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Site Passes for dozens of destinations across the country can be purchased on Recreation. Canyons of the Ancients Visitor Center and Museum serves as the headquarters to Canyons of the Ancients National Monument and is southwest Colorado's premier archaeological museum featuring Ancestral Puebloan, Native American, and historic cultures in the Four Corners region. The museum curates almo A pass is required per shooter and covers the use of the specified S This multiple-use trail system is approximately 10 miles in length with a difficulty rating of light to moderate.

You may print the pass and keep it with t This trail system is popular with individuals and family groups that want a scenic and often challenging ride within the National Forest Highway 76 in Union County, GA.

It is conveniently loc This trail system is popular with individuals and family groups that want a scenic and often challenging ride within the National Forest.

Motorized trails clo Nearby, there are several outstanding undeveloped This digital activity pass will serve as your Yellowstone National Park fishing permit.

Fishing has been a popular recreation activity in Yellowstone National Park for more than years, and many people visit the park just to fish. With over miles of rivers and streams, as well as numerou Water Valley Landing is a quiet, family-orinted campground and day use area along the banks of Enid Lake in the forests of northeast Mississippi.

The dam creates almost 16, acres of water for the milli Wallace Creek is a quiet, family-oriented campground situated along the banks of Enid Lake in the forests of northern Mississippi. Picnic shelter is located at boat ramp for family gathering. View a virtual tour of Enid Lake. The nearby towns of Water Valley and Batesville, Mississippi offers Persimmon Hill is a quiet, family-oriented campground and day uses area that sits along the banks of Enid Lake in the forests of northeast Mississippi.

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To prevent further troubles with the Indians, the British government in prohibited the American colonists from settling beyond the Appalachian Mountains.

Heavy debts forced London to decree that the colonists should assume the costs of their own defense, and the British government enacted a series of revenue measures to provide funds for that purpose. But soon, the colonists began to insist that they could be taxed only with their consent and the struggle grew to become one of local versus imperial authority. Widening cultural and intellectual differences also served to divide the colonies and the mother country.

Life on the edge of the civilized world had brought about changes in the colonists' attitudes and outlook, emphasizing their remoteness from English life.

In view of the long tradition of virtual self-government in the colonies, strict enforcement of imperial regulations and British efforts to curtail the power of colonial legislatures presaged inevitable conflict between the colonies and the mother country. When citizens of Massachusetts, protesting the tax on tea, dumped a shipload of tea belonging to the East India Company into Boston harbor in , the British felt compelled to act in defense of their authority as well as in defense of private property.

Punitive measures � referred to as the Intolerable Acts by the colonists � struck at the foundations of self-government. In response, the First Continental Congress , composed of delegates from 12 of the 13 colonies � Georgia was not represented � met in Philadelphia in September , and proposed a general boycott of English goods, together with the organizing of a militia.

British troops marched to Concord, Mass. American "minutemen" assembled on the nearby Lexington green and fired "the shot heard round the world," although no one knows who actually fired the first shot that morning. The British soldiers withdrew and fought their way back to Boston. Voices in favor of conciliation were raised in the Second Continental Congress that assembled in Philadelphia on 10 May , this time including Georgia; but with news of the Restraining Act 30 March , which denied the colonies the right to trade with countries outside the British Empire , all hopes for peace vanished.

George Washington was appointed commander in chief of the new American army, and on 4 July , the 13 American colonies adopted the Declaration of Independence , justifying the right of revolution by the theory of natural rights. British and American forces met in their first organized encounter near Boston on 17 June Numerous battles up and down the coast followed.

The British seized and held the principal cities but were unable to inflict a decisive defeat on Washington's troops. The entry of France into the war on the American side eventually tipped the balance. On 19 October , the British commander, Cornwallis, cut off from reinforcements by the French fleet on one side and besieged by French and American forces on the other, surrendered his army at Yorktown, Va.

American independence was acknowledged by the British in a treaty of peace signed in Paris on 3 September The first constitution uniting the 13 original states � the Articles of Confederation � reflected all the suspicions that Americans entertained about a strong central government.

Congress was denied power to raise taxes or regulate commerce, and many of the powers it was authorized to exercise required the approval of a minimum of nine states. Dissatisfaction with the Articles of Confederation was aggravated by the hardships of a postwar depression, and in � the same year that Congress passed the Northwest Ordinance , providing for the organization of new territories and states on the frontier � a convention assembled in Philadelphia to revise the articles.

The convention adopted an altogether new constitution, the present Constitution of the United States , which greatly increased the powers of the central government at the expense of the states.

This document was ratified by the states with the understanding that it would be amended to include a bill of rights guaranteeing certain fundamental freedoms. These freedoms � including the rights of free speech, press, and assembly, freedom from unreasonable search and seizure, and the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury � are assured by the first 10 amendments to the constitution, adopted on 5 December ; the constitution did however recognize slavery, and did not provide for universal suffrage.

During Washington's administration, the credit of the new nation was bolstered by acts providing for a revenue tariff and an excise tax; opposition to the excise on whiskey sparked the Whiskey Rebellion , suppressed on Washington's orders in Alexander Hamilton 's proposals for funding the domestic and foreign debt and permitting the national government to assume the debts of the states were also implemented.

