trade.

Monopolisation was also a common tactic. In the countryside, there were no such rules, and impoverished peasants welcomed these merchants. The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century. Give reason? The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century on account of the growing power of European companies in trade with India. They secured many concessions from local courts as well as the monopoly rights to trade. This led to a decline of the old ports of Surat and Hoogly from where local merchants had operated.

Exports slowed and local banks here went bankrupt. The East India Company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers in India. The East India Company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers in India to establish a more direct control over the weavers, free of the existing traders and brokers in the cloth trade.

The gomasthas were the paid servants who supervised the weavers, collected supplies and examined the quality of cloth. The gomasthas ensured that all management and control of the cloth industry came under the British. This helped in eliminating competition, controlling costs and ensuring regular supplies of cotton and silk products. Explain what is meant by proto-industrialisation. Proto-industrialisation is the phase of industrialisation that was not based on the factory system.

Before the coming of factories, there was large-scale industrial production for an international market. This part of industrial history is known as proto-industrialisation. Why did some industrialists in nineteenth-century Europe prefer hand labour over machines? Some industrialists in nineteenth-century England preferred hand labour over machines because there was no labour shortage in the market, and as a result, there was no problem of high wage costs either.

Industrialists did not wish to replace hand labour with machines that would require large capital investment. Also, in industries where the production and amount of labour required were dependent on the seasons, hand labour was preferred for its lower costs.

Apart from this, many goods could only be manufactured by hand. Machines could provide mass quantities of a uniform product. But the demand was for intricate designs and shapes; this required human skill, and not mechanical technology.

Handmade products also stood for refinement and class status. It was commonly believed that machine-made goods were for export to the colonies. The symbols of new Britain�the British flag, the national anthem and the English language were widely popularised, while the distinctive identities of the other joining states were systematically suppressed.

English culture dominated the British nation, while the other states became mere subsidiaries in the Union. Why Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act. It gave the government autocratic powers to repress political activities besides allowing it to detain political prisoners without a trial, for two years.

The Indian were outraged by this act as it was clearly undemocratic and oppressive, and hurt national sentiments and dignity. Compare the images of Bharat Mata in this chapter with the image of Germania in Chapter 1. The image of Bharat Mata as painted by Abanindranath Tagore shows her as bestowing learning, food and clothing.

She bears aesthetic quality as denoted by the mala held by her. This is similar to the image of Germania as painted by Philip Ncert Solutions Of Class 10th Geography Chapter 5 Visa Veit, where she holds a sword, but looks more feminine. The other painting of Bharat Mata is more manly in its representation.

In it, she is shown as bearing power and authority as denoted by the lion and elephant beside her. The latter image is more akin to the image of Germania by Lorenz Clasen, where she wields a sword and shield, and looks ready to fight.

Explain how the global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of the Americas. The global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of the Americas because the Native American Indians were not immune to the diseases that the settlers and colonisers brought with them. The Europeans were more or less immune to small pox, but the Native Americans, having been cut Ncert Solutions Class 10th History Chapter 4 Work off from the rest of the world for millions of years, had no defence against it.

These germs killed and wiped out whole communities, paving the way for foreign domination. Weapons and soldiers could be destroyed or captured, but diseases could not be fought against. Explain the causes of the Great Depression. The Great Depression was a result of many different factors. The post-war global economy was weak. Also, agricultural over-production proved to be a nuisance, which was made worse by falling food grain prices. To counter this, farmers began to increase production and bring even more produce to the markets to maintain their annual incomes.

This led to such a glut of food grains that prices plummeted further and farm Ncert Solutions Class 10th History Chapter 7 Australia produce was left to rot. Most countries took loans from the US, but American overseas lenders were wary about the same. When they decreased the amount of loans, the countries economically dependent on US loans faced an acute crisis. In Europe, this led to the failure of major banks and currencies such as the British pound sterling. In a bid to protect the American economy, USA doubled import duties. This worsened the world trade scenario.

All these factors contributed to the Great Depression. It affected USA the worst on account of its being a global loan provider and the biggest industrial nation. Why was Martin Luther in favour of print and spoke out in praise of it?

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