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������������ ������ �� Java � ��� ������ � ������ ������� / ���� Node:The compiler, Next:Errors, Previous:Basic ideas, Up:Introduction The Compiler. A C program is made by running a compiler which takes the typed source program and converts it into an object file that the computer can execute. A compiler usually operates in two or more phases (and each phase may have stages within it). Nurses (M/F) Available (For 24?7, Day Shift or Night Shift) �Nursing Care at Home� Tension free for your old age �Parents & Patients� Bharti Nursing Care (Regd.) A, Shastri Nagar, Jammu , New Rainbow Public High School Bathindi More, Jammu Teachers Required Well qualified staff is required for the following posts and subjects: 1) [ ]. Diversify your feed: 10 Black Influencers To Follow For Self-Love and Acceptance Game on, Hollywood: a look at Hollywood�s love affair with video games Demi Lovato�s documentary is raw, real.
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Show 8 more comments. Creating a recursive descent parser is a really good learning exercise. Greg Hewgill Greg Hewgill k gold badges silver badges bronze badges. Add a comment. Best regards. Leroy Kegan Leroy Kegan 8 8 silver badges 8 8 bronze badges. So far this is the best math library out there; simple to kickstart, easy to use and extendable. Definitely should be top answer. Find Maven version here. Just found the solution, expression. Tanvir Tanvir 6 6 silver badges 16 16 bronze badges.

But there is a way to fix this by casting it to int i. To clarify, that is not a problem of the library but rather an issue with the representation of numbers as floating point values. This library is really good. Use this instead: expression. Can you please tell me how to use BeanShell in adnroid Studio.

Hanni - this post might help you adding BeanShell to your androidstudio project: stackoverflow. For example, in Sql Server or Sqlite select Here's a full working example in Java Class. Say hello to SQL injection! It depends on what you use the DB for. If you want to be sure, you could easily create an empty sqlite DB, specifically for the the maths evaluation.

See stackoverflow. Faheem Sohail Faheem Sohail 5 5 silver badges 19 19 bronze badges. Here are the 2 key approaches mentioned in the article: JEXL from Apache Allows for scripts that include references to java objects. Brad Parks Brad Parks Please summarize the information from the article, in case the link to it is broken.

I've upgraded the answer to include relevant bits from the article � Brad Parks Mar 20 '19 at Good to know Nishi!

Prashant Gautam Prashant Gautam 7 7 silver badges 8 8 bronze badges. This is an uncredited exposition of the Dijkstra Shunting-yard algorithm. Credit where credit is due. Scorpion Scorpion 3, 21 21 silver badges 37 37 bronze badges.

Bozho Bozho k gold badges silver badges bronze badges. It's too late to answer but I came across same situation to evaluate expression in java, it might help someone MVEL does runtime evaluation of expressions, we can write a java code in String to get it evaluated in this.

Saravana Saravana 11k 2 2 gold badges 28 28 silver badges 43 43 bronze badges. I scoured and found some additional Arithmetic functions also handled here github.

It saved my day. Thanks � Sarika. S Dec 15 '19 at BruteForce BruteForce 4 4 bronze badges. It gets a whole lot more complicated as soon as you have to deal with multiple operations, operator precedence, parentheses, You cannot get there starting from this technique.

Laurent Magnin Laurent Magnin 2 2 silver badges 4 4 bronze badges. Try the following sample code using JDK1. Bruce Bruce 3 3 silver badges 12 12 bronze badges. Romeo Sierra Romeo Sierra 1, 1 1 gold badge 11 11 silver badges 29 29 bronze badges. Try it on Desmos, for example. Your code actually introduces several bugs. See ideone. So, what you are suggesting is that exponentiation is better kept at where it was isn't it?

Yes, that's what I'm suggesting. DecimalFormat; import java. Taher Khorshidi 5, 5 5 gold badges 27 27 silver badges 51 51 bronze badges. Doesn't handle operator precedence, or several operators, or parentheses.

Do not use. You should read about writing efficient math expression parsers. There is a computer science methodology to it. Emmanuel John Emmanuel John 2, 1 1 gold badge 21 21 silver badges 28 28 bronze badges. Stefan Haustein Stefan Haustein MultiplyByZer0 4, 3 3 gold badges 27 27 silver badges 46 46 bronze badges. Efi G Efi G 4 4 silver badges 10 10 bronze badges. Node: The exit function , Next: Functions and types , Previous: Breaking out early , Up: Functions The exit function The function called exit can be used to terminate a program at any point, no matter how many levels of function calls have been made.

This is called with a return code, like this: define CODE 0 exit CODE ; This function also calls a number of other functions which perform tidy-up duties such as closing open files etc. But what happens if a function is required to return a different kind of value such as a character? Both sides of an assignment must match. In fact this is done by declaring functions to return a particular type of data. So far no declarations have been needed because C assumes that all values are integers unless you specifically choose something different.

Declarations are covered in the next section. Descriminating types. Declaring data. A variable is a seqeuence of program code with a name also called its identifier. A name or identifier in C can be anything from a single letter to a word. In C variables do not only have names: they also have types. The type of a variable conveys to the the compiler what sort of data will be stored in it.

No such convention exists in C. Instead we specify the types of variables in their declarations. This serves two purposes: It gives a compiler precise information about the amount of memory that will have to be given over to a variable when a program is finally run and what sort of arithmetic will have to be used on it e. It provides the compiler with a list of the variables in a convenient place so that it can cross check names and types for any errors.

There is a lot of different possible types in C. In fact it is possible for us to define our own, but there is no need to do this right away: there are some basic types which are provided by C ready for use. The names of these types are all reserved words in C and they are summarized as follows: char A single ASCII character short A short integer usually bits short int A short integer int A standard integer usually bits long A long integer long int A long integer usually bits, but increasingly 64 bits float A floating point or real number short long float a long floating point number double A long floating point number void Discussed in a later chapter.

There is some repetition in these words. In addition to the above, the word unsigned can also be placed in front of any of these types. Unsigned means that only positive or zero values can be used. The advantage of using this kind of variable is that storing a minus sign takes up some memory, so that if no minus sign is present, larger numbers can be stored in the same kind of variable. The ANSI standard also allows the word signed to be placed in front of any of these types, so indicate the opposite of unsigned.

On some systems variables are signed by default, whereas on others they are not. Declarations : Where to declare things : Declarations and Initialization : Types : Choosing Variables : Assigning variables to one another : Types and The Cast Operator : Storage class register static and extern : Functions types : Questionsdeclare : Node: Declarations , Next: Where to declare things , Previous: Variables , Up: Variables Declarations To declare a variable in a C program one writes the type followed by a list of variable names which are to be treated as being that type: typename variablename1 ,..

A compiler is markedly more efficient than a customs officer: it will catch a missing declaration every time and will terminate a compiling session whilst complaining bitterly, often with a host of messages, one for each use of the undeclared variable. For now it will do to simply state what these places are.

This is no more efficient than doing it in two stages, but it is sometimes tidier. If there are just one or two declarations then this initialization method can make a program neat and tidy. If there are many, then it is better to initialize separately, as in the second case. A lot means when it starts to look as though there are too many.

It makes no odds to the compiler, nor ideally to the final code whether the first or second method is used. It is only for tidiness that this is allowed. