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The initial application and the certification renewal statement shall be developed by the Department of Economic Opportunity. The Division of Strategic Business Development of the Department of Economic Opportunity shall review each submitted initial application and determine whether or not the application is complete within 5 working days. Once complete, the division shall, within 10 working days, evaluate the application and recommend approval or disapproval to the Department of Economic Opportunity.

Upon receipt of the initial application and recommendation from the division or upon receipt of a certification renewal statement, the Department of Economic Opportunity shall certify within 5 working days those applicants who are found to meet the requirements of this section and notify the applicant of the original certification or certification renewal. If the Department of Economic Opportunity finds that the applicant does not meet the requirements, it shall notify the applicant and Enterprise Florida, Inc.

The Department of Economic Opportunity has final approval authority for certification under this section. The initial application and certification renewal statement must indicate, for program evaluation purposes only, the average number of full-time equivalent employees at the facility over the preceding calendar year, the average wage and benefits paid to those employees over the preceding calendar year, the total investment made in real and tangible personal property over the preceding calendar year, and the total value of tax-exempt purchases and taxes exempted during the previous year.

The department shall assist the Department of Economic Opportunity in evaluating and verifying information provided in the application for exemption. The Department of Economic Opportunity may use the information reported on the initial application and certification renewal statement for evaluation purposes only. A business certified to receive this exemption may elect to designate one or more state universities or community colleges as recipients of up to percent of the amount of the exemption.

To receive these funds, the institution must agree to match the funds with equivalent cash, programs, services, or other in-kind support on a one-to-one basis for research and development projects requested by the certified business.

The rights to any patents, royalties, or real or intellectual property must be vested in the business unless otherwise agreed to by the business and the university or community college.

As used in this paragraph, the term: a. The term does not include products that are designed or manufactured for general commercial aviation or other uses even though those products may also serve an incidental use in space applications.

Building materials used in the construction of a qualified home and the costs of labor associated with the construction of a qualified home are exempt from the tax imposed by this chapter upon an affirmative showing to the satisfaction of the department that the requirements of this paragraph have been met. This exemption inures to the owner through a refund of previously paid taxes.

To receive this refund, the owner must file an application under oath with the department which includes: a. The name and address of the owner. The address and assessment roll parcel number of the home for which a refund is sought. A copy of the building permit issued for the home. A certification by the local building code inspector that the home is substantially completed.

A sworn statement, under penalty of perjury, from the general contractor licensed in this state with whom the owner contracted to construct the home, which statement lists the building materials used in the construction of the home and the actual cost thereof, the labor costs associated with such construction, and the amount of sales tax paid on these materials and labor costs.

If a general contractor was not used, the owner shall provide this information in a sworn statement, under penalty of perjury. Copies of invoices evidencing payment of sales tax must be attached to the sworn statement. A sworn statement, under penalty of perjury, from the owner affirming that he or she is occupying the home for residential purposes. An application for a refund under this paragraph must be submitted to the department within 6 months after the date the home is deemed to be substantially completed by the local building code inspector.

Within 30 working days after receipt of the application, the department shall determine if it meets the requirements of this paragraph. A refund approved pursuant to this paragraph shall be made within 30 days after formal approval of the application by the department. The department shall establish by rule an application form and criteria for establishing eligibility for exemption under this paragraph.

The exemption shall apply to purchases of materials on or after July 1, A mixed-use project must be located in an urban high-crime area, an enterprise zone, an empowerment zone, a Front Porch Florida Community, a designated brownfield site for which a rehabilitation agreement with the Department of Environmental Protection or a local government delegated by the Department of Environmental Protection has been executed under s.

Building materials used in the construction of a housing project or mixed-use project are exempt from the tax imposed by this chapter upon an affirmative showing to the satisfaction of the department that the requirements of this paragraph have been met. The address and assessment roll parcel number of the project for which a refund is sought. A copy of the building permit issued for the project.

A certification by the local building code inspector that the project is substantially completed. A sworn statement, under penalty of perjury, from the general contractor licensed in this state with whom the owner contracted to construct the project, which statement lists the building materials used in the construction of the project and the actual cost thereof, and the amount of sales tax paid on these materials.

An application for a refund under this paragraph must be submitted to the department within 6 months after the date the project is deemed to be substantially completed by the local building code inspector.

The credit shall be granted as a refund against state sales and use taxes reported on returns and remitted in the 12 months preceding the date of application to the department for the credit as required in sub-subparagraph 3. If the annual credit is not fully used through such refund because of insufficient tax payments during the applicable month period, the unused amount may be included in an application for a refund made pursuant to sub-subparagraph 3.

Carryover credits may be applied for a 3-year period without regard to any time limitation that would otherwise apply under s. All proposals for the granting of the tax credit require the prior approval of the Department of Economic Opportunity.

The total amount of tax credits which may be granted for all programs approved under this paragraph and ss. A person who is eligible to receive the credit provided in this paragraph, s. Eligibility requirements. All community contributions must be reserved exclusively for use in a project.

A project may be the investment necessary to increase access to high-speed broadband capability in a rural community that had an enterprise zone designated pursuant to chapter as of May 1, , including projects that result in improvements to communications assets that are owned by a business.

A project may include the provision of museum educational programs and materials that are directly related to a project approved between January 1, , and December 31, , and located in an area which was in an enterprise zone designated pursuant to s.

This paragraph does not preclude projects that propose to construct or rehabilitate housing for low-income households or very-low-income households on scattered sites or housing opportunities for persons with special needs.

Contributions for lien removal must be received from a nonrelated third party. The project must be located in an area which was in an enterprise zone designated pursuant to chapter as of May 1, , or a Front Porch Florida Community, unless the project increases access to high-speed broadband capability in a rural community that had an enterprise zone designated pursuant to chapter as of May 1, , but is physically located outside the designated rural zone boundaries.

Any project designed to construct or rehabilitate housing for low-income households or very-low-income households or housing opportunities for persons with special needs is exempt from the area requirement of this sub-subparagraph.

