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On the Great Lakes of North America the circle is replaced with a diamond. Because different types of water summer, fresh, tropical fresh, winter north Atlantic have different densities, subsequent regulations required painting a group of lines forward of the Plimsoll mark to indicate the safe depth or freeboard above the surface to which a specific ship could load in water of various densities.

Hence the "ladder" of lines seen forward of the Plimsoll mark to this day. This is called the " freeboard mark " or " load line mark " in the marine industry. Ship pollution is the pollution of air and water by shipping.

It is a problem that has been accelerating as trade has become increasingly globalized, posing an increasing threat to the world's oceans and waterways as globalization continues.

It is expected that "shipping traffic to and from the United States is projected to double by The pollution produced affects biodiversity , climate, food, and human health.

However, the degree to which humans are polluting and how it affects the world is highly debated and has been a hot international topic for the past 30 years. Oil spills have devastating effects on the environment. Crude oil contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs which are very difficult to clean up, and last for years in the sediment and marine environment.

By the sheer amount of oil carried, modern oil tankers must be considered something of a threat to the environment. An oil tanker can carry 2 million barrels , m 3 of crude oil, or 84,, US gallons 69,, imp gal; ,, L. This is more than six times the amount spilled in the widely known Exxon Valdez incident.

In this spill, the ship ran aground and dumped 10,, US gallons 8,, imp gal; 40,, L of oil into the ocean in March Despite efforts of scientists, managers, and volunteers, over , seabirds , about 1, sea otters , and immense numbers of fish were killed.

The International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation has researched 9, accidental spills since Following the Exxon Valdez spill, the United States passed the Oil Pollution Act of OPA , which included a stipulation that all tankers entering its waters be double-hulled by Following the sinkings of Erika and Prestige , the European Union passed its own stringent anti-pollution packages known as Erika I, II, and III , which require all tankers entering its waters to be double-hulled by The Erika packages are controversial because they introduced the new legal concept of "serious negligence".

When a large vessel such as a container ship or an oil tanker unloads cargo, seawater is pumped into other compartments in the hull to help stabilize and balance the ship. During loading, this ballast water is pumped out from these compartments. One of the problems with ballast water transfer is the transport of harmful organisms. Meinesz [74] believes that one of the worst cases of a single invasive species causing harm to an ecosystem can be attributed to a seemingly harmless planktonic organism.

It was first introduced in , and thought to have been transported to the Black Sea in a ship's ballast water. The population of the comb jelly shot up exponentially and, by , it was wreaking havoc upon the local fishing industry. Recently the comb jellies have been discovered in the Caspian Sea. Invasive species can take over once occupied areas, facilitate the spread of new diseases , introduce new genetic material, alter landscapes and jeopardize the ability of native species to obtain food.

Ballast and bilge discharge from ships can also spread human pathogens and other harmful diseases and toxins potentially causing health issues for humans and marine life alike.

Exhaust emissions from ships are considered to be a significant source of air pollution. When inhaled, sulfur is known to cause respiratory problems and increase the risk of a heart attack. Ship breaking or ship demolition is a type of ship disposal involving the breaking up of ships for scrap recycling , with the hulls being discarded in ship graveyards. Most ships have a lifespan of a few decades before there is so much wear that refitting and repair becomes uneconomical.

Ship breaking allows materials from the ship, especially steel, to be reused. In addition to steel and other useful materials, however, ships particularly older vessels can contain many substances that are banned or considered dangerous in developed countries. Asbestos and polychlorinated biphenyls PCBs are typical examples.

Asbestos was used heavily in ship construction until it was finally banned in most of the developed world in the mid s. Currently, the costs associated with removing asbestos, along with the potentially expensive insurance and health risks, have meant that ship-breaking in most developed countries is no longer economically viable.

Removing the metal for scrap can potentially cost more than the scrap value of the metal itself. In most of the developing world, however, shipyards can operate without the risk of personal injury lawsuits or workers' health claims , meaning many of these shipyards may operate with high health risks. Furthermore, workers are paid very low rates with no overtime or other allowances. Protective equipment is sometimes absent or inadequate.

