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Cruise ships are organized much like floating hotels, with a complete hospitality staff in addition to the usual ship's crew. It is not uncommon for the most luxurious ships to have more crew and staff than passengers. Traditionally, the ships' restaurants organize two dinner services per day, early dining and late dining, and passengers are allocated a set dining time for the entire cruise; a recent trend is to Boat Excursions Nantucket Jobs allow diners to dine whenever they want.
Having two dinner times allows the ship to have enough time and space to accommodate all of their guests. Having two different dinner services can cause some conflicts with some of the ship's events such as shows and performances for the late diners, but this problem is usually fixed by having a shorter version of the event take place before late dinner. Cunard Line ships maintain the class tradition of ocean liners and have separate dining rooms for different types of suites, while Celebrity Cruises and Princess Cruises have a standard dining room and "upgrade" specialty restaurants that require pre-booking and cover charges.
Many cruises schedule one or more "formal dining" nights. Guests dress "formally", however that is defined for the ship, often suits and ties or even tuxedos for men, and formal dresses for women. The menu is more upscale than usual. Besides the dining room, modern cruise ships often contain one or more casual buffet-style eateries, which may be open 24 hours and with menus that vary throughout the day to provide meals ranging from breakfast to late-night snacks.
In recent years, cruise lines have started to include a diverse range of ethnically themed restaurants aboard each ship. Most cruise lines also prohibit passengers from bringing aboard and consuming their own beverages, including alcohol, while aboard.
Alcohol purchased duty-free is sealed and returned to passengers when they disembark. There is often a central galley responsible for serving all major restaurants aboard the ship, though specialty restaurants may have their own separate galleys. As with any vessel, adequate provisioning is crucial, especially on a cruise ship serving several thousand meals at each seating. For example, a quasi "military operation" is required to load and unload passengers and eight tons of food at the beginning and end of each cruise, for the Royal Princess.
Cruise ships require electrical power, normally provided by diesel generators, [38] although an increasing number of new ships are fueled by Liquified Natural Gas LNG. Polluting emissions from the diesel engines can be equivalent to trucks running their engines, and is harmful where ships dock in populated areas. Some cruise ships already support the use of shorepower , while others are being adapted to do so. Some ships have bowling alleys, ice skating rinks, rock climbing walls, sky-diving simulators, miniature golf courses, video arcades, ziplines, surfing simulators, basketball courts, tennis courts, chain restaurants, ropes obstacle courses, and even roller coasters.
H2OZone aboard Freedom of the Seas. Promenade on the Allure of the Seas. Golf course on Brilliance of the Seas. Molecular Bar aboard the Celebrity Equinox before Christmas. Formal brunch aboard the Celebrity Equinox. Surf simulator on Oasis of the Seas. A junior suite on Radiance of the Seas. A luxury suite aboard the Celebrity Equinox. Crew are usually hired on three to eleven month contracts which may then be renewed as mutually agreed, depending on service ratings from passengers as well as the cyclical nature of the cruise line operator.
Most [44] staff work hour work weeks for 10 months continuously followed by two months of vacation. There are no paid vacations or pensions for service, non-management crew, depending on the level of the position and the type of the contract. Non-service and management crew members get paid vacation, medical, retirement options, and can participate in the company's group insurance plan. The direct salary is low by North American standards, [46] though restaurant staff have considerable earning potential from passenger tips.
Crew members do not have any expenses while on board, because food and accommodation, medical care, and transportation for most employees, are included. Oyogoa states that "Crewing agencies often exploit the desperation of potential employees.
Living arrangements vary by cruise line, but mostly by shipboard position. In general two employees share a cabin with a shower, commode and a desk with a television set, while senior officers are assigned single cabins.
All crew members are required to bring their certificates for the Standard of training, certification and watchkeeping or completing the training while being on board.
Crew members need to consider to complete this certification prior embarking since it is time - consuming and needs to be accomplished at the same time they perform their daily work activities while being on board. For the largest cruise operators, most "hotel staff" are hired from less industrialized countries in Asia, Eastern Europe, the Caribbean, and Central America.
While several cruise lines are headquartered in the United States, like most international shipping companies, ships are registered in countries such as the Netherlands, the UK, the Bahamas, and Panama. The International Labour Organization 's Maritime Labour Convention, [49] also known as the "Seafarers' Bill of Rights," [50] provides comprehensive rights and protections for all crew members.