If, during the first 10 business days of the state fiscal year, eligible tax credit applications for projects other than those that provide housing opportunities for persons with special needs or homeownership opportunities for low-income households or very-low-income households are received for more than the annual tax credits available for those projects, the Department of Economic Opportunity shall grant the tax credits for those applications on a pro rata basis.

Application requirements. An eligible sponsor seeking to participate in this program must submit a proposal to the Department of Economic Opportunity which sets forth the name of the sponsor, a description of the project, and the area in which the project is located, together with such supporting information as is prescribed by rule.

The proposal must also contain a resolution from the local governmental unit in which the project is located certifying that the project is consistent with local plans and regulations. A person seeking to participate in this program must submit an application for tax credit to the Department of Economic Opportunity which sets forth the name of the sponsor, a description of the project, and the type, value, and purpose of the contribution.

The sponsor shall verify, in writing, the terms of the application and indicate its receipt of the contribution, and such verification must accompany the application for tax credit.

The person must submit a separate tax credit application to the Department of Economic Opportunity for each individual contribution that it makes to each individual project. A person who has received notification from the Department of Economic Opportunity that a tax credit has been approved must apply to the department to receive the refund.

Application must be made on the form prescribed for claiming refunds of sales and use taxes and be accompanied by a copy of the notification. A person may submit only one application for refund to the department within a month period. The Department of Economic Opportunity may adopt rules necessary to administer this paragraph, including rules for the approval or disapproval of proposals by a person.

The decision of the Department of Economic Opportunity must be in writing, and, if approved, the notification shall state the maximum credit allowable to the person. Upon approval, the Department of Economic Opportunity shall transmit a copy of the decision to the department. The Department of Economic Opportunity shall periodically monitor all projects in a manner consistent with available resources to ensure that resources are used in accordance with this paragraph; however, each project must be reviewed at least once every 2 years.

The Department of Economic Opportunity shall, in consultation with the statewide and regional housing and financial intermediaries, market the availability of the community contribution tax credit program to community-based organizations. The dealer shall separately state the credit on the electronic return.

The net amount of tax due and payable must be remitted by electronic funds transfer. If the credit for the qualified expenditures is larger than the amount owed on the sales and use tax return that is eligible for the credit, the unused amount of the credit may be carried forward to a succeeding reporting period as provided in s. A dealer may only obtain a credit using the method described in this subparagraph.

A dealer is not authorized to obtain a credit by applying for a refund. The term does not include the reconstruction, renovation, restoration, rehabilitation, modification, alteration, or expansion of buildings already located on the parcel on which the new construction is built.

Building materials, the rental of tangible personal property, and pest control services used in new construction located in a rural area of opportunity, as designated by the Governor pursuant to s. Except as provided in subparagraph 3.

To receive a refund pursuant to this paragraph, the owner, lessee, or lessor of the new construction must file an application under oath with the Department of Economic Opportunity.

The application must include all of the following: a. An address and assessment roll parcel number of the real property that was improved by the new construction for which a refund of previously paid taxes is being sought. A description of the new construction. A copy of a valid building permit issued by the county or municipal building department for the new construction. A sworn statement, under penalty of perjury, from the general contractor licensed in this state with whom the applicant contracted to build the new construction, which specifies the exempt goods and services, the actual cost of the exempt goods and services, and the amount of sales tax paid in this state on the exempt goods and services, and which states that the improvement to the real property was new construction.

If a general contractor was not used, the applicant shall make the sworn statement required by this sub-subparagraph. Copies of the invoices evidencing the actual cost of the exempt goods and services and the amount of sales tax paid on such goods and services must be attached to the sworn statement provided by the general contractor or by the applicant.

If copies of such invoices are not attached, the cost of the exempt goods and services is deemed to be an amount equal to 40 percent of the increase in assessed value of the property for ad valorem tax purposes.

A certification by the local building code inspector that the new construction is substantially completed and is new construction. The exemption under this paragraph inures to a municipality, county, other governmental unit or agency, or nonprofit community-based organization through a refund of previously paid taxes if the exempt goods and services are paid for from the funds of a community development block grant, the State Housing Initiatives Partnership Program, or a similar grant or loan program.

To receive a refund, a municipality, county, other governmental unit or agency, or nonprofit community-based organization must file an application that includes the same information required under subparagraph 2. In addition, the application must include a sworn statement signed by the chief executive officer of the municipality, county, other governmental unit or agency, or nonprofit community-based organization seeking a refund which states that the exempt goods and services for which a refund is sought were funded by a community development block grant, the State Housing Initiatives Partnership Program, or a similar grant or loan program.

Within 10 working days after receiving an application, the Department of Economic Opportunity shall review the application to determine whether it contains all of the information required by subparagraph 2. The Department of Economic Opportunity shall certify all applications that contain the required information and are eligible to receive a refund. The certification must be in writing and a copy must be transmitted by the Department of Economic Opportunity to the executive director of the department.

The applicant is responsible for forwarding a certified application to the department within the period specified in subparagraph 5. An application for a refund must be submitted to the department within 6 months after the new construction is deemed to be substantially completed by the local building code inspector or by November 1 after the improved property is first subject to assessment. Only one exemption through a refund of previously paid taxes for the new construction may be claimed for any single parcel of property unless there is a change in ownership, a new lessor, or a new lessee of the real property.

A refund may not exceed the lesser of The department shall issue a refund within 30 days after it formally approves a refund application. The department shall deduct 10 percent of each refund amount granted under this paragraph from the amount transferred into the Local Government Half-cent Sales Tax Clearing Trust Fund pursuant to s.

The department may adopt rules governing the manner and format of refund applications and may establish guidelines as to the requisites for an affirmative showing of qualification for exemption under this paragraph. This exemption does not apply to improvements for which construction began before July 1, The term does not include any ancillary load for cooling, lighting, common areas, or other equipment.

However, the term does not include any expenses incurred in the acquisition of improved real property operating as a data center at the time of acquisition or within 6 months before the acquisition.