Hamilton, the secretary of the treasury, also created the first national bank, and was the founder of the Federalist Party. Opposition to the bank as well as to the rest of the Hamiltonian program, which tended to favor northeastern commercial and business interests, led to the formation of an anti- Federalist party , the Democratic- Republicans , led by Thomas Jefferson. The Federalist Party, to which Washington belonged, regarded the French Revolution as a threat to security and property; the Democratic-Republicans, while condemning the violence of the revolutionists, hailed the overthrow of the French monarchy as a blow to tyranny.

The split of the nation's leadership into rival camps was the first manifestation of the two-party system, which has since been the dominant characteristic of the US political scene Jefferson's party should not be confused with the modern Republican Party, formed in The election brought the defeat of Federalist President John Adams , Washington's successor, by Jefferson; a key factor in Adam's loss was the unpopularity of the Alien and Sedition Acts , Federalist-sponsored measures that had abridged certain freedoms guaranteed in the Bill of Rights.

In , Jefferson achieved the purchase from France of the Louisiana Territory, including all the present territory of the United States west of the Mississippi drained by that river and its tributaries; exploration and mapping of the new territory, notably through the expeditions of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark , began almost immediately. Madison , established the principle of federal supremacy in conflicts with the states and enunciated the doctrine of judicial review.

During Jefferson's second term in office, the United States became involved in a protracted struggle between Britain and Napoleonic France. Seizures of US ships and the impressment of US seamen by the British navy led the administration to pass the Embargo Act of , under which no US ships were to put out to sea. After the act was repealed in , ship seizures and impressment of seamen by the British continued, and were the ostensible reasons for the declaration of war on Britain in during the administration of James Madison.

An underlying cause of the War of , however, was land-hungry Westerners' coveting of southern Canada as potential US territory. The war was largely a standoff. A few surprising US naval victories countered British successes on land.

The Treaty of Ghent 24 December , which ended the war, made no mention of impressment and provided for no territorial changes. The occasion for further maritime conflict with Britain, however, disappeared with the defeat of Napoleon in Now the nation became occupied primarily with domestic problems and westward expansion.

Because the United States had been cut off from its normal sources of manufactured goods in Great Britain during the war, textiles and other industries developed and prospered in New England. To protect these infant industries, Congress adopted a high-tariff policy in Three events of the late s and the s were of considerable importance for the future of the country. The federal government in began a policy of forcibly resettling the Indians, already decimated by war and disease, in what later became known as Indian Territory now Oklahoma ; those Indians not forced to move were restricted to reservations.

The Missouri Compromise was an attempt to find a nationally acceptable solution to the volatile dispute over the extension of black slavery to new territories. As a result of the establishment of independent Latin American republics and threats by France and Spain to reestablish colonial rule, President James Monroe in asserted that the Western Hemisphere was closed to further colonization by European powers.

The Monroe Doctrine declared that any effort by such powers to recover territories whose independence the United States had recognized would be regarded as an unfriendly act.

From the s to the outbreak of the Civil War , the growth of manufacturing continued, mainly in the North, and was accelerated by inventions and technological advances. Farming expanded with westward migration. The South discovered that its future lay in the cultivation of cotton. The cotton gin , invented by Eli Whitney in , greatly simplified the problems of production; the growth of the textile industry in New England and Great Britain assured a firm market for cotton.

Hence, during the first half of the 19th century, the South remained a fundamentally agrarian society based increasingly on a one-crop economy. Large numbers of field hands were required for cotton cultivation, and black slavery became solidly entrenched in the southern economy. The construction of roads and canals paralleled the country's growth and economic expansion. The successful completion of the Erie Canal , linking the Great Lakes with the Atlantic, ushered in a canal-building boom.

Railroad building began in earnest in the s, and by , about 3, mi 5, km of track had been laid. The development of the telegraph a few years later gave the nation the beginnings of a modern telecommunications network. As a result of the establishment of the factory system, a laboring class appeared in the North by the s, bringing with it the earliest unionization efforts. Western states admitted into the Union following the War of provided for free white male suffrage without property qualifications and helped spark a democratic revolution.

As eastern states began to broaden the franchise, mass appeal became an important requisite for political candidates. The election to the presidency in of Andrew Jackson , a military hero and Indian fighter from Tennessee, was no doubt a result of this widening of the democratic process.

By this time, the United States consisted of 24 states and had a population of nearly 13 million. The relentless westward thrust of the United States population ultimately involved the United States in foreign conflict. In , US settlers in Texas revolted against Mexican rule and established an independent republic.

Texas was admitted to the Union as a state in , and relations between Mexico and the United States steadily worsened. Polk a pretext to declare war. After a rapid advance, US forces captured Mexico City , and on 2 February , Mexico formally gave up the unequal fight by signing the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , providing for the cession of California and the territory of New Mexico to the United States.

A dispute with Britain over the Oregon Territory was settled in by a treaty that established the 49th parallel as the boundary with Canada. Thenceforth the United States was to be a Pacific as well as an Atlantic power. Westward expansion exacerbated the issue of slavery in the territories. By , abolition of slavery constituted a fundamental aspect of a movement for moral reform, which also encompassed women's rights, universal education, alleviation of working class hardships, and temperance.