The ILO sets rigorous standards regarding hours of work and rest, health and safety, and living conditions for crew members, and requires governments to ensure that ships comply. For cruise routes around Hawaii , operators are required to register their ships in the United States and the crew is unionized, so these cruises are typically much more expensive than in the Caribbean or the Mediterranean. However, there are extra charges for alcohol and soft drinks, official cruise photos, Internet and wi-fi access, and specialty restaurants; it has been reported [ by whom?
Facilitating this practice are modern cruise terminals with establishments of duty-free shops inside a perimeter accessible only by passengers and not by locals. In one case, Icy Strait Point in Alaska, the entire destination was created explicitly and solely for cruise ship visitors.
Travel to and from the port of departure is usually the passengers' responsibility, although purchasing a transfer pass from the cruise line for the trip between the airport and cruise terminal will guarantee that the ship will not leave until the passenger is aboard. Similarly, if the passenger books a shore excursion with the cruise line and the tour runs late, the ship is obliged to remain until the passenger returns.
Older cruise ships have often had multiple owners. It is usual for the transfer of ownership to entail a refitting and a name change. Some ships have had a dozen or more identities. Many cruise lines have a common naming scheme they use for their ships. Some lines use their name as a prefix or suffix in the ship name such as the prefixes " Carnival ", " AIDA ", " Disney ", and " Norwegian " and the suffix " Princess ".
The addition of these prefixes and suffixes allows multiple cruise lines to use the same popular ship names while maintaining a unique identifier for each ship. Due to slower speed and reduced seaworthiness, as well as being largely introduced after several major wars, cruise ships have never been used as troop transport vessels.
Cruise ships and former liners often find employment in applications other than those for which they were built. A shortage of hotel accommodation for the Summer Olympics led to a plan to moor a number of cruise ships in Athens to provide tourist accommodation. On 1 September , the U. The ship departed from Southampton for Bilbao on 21 April, and returned on 23 April.
In , cruise ships were used to help transport residents from some Caribbean islands destroyed by Hurricane Irma , [59] as well as Puerto Rico residents displaced by Hurricane Maria. Most cruise ships sail the Caribbean or the Mediterranean.
A cruise ship that is moving from one of these regions to another will commonly operate a repositioning cruise while doing so. The number of cruise tourists worldwide in was estimated at some 14 million.
Petersburg, Tallinn, Stockholm and Helsinki. Petersburg, the main Baltic port of call, received , passengers during the cruise season. According to CEMAR [64] statistics the Mediterranean cruise market is going through Boat Excursions Kona Konaki a fast and fundamental change; Italy has won prime position as a destination for European cruises, and destination for the whole of the Mediterranean basin.
There are also smaller cruise lines that cater to a more intimate feeling among their guests. Many American cruise lines to the Caribbean depart out of the Port of Miami , with "nearly one-third of the cruises sailing out of Miami in recent years".
Some UK cruise lines base their ships out of Barbados for the Caribbean season, operating direct charter flights out of the UK. The busiest ports of call in the Caribbean for cruising in the year are listed below [68]. In , Alaskan cruises generated nearly 5 million passenger and crew visits, Between October and September Alaska had about 2. That 2. Visitors generally spend money when travelling, and this is measured in two distinct areas: the cruising companies themselves and the visitors.
There are no current numbers for cruise specific passenger spending ashore, but the overall visitor expenditure can be measured. The second main area of economic growth comes from what the cruising companies and their crews spend themselves. This money is paid to the service providers by the cruise line company. These jobs were scattered across all of Alaska. Labor income is shown in the graph below.
The construction market for cruise ships is dominated by three European companies and one Asian company:. A large number of cruise ships have been built by other shipyards, but no other Boat Excursions Antigua Antiguased individual yard has reached the large numbers of built ships achieved by the four above.
As most of the passengers on a cruise are affluent and have considerable ransom potential, not to mention a considerable amount of cash and jewelry on board for example in casinos and shops , there have been several high-profile pirate attacks on cruise ships, such as on Seabourn Spirit and MSC Melody. As a result, cruise ships have implemented various security measures.
While most merchant shipping firms have generally avoided arming crew or security guards for reasons of safety, liability and conformity with the laws of the countries where they dock, cruise ships have small arms usually semi-automatic pistols stored in a safe accessible only by the captain who distributes them to authorized personnel such as security or the master-at-arms.