The term includes, but is not limited to, construction materials, component parts, machinery, equipment, computers, servers, installations, redundancies, and operating or enabling software, including any replacements, updates and new versions, and upgrades to or for such property, regardless of whether the property is a fixture or is otherwise affixed to or incorporated into real property.

The term also includes electricity used exclusively at a data center. Data center property is exempt from the tax imposed by this chapter, except for the tax imposed by s. Each of these requirements must be satisfied no later than 5 years after the commencement of construction of the data center. To receive the exemption provided by this paragraph, the person seeking the exemption must apply to the department for a temporary tax exemption certificate.

The application must state that a qualifying data center designation is being sought and provide information that the requirements of subparagraph 2. Upon a tentative determination by the department that the data center will meet the requirements of subparagraph 2.

Upon satisfaction of all requirements of subparagraph 2. Such documentation must include written declarations, pursuant to s. As part of the review, the certificateholder shall, within 3 months before the end of any 5-year period, submit a written declaration, pursuant to s. All owners, tenants, contractors, and others purchasing exempt data center property shall maintain all necessary books and records to support the exemption as to those purchases.

If, in an audit conducted by the department, it is determined that the certificateholder or any owners, tenants, contractors, or others purchasing, renting, or leasing data center property do not meet the criteria of this paragraph, the amount of taxes exempted at the time of purchase, rental, or lease is immediately due and payable to the department from the purchaser, renter, or lessee of those particular items, together with the appropriate interest and penalty computed from the date of purchase in the manner prescribed by this chapter.

Notwithstanding s. Purchasers, lessees, and renters of data center property who qualify for the exemption provided by this paragraph shall obtain from the data center a copy of the tax exemption certificate issued pursuant to sub-subparagraph a.

Before or at the time of purchase of the item or items eligible for exemption, the purchaser, lessee, or renter shall provide to the seller a copy of the tax exemption certificate and a signed certificate of entitlement. Purchasers, lessees, and renters with self-accrual authority shall maintain all documentation necessary to prove the exempt status of purchases.

For any purchase, lease, or rental of property that is exempt pursuant to this paragraph, the possession of a copy of a tax exemption certificate issued pursuant to sub-subparagraph a.

After June 30, , the department may not issue a temporary tax exemption certificate pursuant to this paragraph. Industrial machinery and equipment purchased for use in aquacultural activities at fixed locations are exempt from the tax imposed by this chapter. Aquacultural activities must produce an aquaculture product. Such products do not include organisms harvested from the wild for depuration, wet storage, or relay for purification.

The term includes a building and its structural components, including heating and air-conditioning systems. The term includes parts and accessories only to the extent that the exemption thereof is consistent with this paragraph. This exemption shall not inure to any transaction otherwise taxable under this chapter when payment is made by a government employee by any means, including, but not limited to, cash, check, or credit card when that employee is subsequently reimbursed by the governmental entity.

This exemption does not include sales, rental, use, consumption, or storage for use in any political subdivision or municipality in this state of machines and equipment and parts and accessories therefor used in the generation, transmission, or distribution of electrical energy by systems owned and operated by a political subdivision in this state for transmission or distribution expansion.

Likewise exempt are charges for services rendered by radio and television stations, including line charges, talent fees, or license fees and charges for films, videotapes, and transcriptions used in producing radio or television broadcasts.

The exemption provided in this subsection does not include sales, rental, use, consumption, or storage for use in any political subdivision or municipality in this state of machines and equipment and parts and accessories therefor used in providing two-way telecommunications services to the public for hire by the use of a telecommunications facility, as defined in s.

Any immunity of any political subdivision of the state or other entity of local government from taxation of the property used to provide telecommunication services that is taxed as a result of this section is hereby waived. However, the exemption provided in this subsection includes transactions taxable under this chapter which are for use by the operator of a public-use airport, as defined in s. A determination of whether a particular transaction is properly characterized as an exempt sale to a government entity or a taxable sale to a contractor shall be based upon the substance of the transaction rather than the form in which the transaction is cast.

If the department later determines that such sales, in which the governmental entity provided the dealer and the contractor with a certificate of entitlement to the exemption, were not exempt sales to the governmental entity, the governmental entity shall be liable for any tax, penalty, and interest determined to be owed on such transactions.

Possession by a dealer or contractor of a certificate of entitlement to the exemption from the governmental entity relieves the dealer from the responsibility of collecting tax on the sale and the contractor for any liability for tax, penalty, or interest related to the sale, and the department shall look solely to the governmental entity for recovery of tax, penalty, and interest if the department determines that the transaction was not an exempt sale to the governmental entity.

The governmental entity may not transfer liability for such tax, penalty, and interest to another party by contract or agreement.

In developing such rules, assumption of the risk of damage or loss is of paramount consideration in the determination. The department shall also adopt, by rule, a certificate of entitlement to exemption for use as provided in paragraph b. The certificate shall require the governmental entity to affirm that it will comply with the requirements of this subsection and the rules adopted under paragraph b in order to qualify for the exemption and that it acknowledges its liability for any tax, penalty, or interest later determined by the department to be owed on such transactions.

This paragraph applies to a municipally owned golf course that is: 1. Located in a county with a population of at least 2 million residents. The site upon which youth education programs are delivered on an ongoing basis by a nonprofit organization that is exempt from federal income tax under s. In addition, exemptions provided to any entity by this subsection do not inure to any transaction that is otherwise taxable under this chapter unless the entity has obtained a sales tax exemption certificate from the department or the entity obtains or provides other documentation as required by the department.

Eligible purchases or leases made with such a certificate must be in strict compliance with this subsection and departmental rules, and any person who makes an exempt purchase with a certificate that is not in strict compliance with this subsection and the rules is liable for and shall pay the tax.

The department may adopt rules to administer this subsection. This exemption does not apply to the use of boiler fuels that are not used in manufacturing, processing, compounding, or producing items of tangible personal property for sale, or to the use of boiler fuels used by any firm subject to regulation by the Division of Hotels and Restaurants of the Department of Business and Professional Regulation. Residents of a home for the aged are exempt from payment of taxes on meals provided through the facility.