In , a year after the discovery of gold had precipitated a rush of new settlers to California, that territory whose constitution prohibited slavery demanded admission to the Union.

A compromise engineered in Congress by Senator Henry Clay in provided for California's admission as a free state in return for various concessions to the South. But enmities dividing North and South could not be silenced. The issue of slavery in the territories came to a head with the Kansas-Nebraska Act of , which repealed the Missouri Compromise and left the question of slavery in those territories to be decided by the settlers themselves.

The ensuing conflicts in Kansas between northern and southern settlers earned the territory the name "bleeding Kansas. In , the Democratic Party , split along northern and southern lines, offered two presidential candidates. The new Republican Party, organized in and opposed to the expansion of slavery, nominated Abraham Lincoln.

Owing to the defection in Democratic ranks, Lincoln was able to carry the election in the electoral college , although he did not obtain a majority of the popular vote. To ardent supporters of slavery, Lincoln's election provided a reason for immediate secession. The secessionists soon began to confiscate federal property in the South. On 12 April , the Confederates opened fire on Ft. Sumter in the harbor of Charleston, S. For the next four years, war raged between the Confederate and Union forces, largely in southern territories.

An estimated , men in the Union forces died of various causes, including , killed in battle. Confederate dead were estimated at ,, including 94, killed in battle. The North, with great superiority in manpower and resources, finally prevailed. A Confederate invasion of the North was repulsed at the battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, in July ; a Union army took Atlanta in September ; and Confederate forces evacuated Richmond, the Confederate capital, in early April With much of the South in Union hands, Confederate Gen.

Robert E. Lee surrendered to Gen. Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia on 9 April. The outcome of the war brought great changes in US life. Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation of was the initial step in freeing some 4 million black slaves; their liberation was completed soon after the war's end by amendments to the Constitution. Lincoln's plan for the reconstruction of the rebellious states was compassionate, but only five days after Lee's surrender, Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth as part of a conspiracy in which US Secretary of State William H.

Seward was seriously wounded. During the Reconstruction era � 77 , the defeated South was governed by Union Army commanders, and the resultant bitterness of southerners toward northern Republican rule, which enfranchised blacks, persisted for years afterward. Vice President Andrew Johnson , who succeeded Lincoln as president, tried to carry out Lincoln's conciliatory policies but was opposed by radical Republican leaders in Congress who demanded harsher treatment of the South.

On the pretext that he had failed to carry out an act of Congress, the House of Representatives voted to impeach Johnson in , but the Senate failed by one vote to convict him and remove him from office. The efforts of southern whites to regain political control of their states led to the formation of terrorist organizations like the Ku Klux Klan , which employed violence to prevent blacks from voting. By the end of the Reconstruction era, whites had reestablished their political domination over blacks in the southern states and had begun to enforce patterns of segregation in education and social organization that were to last for nearly a century.

In many southern states, the decades following the Civil War were ones of economic devastation, in which rural whites as well as blacks were reduced to sharecropper status. Outside the South, however, a great period of economic expansion began. Transcontinental railroads were constructed, corporate enterprise spurted ahead, and the remaining western frontier lands were rapidly occupied and settled. The age of big business tycoons dawned. As heavy manufacturing developed, Pittsburgh, Chicago, and New York emerged as the nation's great industrial centers.

The Knights of Labor , founded in , engaged in numerous strikes, and violent conflicts between strikers and strikebreakers were common. The American Federation of Labor, founded in , established a nationwide system of craft unionism that remained dominant for many decades.

During this period, too, the woman's rights movement organized actively to secure the vote although woman's suffrage was not enacted nationally until , and groups outraged by the depletion of forests and wildlife in the West pressed for the conservation of natural resources. During the latter half of the 19th century, the acceleration of westward expansion made room for millions of immigrants from Europe.

The country's population grew to more than 76 million by As homesteaders, prospectors, and other settlers tamed the frontier, the federal government forced Indians west of the Mississippi to cede vast tracts of land to the whites, precipitating a series of wars with various tribes. By , only , Indians remained in the United States, virtually all of them residing on reservations.

The s marked the closing of the United States frontier for settlement and the beginning of US overseas expansion. By , Hawaiian sugar planters of US origin had become strong enough to bring about the downfall of the native queen and to establish a republic, which in , at its own request, was annexed as a territory by the United States. The sympathies of the United States with the Cuban nationalists who were battling for independence from Spain were aroused by a lurid press and by expansionist elements.

A newly independent Cuba was drawn into the United States orbit as a virtual protectorate through the s. Many eminent citizens saw these new departures into imperialism as a betrayal of the time-honored US doctrine of government by the consent of the governed.

With the marked expansion of big business came increasing protests against the oppressive policies of large corporations and their dominant role in the public life of the nation. A demand emerged for strict control of monopolistic business practice through the enforcement of antitrust laws. Two US presidents, Theodore Roosevelt � 09 , a Republican and Woodrow Wilson � 21 , a Democrat , approved of the general movement for reform, which came to be called progressivism.