Dangerous vapors and fumes from burning materials can be inhaled, and dusty asbestos-laden areas around such breakdown locations are commonplace. Aside from the health of the yard workers, in recent years, ship breaking has also become an issue of major environmental concern.

Many developing nations, in which ship breaking yards are located, have lax or no environmental law , enabling large quantities of highly toxic materials to escape into the environment and causing serious health problems among ship breakers, the local population and wildlife.

Environmental campaign groups such as Greenpeace have made the issue a high priority for their campaigns. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Large buoyant watercraft. For other uses, see Ship disambiguation. Not to be confused with Boat. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.

Further information: Glossary of nautical terms. Further information: Maritime history and Sailing ship. This section needs additional citations for verification. December Learn how and when to remove this template message. This section does not cite any sources.

Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. See also: List of types of naval vessels and List of boat types. Main article: Merchant ship.

Main article: Weather ship. Main article: Naval ship. Further information: Naval architecture. Main article: Hull watercraft. Main article: Marine propulsion. February Learn how and when to remove this template message. Main article: Fluid statics. Main article: Fluid dynamics. See also: Naval architecture. Main article: Shipbuilding. Main article: Ship disposal. Main article: Oil spill. Main article: Ballast water discharge and the environment. Main article: Ship breaking.

Oceans portal Transport portal. List of fictional ships List of historical ship types List of Panamax ports List of largest cruise ships List of world's largest ships by gross tonnage List of world's longest ships Lists of ships Lists of shipwrecks.

They consisted of planks joined by ropes passing through mortises. In , Egyptian boats composed of planks joined by mortises and tenons were found in Dashur. See: ABC. Only a few examples with separate engines were steerable. The Royal Navy however operated diesel-electric harbour tugs with paddles into the s, for their superior maneuverability. The University of North Carolina. Archived from the original on Wharton's concise dictionary. Universal Law Publishing. ISBN Andrews UK Limited.

Paladin Press. Ship Stability, Powering and Resistance. Reeds Marine Engineering and Technology. Hydrodynamics of High-Speed Marine Vehicles.

Cambridge University Press. United States Navy. Archived from the original on January 14, Retrieved Slate Magazine. Retrieved 4 December The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 28 April The Journal of the Polynesian Society. In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew eds. One World Archaeology. University of California Press.

Kurt eds. Wangka: Austronesian Canoe Origins. In Guy, John ed. Yale University Press. Maritime Southeast Asia to The Seacraft of Prehistory. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Asian Shipbuilding Technology. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. JSTOR Archaeological Institute of America. Wilson, Sc. Director, The Philadelphia Museums. New York: Longmans, Green, and Co. He was recorded as the builder of a cedarwood vessel called "Praise of the Two Lands.

International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. The History of the Ship. New York: Lyons Press. Samurai Warfare. Discovery Channel. Maritime exploration in the age of discovery, � Greenwood Guides to Historic Events, � Greenwood Publishing Group. Architecture navale, connaissance et pratique in French. Encyclopedia Britannica. The U. Popular Mechanics. Hearst Magazines. January ISSN August Popular Science. Popular Science Publishing Company, Inc. Physics of the marine atmosphere.

Academic Press. Massel Ocean surface waves: their physics and prediction. World Scientific. Erickson March Monthly Weather Review. Bibcode : MWRv CiteSeerX New Scientist. IPC Magazines. Study Panel on Ocean Atmosphere Interaction National Academies. Navy Ships". Environmental Involvement for Young People. Retrieved 15 November Walter W. Palo Alto, California: Glencannon Press.

New York: Random House. Archon Books. USA Today. Retrieved November 1, State of Alaska. Chair BBC News. Retrieved 4 May Deep Sea Invasion. The Impact of Invasive Species. From monsoons to microbes: understanding the ocean's role in human health. Courtesy Navier. Navier plans to have its first boat on the water by the end of next year, and the first customer boats in Plus, get digital edition access and a free tote bag. Travel Destinations Hotels Resorts Spas.

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