A home for the aged is defined as a facility that is licensed or certified in part or in whole under chapter , chapter , or chapter , or that is financed by a mortgage loan made or insured by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development under s.

If any part of the utility or fuel is used for a nonexempt purpose, the entire sale is taxable. The landlord shall provide a separate meter for nonexempt utility or fuel consumption. For the purposes of this paragraph, licensed family day care homes shall also be exempt.

This exemption is extended only to that level of the organization that has a salaried executive officer or an elected nonsalaried executive officer. There are exempt from the tax imposed by this chapter transactions involving sales or leases directly to religious institutions when used in carrying on their customary nonprofit religious activities or sales or leases of tangible personal property by religious institutions having an established physical place for worship at which nonprofit religious services and activities are regularly conducted and carried on.

Exempt from the tax imposed by this chapter are sales or leases to organizations determined by the Internal Revenue Service to be currently exempt from federal income tax pursuant to s. Exempt from the tax imposed by this chapter is tangible personal property purchased for resale by a dealer and subsequently donated to an organization determined by the Internal Revenue Service to be currently exempt from federal income tax pursuant to s.

Yearbooks, magazines, newspapers, directories, bulletins, and similar publications distributed by such educational institutions to their students are also exempt.

School books and food sold or served at a college or institution of higher learning are taxable, except that prepaid meal plans purchased for use by students currently enrolled or preparing to enroll in a college or institution of higher learning are exempt.

Prepaid meal plans that contain a defined number of meals or a defined number of dollar equivalencies qualify for this exemption. Notwithstanding the provisions of chapter , pertaining to the registration of vessels, a boat upon which the state sales or use tax has not been paid is exempt from the use tax under this chapter if it enters and remains in this state for a period not to exceed a total of 20 days in any calendar year calculated from the date of first dockage or slippage at a facility, registered with the department, that rents dockage or slippage space in this state.

If a boat brought into this state for use under this paragraph is placed in a facility, registered with the department, for repairs, alterations, refitting, or modifications and such repairs, alterations, refitting, or modifications are supported by written documentation, the day period shall be tolled during the time the boat is physically in the care, custody, and control of the repair facility, including the time spent on sea trials conducted by the facility.

The day time period may be tolled only once within a calendar year when a boat is placed for the first time that year in the physical care, custody, and control of a registered repair facility; however, the owner may request and the department may grant an additional tolling of the day period for purposes of repairs that arise from a written guarantee given by the registered repair facility, which guarantee covers only those repairs or modifications made during the first tolled period.

Within 72 hours after the date upon which the registered repair facility took possession of the boat, the facility must have in its possession, on forms prescribed by the department, an affidavit which states that the boat is under its care, custody, and control and that the owner does not use the boat while in the facility.

Upon completion of the repairs, alterations, refitting, or modifications, the registered repair facility must, within 72 hours after the date of release, have in its possession a copy of the release form which shows the date of release and any other information the department requires. The repair facility shall maintain a log that documents all alterations, additions, repairs, and sea trials during the time the boat is under the care, custody, and control of the facility.

Had it not been for untoward accidents, the arrangement might well have put the colony on its feet. As it was, Smith's bright outlook for was destroyed, Smith himself left for England with his term barely finished, and Jamestown came dangerously near to extinction.

Edward Arber has not been the only editor to show some surprise at the publication in of Smith's Accidence Necessary for all Young Sea-men. His learning in his youth about seamanship as well as trading and fighting was only natural. Indeed, it seems likely that Smith's encounter with the authority of Wingfield or Newport off the Canaries early in may have been due to his knowing something about handling a ship or where to get water on Gran Canaria.

His title of "admiral" must have been granted to him officially or tacitly because of his voyage to New England in , when he had been captain in charge of the tiny fleet and when he had directed the coastal survey on which his map was based.

In this way, his Accidence was born of his own experience. Then, taking advantage of a manuscript copy of Sir Henry Mainwaring's "Dictionary" first published in , he expanded the Accidence into the Sea Grammar , putting more than common effort into "researching," and utilizing practically all works published by that date Accidence , 33, ; Sea Grammar , 69, 83 [73].

This subject of course involves relations with the Indians. According to George Percy, the colony's "cape merchant" or commissary, Thomas Studley, died on August 28, On September 10, Wingfield was deposed as president as has been mentioned , and shortly thereafter "the new President [Ratcliffe] Those who have considered Smith as primarily a militarist have overlooked the stress Smith continuously placed on trade, and on the need to keep the Indians at hand and also at peace.

The Indians were not to be persecuted away, for they supplied food, but the English had to maintain their readiness for combat through strict discipline. This basic philosophy of survival and growth forced Smith to travel in order to trade; travel and trade forced him to explore; and all put together forced him to learn the language and the ways of the Indians. Smith was a relatively ill-educated man, yet experience in Europe had taught him a modicum of French, Italian, and probably Spanish.

In addition, it had trained him in seamanship as we have seen , in combat, and in survival, while his modest social background in England had instilled in him an appreciation of what it is to be the underdog in a class-conscious society Smith himself of course would not have thought of it in those terms.

All of this served him admirably in his Indian "policy," if ad hoc solutions to unexpected problems can constitute a policy. Obviously, the Indians had to supply the colony with food, since the colonists were too lazy to supply themselves by working in the fields, but the colonists had to reimburse the Indians through barter.

It was not right to browbeat the Indians, but neither should the Indians steal or take potshots at the colonists. And Smith's troubles with the silly, unrealistic orders from London, as well as the silly, unrealistic behavior of the colonists in Virginia, made all of this extremely real to him. He was not a trained administrator. He was a reasonably successful improviser. By the same token, when Smith's career led him to lay down the musket and the compass, he had to improvise with the pen.