Roosevelt developed a considerable reputation as a trustbuster, while Wilson's program, known as the New Freedom, called for reform of tariffs, business procedures, and banking. During Roosevelt's first term, the United States leased the Panama Canal Zone and started construction of a mi km canal, completed in US involvement in World War I marked the country's active emergence as one of the great powers of the world.

When war broke out in between Germany, Austria - Hungary , and Turkey on one side and Britain, France, and Russia on the other, sentiment in the United States was strongly opposed to participation in the conflict, although a large segment of the American people sympathized with the British and the French.

While both sides violated US maritime rights on the high seas, the Germans, enmeshed in a British blockade, resorted to unrestricted submarine warfare. On 6 April , Congress declared war on Germany. Through a national draft of all able-bodied men between the ages of 18 and 45, some 4 million US soldiers were trained, of whom more than 2 million were sent overseas to France. By late , when US troops began to take part in the fighting on the western front, the European armies were approaching exhaustion, and US intervention may well have been decisive in ensuring the eventual victory of the Allies.

In a series of great battles in which US soldiers took an increasingly major part, the German forces were rolled back in the west, and in the autumn of were compelled to sue for peace. Fighting ended with the armistice of 11 November President Wilson played an active role in drawing up the Versailles peace treaty, which embodied his dream of establishing a League of Nations to preserve the peace, but the isolationist bloc in the Senate was able to prevent US ratification of the treaty.

In the s, the United States had little enthusiasm left for crusades, either for democracy abroad or for reform at home; a rare instance of idealism in action was the Kellogg-Briand Pact , an antiwar accord negotiated on behalf of the United States by Secretary of State Frank B. In general, however, the philosophy of the Republican administrations from to was expressed in the aphorism "The business of America is business," and the s saw a great business boom.

The years � 24 also witnessed the unraveling of the Teapot Dome scandal: the revelation that President Warren G. Harding's secretary of the interior, Albert B.

Fall, had secretly leased federal oil reserves in California and Wyoming to private oil companies in return for gifts and loans. The great stock market crash of October ushered in the most serious and most prolonged economic depression the country had ever known.

By , an estimated 12 million men and women were out of work; personal savings were wiped out on a vast scale through a disastrous series of corporate bankruptcies and bank failures. Relief for the unemployed was left to private charities and local governments, which were incapable of handling the enormous task. The inauguration of the successful Democratic presidential candidate, Franklin D. Roosevelt, in March ushered in a new era of US history, in which the federal government was to assume a much more prominent role in the nation's economic affairs.

Proposing to give the country a " New Deal ," Roosevelt accepted national responsibility for alleviating the hardships of unemployment; relief measures were instituted, work projects were established, the deficit spending was accepted in preference to ignoring public distress.

The federal Social Security program was inaugurated, as were various measures designed to stimulate and develop the economy through federal intervention. Unions were strengthened through the National Labor Relations Act , which established the right of employees' organizations to bargain collectively with employers. Union membership increased rapidly, and the dominance of the American Federation of Labor was challenged by the newly formed Congress of Industrial Organizations, which organized workers along industrial lines.

The depression of the s was worldwide, and certain nations attempted to counter economic stagnation by building large military establishments and embarking on foreign adventures. In , Roosevelt, disregarding a tradition dating back to Washington that no president should serve more than two terms, ran again for reelection. He easily defeated his Republican opponent, Wendell Willkie, who, along with Roosevelt, advocated increased rearmament and all possible aid to victims of aggression.

The United States was brought actively into the war by the Japanese attack on the Pearl Harbor naval base in Hawaii on 7 December The forces of Germany, Italy, and Japan were now arrayed over a vast theater of war against those of the United States and the British Commonwealth; in Europe, Germany was locked in a bloody struggle with the Soviet Union. Italy surrendered in ; Germany was successfully invaded in and conquered in May ; and after the United States dropped the world's first atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki , the Japanese capitulated in August.

The Philippines became an independent republic soon after the war, but the United States retained most of its other Pacific possessions, with Hawaii becoming the 50th state in Roosevelt, who had been elected to a fourth term in , died in April and was succeeded by Harry S Truman , his vice president.

Under the Truman administration, the United States became an active member of the new world organization, the United Nations. The Truman administration embarked on large-scale programs of military aid and economic support to check the expansion of communism.

Aid to Greece and Turkey in and the Marshall Plan , a program designed to accelerate the economic recovery of Western Europe , were outstanding features of US postwar foreign policy.

Truman's Point Four program gave technical and scientific aid to developing nations. US naval, air, and ground forces were immediately dispatched by President Truman. An undeclared war ensued, which eventually was brought to a halt by an armistice signed on 27 June In , Dwight D.

Eisenhower, supreme commander of Allied forces in Europe during World War II , was elected president on the Republican ticket, thereby bringing to an end 20 years of Democratic presidential leadership. In foreign affairs, the Eisenhower administration continued the Truman policy of containing the USSR and threatened "massive retaliation" in the event of Soviet aggression, thus heightening the Cold War between the world's two great nuclear powers.

Although Republican domestic policies were more conservative than those of the Democrats , the Eisenhower administration extended certain major social and economic programs of the Roosevelt and Truman administrations, notably Social Security and public housing. The early years of the Eisenhower administration were marked by agitation arising in over charges of Communist and other allegedly subversive activities in the United States � a phenomenon known as McCarthyism, after Republican Senator Joseph R.