The ship's high-pressure fire hoses can be used to keep boarders at bay, and often the vessel itself can be maneuvered to ram pirate craft. A recent technology to deter pirates has been the LRAD or sonic cannon which was used in the successful defense of Seabourn Spirit. A related risk is that of terrorism, the most notable incident being that of the hijacking of Achille Lauro , an Italian cruise ship. Passengers entering the cruise ship are screened by metal detectors.
Explosive detection machines used include X-ray machines and explosives trace-detection portal machines a. Security has been considerably tightened since 11 September , such that these measures are similar to airport security.
In addition to security checkpoints, passengers are often given a ship-specific identification card , which must be shown in order to get on or off the ship. This prevents people boarding who are not entitled to do so, and also ensures the ship's crew are aware of who is on the ship.
CCTV cameras are mounted frequently throughout the ship. In , the United States Congress passed the Cruise Vessel Security and Safety Act [79] after numerous incidents of sexual violence, passenger disappearances, physical assault, and other serious crimes. The Congress said:. Passengers on cruise vessels have an inadequate appreciation of their potential vulnerability to crime while on ocean voyages, and those who may be victimized lack the information they need to understand their legal rights or to know whom to contact for help in the immediate aftermath of the crime.
The Congress said both passengers and crew committed crimes. It said data on the problem was lacking because cruise lines did not make it publicly available, multiple countries were involved in investigating incidents on international waters, and crime scenes could not be secured quickly by police. It recommended that owners of cruise vessels:.
After investigating the death of Dianne Brimble in , a coroner in Australia recommended:. The lobby group International Cruise Victims Association, based in Arizona, pushes for more regulation of the cruise industry, and supports victims of crimes committed on cruise ships. Passengers and crew sometimes drown after going overboard in what the industry calls man-overboard incidents MOBs.
Since , more than people have fallen off cruise ships or large ferries, which is an average of about 1. Of those, only about 17 to 25 per cent were rescued. Critics of the industry blame alcohol promotion for many passenger deaths, and poor labour conditions for crew suicides. They also point to underinvestment in the latest MOB sensors, a lack of regulation and consumer protection, and a lack of on-board counselling services for crew.
The industry blames irresponsible behaviour by passengers, and says overboard sensors are unreliable and generate false alarms. Maritime lawyer Jim Walker estimates about half of all disappearances at sea involve some factor of foul play, and that a lack of police jurisdiction on international waters allows sexual predators to go unpunished. Modern cruise ships are tall but remain stable due to their relatively low center of mass. This is due to large open spaces and the extensive use of aluminium, high-strength steel and other lightweight materials in the upper parts, and the fact that the heaviest components � engines, propellers, fuel tanks and such � are located at the bottom of the hull.
Thus, even though modern cruise ships may appear tall, proper weight distribution ensures that they are not top-heavy. Although most passenger ships utilize stabilizers to reduce rolling in heavy weather, they are only used for crew and passenger comfort and do not contribute to the overall intact stability of the vessel. The ships must fulfill all stability requirements even with the stabilizer fins retracted. According to the Washington Post, a recent study by economic consultant G.
Wild � commissioned by the cruise industry's trade group and released in March � argued that cruises are getting safer over time. The study claims that, even as capacity increased 55 percent between and , the number of overall "operational incidents" declined 37 percent and the rate of man-overboard cases dropped 35 percent.
Norovirus is a virus that commonly causes gastroenteritis in developed countries, [90] and is also a cause of gastroenteritis on cruise ships. The incubation period of the virus averages about 24 hours. Norovirus outbreaks are often perceived to be associated with cruise ships.
According to the United States CDC, the factors that cause norovirus to be associated with cruise ships include the closer tracking and faster reporting of illnesses on cruise ships compared to those Boat Excursions From Naples To Key West Open on land; the closer living quarters that increases the amount of interpersonal contact; as well as the turnover of passengers that may bring the viruses on board. In a study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association , the CDC reported that, "Perceptions that cruise ships can be luxury breeding grounds for acute gastroenteritis outbreaks don't hold water.
A recent CDC report showed that from to , only 0. Ships docked in port undergo surprise health inspections. In , ships that underwent unannounced inspections by the CDC received an average CDC Vessel Sanitation Program score of approximately 97 out of a total possible points. Other pathogens which can colonise pools and spas including those on cruise ships include Legionella , the bacterium which causes Legionnaires' disease. Legionella , and in particular the most virulent strain, Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1, can cause infections when inhaled as an aerosol or aspirated.
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