As he had learned to use the first two, so he learned to use the last. In the meanwhile, his writings reflect weakness and uncertainty in style, conservative use of dialect words in English in company with occasional borrowings from foreign languages, and the particularity of putting down his thoughts at random, in his own way, with little regard to organization.

All of this makes Smith difficult to read at times: his antiquated syntax conflicts with the modernity of most of his language. Yet it all clarifies Smith's character and habits. To get along, he insists, one must do business in some fashion such as trading in the Mediterranean or in America while bowing to the demands of the circumstances, and one must know how to fight when necessary, and be ready at all times.

Characteristically, at the end of his life, Smith was urging the development of the fishing industry in New England, while arguing for self-discipline and readiness for self-defense. Jarvis M. Morse has already recapitulated the bulk of critical comment on Smith and his writings, both pro and con, in an article published in Without going into detail, it is evident that most of the carping criticism revolves around two foci: Smith's rescue by Pocahontas and his soldiering in eastern Europe.

But what Morse barely implies if even that is what is primary: the Indians and the Turkish war were two subjects about which the critics knew little or nothing. What really happened when Pocahontas "saved Smith's life" we can never know; but Indian customs provide an explanation, and the exercise of tact for the benefit of the Virginia Company in London could explain the seemingly contradictory accounts.

By the same token, the matter of the Ferneza "book" on Smith in Transylvania is still unsolved see the Purchas version in the Fragments , but local history and Turkish customs offer circumstantial evidence that the story is most likely true. All that was needed was for Morse, and the critics he criticized, to dig deeper. When it came to Alexander Brown's Genesis and the obsessive dislike of Smith it exhibits, Morse was on surer ground.

Morse contrasted Brown with Justin Winsor's Narrative and Critical History , which was already in print when Brown began work, but without indicating that Brown could have consulted Winsor.

More to the point, however, Morse called attention to Smith's portrayal of "the spirit of his times" and stressed the value of Smith's description of the founding of Plymouth by the Pilgrims.

Some years after Morse, Bradford Smith, obviously with the aim of restoring Smith's reputation, called on a Hungarian scholar, Dr. Laura Polanyi Striker, and thus for the first time serious investigation of the problems created by the True Travels began.

The editor is happy to have known Bradford Smith and to have corresponded with Dr. Striker, both of whom are now deceased. In brief summation, appreciative mention must also be made of Professor Everett H. So much has been written about the John Smith of legend along with Pocahontas, usually , and so much that is pure legend has been written about John Smith that a summary of either would be beyond the purview of an edition that strives to be basically factual.

Regarding the former, the editor can refer to a brief mention in his Three Worlds , , and to Jay B. For example, at least since Charles Deane wrote "Smith was a true knight errant," 23 Smith has been so labeled. In fact, to read Deane's note, Smith would appear to have been more of a Casanova than a hero of medieval romances. Were not the "tufftaffaty humorists" whom Smith derided Proceedings , 13 , closer to the knights?

If we look for knights errant in Virginia, even though loveless, they might be found in Edward Maria Wingfield, with his aloof gentility, and George Percy, who kept a "continual and dayly Table for Gentlemen of fashion" in Jamestown, in Smith paid ladies their proper compliments while seeing life as it was.

See Marshall W. Fishwick, "Virginians on Olympus: 1. For Percy, see John W. Shirley, "George Percy at Jamestown, ," ibid. As is shown in the bibliographical note following each of Smith's works printed here, several titles were reissued or appeared in new editions between and Then, a few years later, translations of parts of the Generall Historie and the True Travels appeared, first in Dutch in , and then in German in It was the next century, however, before new English editions began to come out, first in Virginia in , and later in New England.

Nevertheless, it was not until that an edition of Smith's collected works was published. In that year, Edward Arber , a distinguished English professor, editor, and bibliographer, put out a thick volume entitled Capt. Complete but for the Sea Grammar , the full text of the letter to Bacon, and a few odds and ends, Arber's edition included an introduction composed largely of reprints of other material that had bearing on Smith and early Virginia.

Carefully edited, with relatively few errors of transcription or printing, the work is scholarly yet sympathetic. Writing not long after the initial efforts to "debunk" Smith in this country, Arber was perceptive enough to remark, "To deny the truth of the Pocahontas incident is to create more difficulties than are involved in its acceptance.

Edward Arber Birmingham. Edward Arber repr. Edward Arber. A photo-offset reprint of the foregoing New York. Since Arber's death facsimiles of nearly all of Smith's works have become available. Since these are in process of printing by more than one publisher at the time of writing, it is impractical to attempt a complete list. While the story of John Smith's later life can be written with relatively few gaps, precisely what he did during his first twenty-six years is far from simple to determine.

His activities from mid-December until June 2, , however, are sketched by his own pen in the True Relation , and historians should be on firm ground already. Unfortunately, they are not. The True Relation , originally a letter, was published without Smith's knowledge, permission, or supervision.

Both the editing and the rush to press fitted the Virginia Company's interests. The True Relation was the first account of the Jamestown colony's first year to reach London.

There, rumors of disillusionment and dissatisfaction in Virginia were already rife. Word had got out that one member of the local council had been executed for treason; that factions were splitting the local government; that tons of "gold" brought back to London had proved to be "guilded durt" as Smith put it ; that the Indians were far less tractable than early reports had intimated and stragglers outside Jamestown's flimsy ramparts were not safe; that starvation threatened the colony while most of the colonists sat on their hands; and that John Smith had all but been clubbed to death by the Indian "emperor" Powhatan.

Thus when Smith's letter arrived in London, it was eagerly read. Much of its contents were optimistic, and the mere "rough" style of the young Lincolnshire soldier-turned-colonist was convincing.

Yet it is evident that it contained episodes not suitable for wide reading and details that could disturb potential investors. So members of the company who read what Smith reported, indirectly and discreetly forwarded the letter to one "I.

This writer has been identified as John Healey, a capable translator who had shown interest in Virginia and was not overburdened with work. In this way, Smith's True Relation was entered for publication less than six weeks after its arrival in London. Such was the haste to publish the book that a title page was struck off with no mention of Smith, but with the name of Thomas Watson as author.