McCarthy of Wisconsin, who aroused much controversy with unsubstantiated allegations that Communists had penetrated the US government, especially the Army and the Department of State. Even those who personally opposed McCarthy lent their support to the imposition of loyalty oaths and the blacklisting of persons with left-wing backgrounds. Board of Education of Topeka outlawing segregation of whites and blacks in public schools. In the aftermath of this ruling, desegregation proceeded slowly and painfully.

In the early s, sit-ins, "freedom rides," and similar expressions of nonviolent resistance by blacks and their sympathizers led to a lessening of segregation practices in public facilities.

Under Chief Justice Earl Warren , the high court in mandated the reapportionment of state and federal legislative districts according to a "one person, one vote" formula. It also broadly extended the rights of defendants in criminal trials to include the provision of a defense lawyer at public expense for an accused person unable to afford one, and established the duty of police to advise an accused person of his or her legal rights immediately upon arrest.

In the early s, during the administration of Eisenhower's Democratic successor, John F. Attempts by anti-Communist Cuban exiles to invade their homeland in the spring of failed despite US aid. In October , President Kennedy successfully forced a showdown with the Soviet Union over Cuba in demanding the withdrawal of Soviet-supplied "offensive weapons" � missiles � from the nearby island.

Johnson was inaugurated president. Goldwater, and embarked on a vigorous program of social legislation unprecedented since Roosevelt's New Deal.

His " Great Society " program sought to ensure black Americans' rights in voting and public housing, to give the underprivileged job training, and to provide persons 65 and over with hospitalization and other medical benefits Medicare.

Measures ensuring equal opportunity for minority groups may have contributed to the growth of the woman's rights movement in the late s. This same period also saw the growth of a powerful environmental protection movement.

US military and economic aid to anti-Communist forces in Vietnam , which had its beginnings during the Truman administration while Vietnam was still part of French Indochina and was increased gradually by presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy, escalated in In that year, President Johnson sent US combat troops to South Vietnam and ordered US bombing raids on North Vietnam, after Congress in the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution of had given him practically carte blanche authority to wage war in that region.

By the end of , American forces in Vietnam numbered , men, but US military might was unable to defeat the Vietnamese guerrillas, and the American people were badly split over continuing the undeclared and, some thought, ill-advised or even immoral war, with its high price in casualties and materiel.

Reacting to widespread dissatisfaction with his Vietnam policies, Johnson withdrew in March from the upcoming presidential race, and in November, Republican Richard M. Nixon, who had been the vice president under Eisenhower, was elected president. Thus, the Johnson years � which had begun with the new hopes of a Great Society but had soured with a rising tide of racial violence in US cities and the assassinations of civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. Kennedy, among others � drew to a close.

President Nixon gradually withdrew US ground troops from Vietnam but expanded aerial bombardment throughout Indochina, and the increasingly unpopular and costly war continued for four more years before a cease-fire � negotiated by Nixon's national security adviser, Henry Kissinger � was finally signed on 27 January and the last US soldiers Steamboat Early Season 3 Day Pass were withdrawn. Two years later, the South Vietnamese army collapsed, and the North Vietnamese Communist regime united the country.

Earlier, in July , American technology had achieved a national triumph by landing the first astronaut on the moon. The Nixon administration sought to muster a "silent majority" in support of its Indochina policies and its conservative social outlook in domestic affairs. The most momentous domestic development, however, was the Watergate scandal, which began on 17 June with the arrest of five men associated with Nixon's reelection campaign, during a break-in at Democratic Party headquarters in the Watergate office building in Washington, D.

Although Nixon was reelected in , subsequent disclosures by the press and by a Senate investigating committee revealed a complex pattern of political "dirty tricks" and illegal domestic surveillance throughout his first term.

The president's apparent attempts to obstruct justice by helping his aides cover up the scandal were confirmed by tape recordings made by Nixon himself of his private conversations, which the Supreme Court ordered him to release for use as evidence in criminal proceedings. The House voted to begin impeachment proceedings, and in late July , its Judiciary Committee approved three articles of impeachment.

On 9 August, Nixon became the first president to resign the office. The following year, Nixon's top aides and former attorney general, John N. Mitchell, were convicted of obstruction and were subsequently sentenced to prison. Nixon's successor was Gerald R. Agnew when Agnew resigned following his plea of nolo contendere to charges that he had evaded paying income tax on moneys he had received from contractors while governor of Maryland.

Less than a month after taking office, President Ford granted a full pardon to Nixon for any crimes he may have committed as president. In August , Ford nominated Nelson A. Rockefeller as vice president he was not confirmed until December , thus giving the country the first instance of a nonelected president and an appointed vice president serving simultaneously. Ford's pardon of Nixon, as well as continued inflation and unemployment, probably contributed to his narrow defeat by a Georgia Democrat, Jimmy Carter , in President Carter's forthright championing of human rights � though consistent with the Helsinki accords, the "final act" of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, signed by the United States and 34 other nations in July � contributed to strained relations with the USSR and with some US allies.