Watson, who may well have been the person to whom Smith's letter was addressed, quickly denied authorship, and the printer, still in haste, changed one line of type and inserted "by a Gentleman. London, , he did not know that Smith was the author, and since he had met Smith in person by then, he acknowledged his source in a marginal note as "Newes from Virginia and a MS of Cap.

Smith" "Newes from Virginia" was the running head of the True Relation. Nevertheless, the text of Smith's book remains in a sorry state. Between misprints and Healey's cuts, it is not an easy book to read or to clarify editorially. The present editor has therefore thought it wise to present a facsimile of the original, with an edited text on facing pages.

There, errors of both "I. For the latter, reference is made wherever possible to parallel passages, often in Smith's other works, occasionally in "discourses" by his associates in the colony: Edward Maria Wingfield , George Percy, Gabriel Archer, Francis Perkins, and others.

In addition, the editor has provided a recension of the narrative of Smith's capture by the Indians, his restraint at their hands for several weeks, and his final liberation, in which Pocahontas clearly played a role. This seems to be doubly necessary because of superficially contradictory versions in Smith's other works, as well as what appears to be some manipulation of the text by John Healey.

This recension follows the present Introduction. A word is now needed to explain the facsimile text that has been used. While working on the Jamestown Voyages in and , the editor noticed a British Museum now British Library copy of the True Relation cataloged as long ago as present shelf mark C. This copy was therefore chosen for facsimile reproduction here, and where the annotations were trimmed for binding, a reconstruction of the text is provided in footnotes in alphabetical series.

While the annotator is still not certainly identified, there is a remote possibility, based Pro Charter Fishing Boats For Sale 53 on handwriting, that it was Purchas annotating from hearsay one expert noticed that Purchas's letter "k" was unusual, although the hand "is that of any educated person". But in any event the comments are those of someone well informed about Virginia.

Smith's original letter probably filled up to 40 sheets of paper, foolscap size, folded once to resemble an unbound booklet. It was most likely written with a goose quill pen in the so-called "English" or "secretary" hand. See the facsimile; and Samuel Purchas, Purchas his Pilgrimage. London, , n. These annotations were not noted in Joseph Sabin et al. The original Virginia settlers appear to have boarded their three ships at Blackwall, just east of London, on December 19, , and the fleet dropped down the Thames with the tide after midnight.

Christopher Newport, a veteran mariner in West Indian waters since Newport's lieutenant was Capt. Bartholomew Gosnold, a dozen years his junior, who had explored the coast of New England in The third in command, Capt.

John Sicklemore, "commonly called Ratcliffe," remains an obscure personality. The three ships were the Susan Constant tons , the Godspeed 40 tons , and the Discovery 20 tons. The fleet was much delayed, chiefly by storms, but the coast of Virginia was finally sighted at dawn on April 26, There was much dissension from the outset, and soon a combination of heat, unsuitable clothing, and bad water, along with improper diet, brought on physical disorders of epidemic proportions.

Among the leaders, Gosnold succumbed to some intestinal ailment hardly malaria or yellow fever as sometimes has been suggested , while Sicklemore Ratcliffe proved both ailing and self-seeking.

Then, the first elected president of the council i. A year later he was elected president of the council. Meanwhile, between a desperate attempt to supply Jamestown with food and to carry out the explorations desired by the adventurers who had financed the expedition, Smith not only bargained for provisions but also eventually exposed himself to capture by Indians on a hunting foray in the wilderness near the headwaters of the Chickahominy River, northeast of modern Richmond.

This resulted in his being led captive before the "emperor" Powhatan, where he was questioned about the colonists' objectives and apparently subjected to some sort of ritual or trial that ended in his being adopted into the Powhatan tribe -- as was not uncommon among the Algonkians when a valiant "werowance" military or political commander was captured.

Powhatan's daughter Pocahontas, then a girl of eleven or twelve, was somehow involved in the ceremony Smith was convinced that she saved his life , and this gave rise to the Smith-Pocahontas legend two centuries after.

Powhatan then named Smith werowance of Capahowasic, an honor that Smith did not refuse, although he did not occupy the post. Smith, now unwittingly a subordinate chief, was aided in every way by Powhatan until Newport returned to Virginia and upset the delicate balance.

Nevertheless, Smith managed to tide over the difficulties, and trading and friendly -- though mutually distrustful -- relations resumed.

Newport sailed back to England on April 10, Ten days later a strayed companion ship commanded by Capt. Francis Nelson arrived. Smith hurriedly finished the account of the colony that he had been writing, and when Nelson sailed for England on June 2, he entrusted it to him. Intended as a personal communication to a friend, it was mangled and hurried into print, as has been stated.

George Percy wrote, "On Saturday, the twentieth of December The presentation here of a facsimile of the original printing of the True Relation on pages facing a specially edited transcription has a twofold purpose: that of preserving, on the one hand, the utmost accuracy and that of offering, on the other hand, a text that is legible and intelligible. As has been already stated, the text is clearly corrupt.

Self-evident cutting and broadly acknowledged textual modifications appear on almost every page, frustrating all attempts to incorporate modern annotation in the book as it was first printed. A more radical approach is necessary if we are to have a text that at least attempts to recapture what John Smith wrote. Hence the need to couple the text left us by "I. These complications made it impossible to handle the True Relation in precisely the same fashion as the rest of Smith's works.

The major difference in editorial style introduced here is that the editor's substantive annotation of the text is placed at the end of the book, rather than at the bottom of the page. Hereafter in these three volumes, the editor's substantive annotation appears consistently at the foot of the page. In this case only, the footnote space has been reserved for transcription and discussion of the handwritten marginal comments on the facsimile pages.

In addition to this modification, the edited text itself contains insertions in square brackets of editorial suggestions, mostly bearing on paragraphing. Brackets also enclose indications of omissions, both self-evident [ More modern concepts of breaking up long unparagraphed passages have been introduced silently the facsimile provides the original version , along with capital letters in conformity. Other changes in punctuation and so on have been made sparingly, only for the sake of intelligibility, and are indicated in the Textual Annotation that appears at the end of this book.

In attempting to reconstruct one of the most important episodes in Smith's life, the editor could wish that both Smith and the deposed president, Wingfield, had had something of the orderly mind of George Percy or, later, Samuel Argall , especially with regard to dates. We know from Francis Perkins, who arrived with Newport on his return voyage, that the first "supply" reached Jamestown on January 2, a Saturday , and from both Smith and Wingfield that Smith had been escorted back from his month-long captivity early in the morning that same day.

Then, Wingfield implies, and Smith states, that Smith was away from Jamestown for one month. Since Wingfield has the date of his return six days too late, it is possible that the date he gives for Smith's departure is in fact the date when he heard that Smith was captured.

This could easily have been six days after he left. Nevertheless, for the purpose of the recension that follows, the editor has accepted Wingfield's "Dec. However, the date of Smith's return is accurate. The excerpts included in the recension have been left in the order printed, with one exception: in the True Relation the description of the Indian religious ceremony is found after the narration of Smith's march as a captive through the Indian hunting towns; here this description is placed in the middle of the narration so that it may be more easily compared with the descriptions in the Generall Historie and Purchas's Pilgrimage.

Yet in this desperate estate to defend him from the cold, one Maocassater brought him his gowne, The King [Opechancanough] tooke great delight in understanding the manner of our ships, I desired he would send a messenger to Paspahegh [Jamestown], with a letter I would write, by which they shold understand, how kindly they used me, and that I was well, least they should revenge my death: this he granted and sent three men, in such weather, as in reason were unpossible by any naked to be indured The next day after my letter, came a salvage to my lodging, with his sword to have slaine me, but being by my guard intercepted, Two dayes after a man would have slaine him but that the guard prevented it for the death of his sonne, In part of a Table booke he writ his minde to them at the Fort, what was intended, how they should follow that direction to affright the messengers, Having feasted me, he further led me to another branch of the river, called Mattapanient; to two other hunting townes they led me, After this foure or five dayes march, we returned to Rasaweack, the first towne they brought me too, where binding the Mats in bundels, they marched two dayes journey Menapacute in Pamaunke, where the King inhabited One disguised with a great Skinne, his head hung round with little Skinnes of Weasels, and other vermine, with a Crownet of feathers on his head, painted as ugly as the divell, Till sixe a clocke in the Evening, their howling would continue ere they would depart.

Not long after, early in a morning a great fire was made in a long house, and a mat spread on the one side, as on the other, on the one they caused him to sit, With most strange gestures and passions he began his invocation, and environed the fire with a circle of meale; which done, three more such like devils came rushing in Then all with their rattles began a song, which ended, the chiefe Priest layd downe five wheat cornes: then After that, The High Priest disguised with a greate skinne, his head hung round with little skinnes of Weasils, and other Vermine, with a crownet of Feathers, painted as ugly as the Divell, The high-Priests head-tire is thus made.

They take a great many Snakes skinnes stuffed with mosse, as also of Weasils and other Vermines skinnes, which they tie by their tailes, so that all the tailes meete on the top of the head like a great Tassell. The faces of their Priests are painted as ugly as they can devise: in their hands they have rattells, Till night, neither he nor they did either eate or drinke, and then they feasted merrily, with the best provisions they could make.

Three dayes they used this Ceremony; From hence this kind King [Opechancanough] conducted mee to a place called Topahanocke, a kingdome upon another River northward: the cause of this was, that the yeare before, a shippe had beene in the River of Pamaunke, who having beene kindly entertained by Powhatan their Emperour, But the people reported him a great man The next night I lodged at a hunting town of Powhatans, and the next day arrived at Opitchapam the Kings brother invited him to his house, where, At his returne to Opechancanoughs, all the Kings women, and their children, flocked about him for their parts [of leftover food], Arriving at Werawocomoco, their Emperour proudly lying uppon a Bedstead a foote high upon tenne or twelve Mattes, richly hung with manie Chaynes of great Pearles about his necke, and covered with a great Covering of Rahaughcums : At his heade sat a woman, at his feete another, on each side sitting uppon a Matte uppon the ground were raunged his chiefe men on each side the fire, tenne in a ranke, and behinde them as many yong women, each a great Chaine of white Beades over their shoulders, their heades painted in redde, and [he] with such a grave and Majesticall countenance, as drave me into admiration to see such state in a naked Salvage, hee kindly welcomed me with good wordes, and great Platters of sundrie Victuals, assuring mee his friendship, and my libertie within foure dayes; hee much delighted in Opechancanoughs relation Hee asked mee the cause of our comming; Many Kingdomes hee described mee to the heade of the Bay, which seemed to bee a mightie River, issuing from mightie Mountaines betwixt At last they brought him to Meronocomoco, where was Powhatan their Emperor.

Here more then two hundred Before a fire upon a seat like a bedsted, he sat covered with a great robe, made of Rarowcun skinnes, and all the tayles hanging by. On either hand did sit a young wench of 16 or 18 yeares, and along on each side the house, two rowes [49] of men, and behind them as many women, with all their heads and shoulders painted red; many of their heads bedecked with the white downe of Birds; but every one with something: and a great chayne of white beads about their necks.

At his entrance The Queene of Appamatuck was appointed to bring him water to wash his hands, and This request I promised to performe: and thus having with all the kindnes hee could devise, sought to content me: their clubs, to beate out his braines, Pocahontas the Kings dearest daughter, when no intreaty could prevaile, got his head in her armes, and laid her owne upon his to save him from death: whereat the Emperour was contented he should live to make him hatchets, and her [Pocahontas] bells, beads, and copper; Two dayes after, Powhatan having disguised himselfe in the most fearefullest manner he could, caused Captaine Smith to be brought forth to a great house in the woods, and there upon a mat by the fire to be left alone.