During � 79, the president concluded and secured Senate passage of treaties ending US sovereignty over the Panama Canal Zone. His major accomplishment in foreign affairs, however, was his role in mediating a peace agreement between Israel and Egypt , signed at the camp David, Md. Domestically, the Carter administration initiated a national energy program to reduce US dependence on foreign oil by cutting gasoline and oil consumption and by encouraging the development of alternative energy resources.

Exactly a year after the hostages were taken, former California Governor Ronald Reagan defeated Carter in an election that saw the Republican Party score major gains throughout the United States. The hostages were released on 20 January , the day of Reagan's inauguration. Reagan, who survived a chest wound from an assassination attempt in Washington, D. At the same time, he more than doubled the military budget, in constant dollars, between and He slashed the budget of the Environmental Protection Agency and instituted a flat rate reimbursement system for the treatment of Medicare patients with particular illnesses, replacing a more flexible arrangement in which hospitals had been reimbursed for "reasonable charges.

Reagan's appointment of Sandra Day O'Connor as the first woman justice of the Supreme Court was widely praised and won unanimous confirmation from the Senate. However, some of his other high-level choices were extremely controversial � none more so than that of his secretary of the interior, James G.

Watt, who finally resigned on October To direct foreign affairs, Reagan named Alexander M. Haig , Jr. In framing his foreign and defense policy, Reagan insisted on a military buildup as a precondition for arms-control talks with the USSR. His administration sent money and advisers to help the government of El Salvador in its war against leftist rebels, and US advisers were also sent to Honduras , reportedly to aid groups of Nicaraguans trying to overthrow the Sandinista government in their country.

Troops were also dispatched to Lebanon in September , as part of a multinational peacekeeping force in Beirut , and to Grenada in October to oust a leftist government there. Reelected in , President Reagan embarked on his second term with a legislative agenda that included reduction of federal budget deficits which had mounted rapidly during his first term in office , further cuts in domestic spending, and reform of the federal tax code.

In military affairs, Reagan persuaded Congress to fund on a modest scale his Strategic Defense Initiative , commonly known as Star Wars , a highly complex and extremely costly space-based antimissile system. The disclosure prompted the resignation of two of the leaders of the group, Vice Admiral John Poindexter and Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North, as well as investigations by House and Senate committees and a special prosecutor, Lawrence Walsh.

The congressional investigations found no conclusive evidence that Reagan had authorized or known of the diversion. Yet they noted that because Reagan had approved of the sale of arms to Iran and had encouraged his staff to assist Nicaraguan rebels despite the prohibition of such assistance by Congress, "the President created or at least tolerated an environment where those who did know of the diversion believed with certainty that they were carrying out the President's policies.

Reagan was succeeded in by his vice president, George H. Benefiting from a prolonged economic expansion, Bush handily defeated Michael Dukakis, governor of Massachusetts and a liberal Democrat. On domestic issues, Bush sought to maintain policies introduced by the Reagan administration. His few legislative initiatives included the passage of legislation establishing strict regulations of air pollution , providing subsidies for child care, and protecting the rights of the disabled.

Abroad, Bush showed more confidence and energy. While he responded cautiously to revolutions in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, he used his personal relationships with foreign leaders to bring about comprehensive peace talks between Israel and its Arab neighbors, to encourage a peaceful unification of Germany, and to negotiate broad and substantial arms cuts with the Russians.

Bush reacted to Iraq 's invasion of Kuwait in by sending , soldiers to form the basis of a multinational coalition, which he assembled and which destroyed Iraq's main force within seven months. This conflict became known as the Gulf War. One of the biggest crises that the Bush administration encountered was the collapse of the savings and loan industry in the late eighties. Thrift institutions were required by law to pay low interest rates for deposits and long-term loans. The creation of money market funds for the small investor in the eighties which paid higher rates of return than savings accounts prompted depositors to withdraw their money from banks and invest it in the higher yielding mutual funds.

To finance the withdrawals, banks began selling assets at a loss. When the majority of such ventures predictably failed, the federal government found itself compelled by law to rescue the thrifts. In his bid for reelection in , Bush faced not only Democratic nominee Bill Clinton , Governor of Arkansas, but also third-party candidate Ross Perot, a Dallas billionaire who had made his fortune in the computer industry.

In contrast to Bush's first run for the presidency, when the nation had enjoyed an unusually long period of economic expansion, the economy in was just beginning to recover from a recession. Although data released the following year indicated that a healthy rebound had already begun in , the public perceived the economy during election year as weak. Clinton took advantage of this perception in his campaign, focusing on the financial concerns of what he called "the forgotten middle class.

At its outset, Clinton's presidency was plagued by numerous setbacks, most notably the failure of his controversial health care reform plan, drawn up under the leadership of first lady Hillary Rodham Clinton. Major accomplishments included the passage, by a narrow margin, of a deficit-reduction bill calling for tax increases and spending cuts and Congressional approval of the North American Free Trade Agreement , which removed or reduced tariffs on most goods moving across the borders of the United States, Canada, and Mexico.

Although supporters and critics agreed that the treaty would create or eliminate relatively few jobs � two hundred thousand � the accord prompted heated debate. Labor strenuously opposed the agreement, seeing it as accelerating the flight of factory jobs to countries with low labor costs such as Mexico, the third largest trading partner of the United States.