From Weramocomoco is but That night they quarterd in the woods, he still expecting The next morning ere Sunne rise, we set forward for our Fort, where we arrived within an houre, The next morning betimes they came to the Fort, The colonists set sail Proceedings , 2. Down river from London Percy. Anchored in the Downs Percy. No longer in sight of England Proceedings , 2. Conjectured arrival at Gran Canaria. Departure from the Canaries; Smith "restrained as a prisoner" Proceedings , 5.

Arrived at Martinique Percy. Anchored at Dominica Percy. Had sight of Marie-Galante Percy. Sailed along Guadeloupe to Nevis Percy ; there "a paire of gallowes was made" for Smith, in an attempt to hang him True Travels , Set sail from Nevis Percy. Sailed along St. Eustatius and Saba and anchored in the harbor of St.

Thomas, Virgin Islands Percy. Arrived at Mona and took on water Percy. Visited the Isle of Moneta and laded two boats full of eggs and fowl Percy. Set sail from Mona Percy. Passed the Tropic of Cancer Percy.

Forced to "lie at hull" because of a tempest Percy. Sounded but found no ground Percy. Began to assemble the shallop, which had been dismantled for the voyage over. Explored "eight miles up into the Land" Percy. Launched the shallop in which Newport took a party as far as the modern Elizabeth River Percy.

May Entertained by Indians Percy. May 4. The fleet came to a Paspahegh village where the colonists were entertained with "much welcome"; a werowance from across the river "seemed to take displeasure" from the colonists' being with the Paspahegh Percy.

May 5. Went to visit the werowance across the river Percy. May 8. The colonists sailed up the James River to the "Countrey of Apamatica," where "there came many stout and able Savages to resist" them Percy.

Peace was made, however, and three days appear to have been spent exploring on foot. The colonists went back to their ships and discovered a point of land just below modern Jamestown Island they named "Archers Hope" Percy. Came to their "seating place" Percy , 8 mi. Landed all their men Percy ; about midnight some Indians sailed close by, causing an alarm; "not long after" two messengers came from the werowance of Paspahegh, saying he was coming "with a fat Deare" Percy.

The werowance arrived with armed Indians, but after a fight, went away "in great anger" Percy. Percy and others went for a stroll "some foure miles The Paspahegh werowance sent 40 men "with a Deare, to our quarter" Percy.

Captain Newport took a party on an exploring expedition in the shallop Archer , spending the night with the Weanocks, enemies of Paspahegh. The party went "some 16 myle further," picking up some friendly Indians; they sailed in all 38 mi. They continued on to the falls at modern Richmond, where they mistook the local werowance, Tanx "Little" Powhatan, for his father, the "emperor" Archer.

Newport angered Tanx Powhatan by setting up a cross and claiming the region for King James. That night Newport's party went back downstream to Arrohattoc Archer and Percy. The party "satt banquetting all the forenoone" with the Arrohattoc werowance, then sailed down to "Kynd Womans Care" Archer. The party went ashore to visit Queen Opossunoquonuske, then met Powhatan's brother Opechancanough a few miles below, and finally anchored for the night 21 mi.

That same day, Paspahegh attacked Jamestown with men, causing casualties, but was repulsed by the ships' ordnance Archer; True Relation , sig. A4 r ; and Generall Historie , The party went ashore but grew suspicious and hurried home Archer. Labored at fortifying the fort Archer; True Relation , sig.

A4 v ; and Generall Historie , The Indians attacked again, but did not hurt any of the English Archer. June 1. Some 20 Indians "appeared, shott dyvers arrowes, June 4. Three Indians shot at a colonist outside the palisade, but "missed the skynne" Archer.

June 6. A petition was drawn up for reformation of "certayne preposterous proceedinges" Archer. June 8.

Clovell died; two Indians presented themselves unarmed, "crying 'friends,'" but a guard shot at them, and they ran Archer. June Eight Indians lying "close among the weedes" shot Mathew Fitch in the breast and ran away Archer. Two Indians presented themselves unarmed, naming the friends and foes of the colonists, and advising the English to cut down the tall weeds Archer. The fort was finished, "triangle wise" Percy. Two Indians appeared with a ruse to capture Newport, but failed Archer.

The colonists took communion and had a farewell dinner with Newport Archer. Opechancanough sent a message of peace True Relation , sig. An Indian came from "the great Poughwaton with the words of peace" Wingfield. July 3. Seven or eight Indians presented President Wingfield "a Dear from Pamaonke [Opechancanough]; they enquired after our shipping [Newport's ships]" Wingfield.

July The "King of Rapahanna [Quiyoughcohanock] demanded a canoa which was restored" Percy. During these weeks, Wingfield told Smith to his face, in Gosnold's tent, that "it was proved John Martin, died Fishing Boats For Sale Bass Pro Shop In Canada Percy. Bartholomew Gosnold died; all the ordnance in the fort was shot off with many volleys Percy; also Wingfield; True Relation , sig. A4 v ; Proceedings , 10; and Generall Historie , About this time the Indians began to bring fresh corn for barter Wingfield.

About this time George Kendall was deposed from the council and confined in the pinnace Percy; Wingfield; True Relation , sigs. Ratcliffe, Smith, and Martin, constituting a majority of councillors present, signed a warrant to depose President Wingfield Wingfield ; Ratcliffe was elected in Wingfield's place True Relation , sig. B1 r ; Percy gives Sept.

The new president made a speech telling the colony why Wingfield was deposed Wingfield. By this time Smith had been made cape merchant True Relation , sig.

In summary: a sharp decrease in food supplies from the Indians forced Smith to initiate trading voyages in the shallop Proceed- ings , 11 ; unrest in Jamestown led to a mutiny, and Kendall was executed Wingfield; Magnel; and Proceedings , 12 ; about Nov. Smith made three successful trading voyages up the Chickahominy River True Relation , sig. B2 r -B3 r. Smith "went up" the Chickahominy Wingfield; True Relation , sig.

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