Business, on the other hand, lobbied heavily for the treaty, arguing that it would create new markets for American goods and insisting that competition from Mexico would benefit the American economy. By the fall of , many American workers, still confronting stagnating wages, benefits, and living standards, had yet to feel the effects of the nation's recovery from the recession of � The resulting Steamboat 4 Day Hall Pass Facebook disillusionment with the actions of the Clinton administration and the Democrat-controlled Congress, combined with the widespread climate of social conservatism resulting from a perceived erosion of traditional moral values led to an overwhelming upset by the Republican party in the midterm elections.

The GOP gained control of both houses of Congress for the first time in over 40 years, also winning 11 gubernatorial races, for control of a total of 30 governorships nationwide. The Republican agenda � increased defense spending and cuts in taxes, social programs, and farm subsidies � had been popularized under the label " Contract with America ," the title of a manifesto circulated during the campaign. The ensuing confrontation between the nation's Democratic president and Republican-controlled Congress came to a head at the end of , when Congress responded to presidential vetoes of appropriations and budget bills by refusing to pass stop gap spending measures, resulting in major shutdowns of the federal government in November and December.

The following summer, however, the president and Congress joined forces to reform the welfare system through a bill replacing Aid to Families with Dependent Children with block grants through which welfare funding would largely become the province of the states.

The nation's economic recovery gained strength as the decade advanced, with healthy growth, falling unemployment, and moderate interest and inflation levels. Bolstered by a favorable economy at home and peace abroad, Clinton's faltering popularity rebounded and in he became the first Democratic president elected to a second term since Franklin D. Roosevelt in , defeating the Republican candidate, former Senate majority leader Robert Dole, and Independent Ross Perot, whose electoral support was greatly reduced from its level.

The Republicans retained control of both houses of Congress. In , President Clinton signed into law a bipartisan budget plan designed to balance the federal budget by for the first time since , through a combination of tax and spending cuts. In � 99, the federal government experienced two straight years of budget surpluses. In , special prosecutor Kenneth Starr submitted a report to Congress that resulted in the House of Representatives pass-ing four articles of impeachment against President Clinton.

In the subsequent trial in the Senate, the articles were defeated. Regulation of the three large financial industries underwent significant change in late It cleared the way for banks, insurance companies, and securities companies to sell each other's services and to engage in merger and acquisition activity.

Prior to the Act's passage, activities of the banking, insurance and securities industries were strictly limited by the Glass Steagall Act of , which Gramm-Leach-Bliley repealed. Health care issues received significant attention in On 23 November , 46 states and the District of Columbia together reached a settlement with the large US tobacco companies over compensation for smoking-related health-care costs incurred by the states.

The ongoing strong economy continued through the late s and into Economic expansion set a record for longevity, and � except for higher gasoline prices during summer , stemming from higher crude oil prices � inflation continued to be relatively low. By , there was additional evidence that productivity growth had improved substantially since the mids, boosting living standards while helping to hold down increases in costs and prices despite very tight labor markets.

Hispanics numbered Bush, son of former President George H. The vote count in Florida became the determining factor in the 7 November election, as each candidate needed to obtain the state's 25 electoral college votes in order to capture the needed to win the presidency. When in the early hours of 8 November Bush appeared to have won the state's 25 votes, Gore called Bush to concede the election. He soon retracted the concession, however, after the extremely thin margin of victory triggered an automatic recount of the vote in Florida.

The Democrats subsequently mounted a series of legal challenges to the vote count in Florida, which favored Bush. Gore , was summoned to rule on the election. On 12 December , the Court, divided , reversed the Florida state supreme court decision that had ordered new recounts called for by Al Gore. George W. Bush was declared president. Gore had won the popular vote, however, capturing Once inaugurated, Bush called education his top priority, stating that "no child should be left behind" in America.

He affirmed support for Medicare and Social Security, and called for pay and benefit increases for the military. He called upon charities and faith-based community groups to aid the disadvantaged. He called for research and development of a missile-defense program, and warned of the threat of international terrorism.

The threat of international terrorism was made all too real on 11 September , when 19 hijackers crashed 4 passenger aircraft into the North and South towers of the World Trade Center , the Pentagon , and a field in Stony Creek Township in Pennsylvania.

The World Trade Center towers were destroyed. Approximately 3, people were confirmed or reported dead as a result of all four 11 September attacks. The terrorist organization al-Qaeda, led by Saudi-born Osama bin Laden , was believed to be responsible for the attacks, and a manhunt for bin Laden began. On 7 October , the United States and Britain launched air strikes against known terrorist training camps and military installations within Afghanistan , ruled by the Taliban regime that supported the al-Qaeda organization.

The air strikes were supported by leaders of the European Union and Russia, as well as other nations. By December , the Taliban were defeated, and Afghan leader Hamid Karzai was chosen to lead an interim administration for the country.

Remnants of al-Qaeda still remained in Afghanistan and the surrounding region, and a year after the offensive more than 10, US soldiers remained in Afghanistan to suppress efforts by either the Taliban or al-Qaeda to regroup. As of , Allied soldiers continued to come under periodic attack in Afghanistan. The act gave the government greater powers to detain suspected terrorists or also immigrants , to counter money-laundering, and increase surveillance by domestic law enforcement and international intelligence agencies.

Critics claimed the law did not provide for the system of checks and balances that safeguard civil liberties in the United States. Beginning in late , corporate America suffered a crisis of confidence. In December , the energy giant Enron Corporation declared bankruptcy after massive false accounting practices came to light.

In his January State of the Union Address, President Bush announced that Iran, Iraq, and North Korea constituted an "axis of evil," sponsoring terrorism and threatening the United States and its allies with weapons of mass destruction. Throughout , the United States pressed its case against Iraq, stating that the Iraqi regime had to disarm itself of weapons of mass destruction. In November , the UN Security Council passed Resolution , calling upon Iraq to disarm itself of any chemical, biological, or nuclear weapons it might possess and to allow for the immediate return of weapons inspectors they had been expelled in France and Russia, per-manent members of the UN Security Council, and Germany, a nonpermanent member, in particular, opposed the use of military force.

The disagreement caused a diplomatic rift in the West that was slow to repair. On 1 May, President Bush declared major combat operations had been completed. In May , the Abu Ghraib scandal erupted.

The fact that the prison had been a place of torture and execution under Saddam Hussein's rule made the abuse seem even more degrading. Seven US suspects were named for carrying out the abuse; most were given prison sentences on charges ranging from conspiracy to assault, but some thought higher-ranking officials, including Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, should resign as well.

US forces increasingly became the targets of attacks in Iraq as an insurgency against the US military presence began. By late , nearly 1, US soldiers had been killed since major combat operations Steamboat 4 Day Hall Pass Off were declared over on 1 May Some , US troops remained in Iraq in late , and that number was expected to increase as a referendum on a new Iraqi constitution in October and national elections in December were to be held.

The presidential election was held on 2 November. President George W. Kerry and John R. Bush received approximately 3 million more popular votes than Kerry, and won the electoral vote to One electoral vote went to John Edwards when an elector pledged to Kerry voted for "John Edwards" instead. The vote in Ohio was the deciding factor, and upon conceding Ohio, Kerry conceded the election.

The campaign was run on such issues as terrorism, the War in Iraq, the economy, and to a lesser extent issues of morality and values Anti-gay marriage measures were on the ballots in 11 states, and all passed. The city of New Orleans, Louisiana, was evacuated, but some , people were unable to leave before the storm hit.

A day after the storm appeared to have bypassed the city's center, levees were breached by the storm surge and water submerged the metropolis.

Rescuers initially ignored the bodies of the dead in the search to find the living. Those unable to leave the city were sheltered in the Louisiana Superdome and New Orleans Convention Center; air conditioning , electricity, and running water failed, making for unsanitary and uncomfortable conditions. They were later transferred to other shelters, including the Houston Astrodome.

Looting, shootings, and carjackings exacerbated already devastating conditions. Katrina had global economic consequences, as imports, exports, and oil supplies � including production, importation, and refining � were disrupted.

Brown resigned his position amid the furor. Race and class issues also came to the fore, as the majority of New Orleans residents unable to evacuate the city and affected by the catastrophe were poor and African American.

The Constitution of the United States , signed in , is the nation's governing document. In the first 10 amendments to the Constitution, ratified in and known as the Bill of Rights , the federal government is denied the power to infringe on rights generally regarded as fundamental to the civil liberties of the people.

These amendments prohibit the establishment of a state religion and the abridgment of freedom of speech , press, and the right to assemble. They protect all persons against unreasonable searches and seizures, guarantee trial by jury, and prohibit excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishments. No person may be required to testify against himself, nor may he be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.

The 13th Amendment banned slavery; the 15th protected the freed slaves' right to vote; and the 19th guaranteed the franchise to women. In all, there have been 27 amendments, the last of which, proposed in but ratified in , denied the variation of the compensation of Senators and Representatives until an election intervened.

The Equal Rights Amendment ERA , approved by Congress in , would have mandated equality between the sexes; only 35 of the required 38 states had ratified the ERA by the time the ratification deadline expired on 30 June The United States has a federal form of government, with the distribution of powers between the federal government and the states constitutionally defined.

The legislative powers of the federal government are vested in Congress, which consists of the House of Representatives and the Senate. There are members of the House of Representatives. Each state is allotted a number of representatives in proportion to its population as determined by the decennial census.

Representatives are elected for two-year terms in every even-numbered year. A representative must be at least 25 years old, must be a resident of the state represented, and must have been a citizen of the United States for at least seven years. The Senate consists of two senators from each state, elected for six-year terms.

Senators must be at least 30 years old, must be residents of the states from which they are elected, and must have been citizens of the United States for at least nine years. One-third of the Senate is elected in every even-numbered year.

Congress legislates on matters of taxation, borrowing, regulation of international and interstate commerce, formulation of rules of naturalization, bankruptcy, coinage, weights and measures , post offices and post roads, courts inferior to the Supreme Court, provision for the armed forces, among many other matters. A broad interpretation of the "necessary and proper" clause of the Constitution has widened considerably the scope of congressional legislation based on the enumerated powers.

A bill that is passed by both houses of Congress in the same form is submitted to the president, who may sign it or veto it.

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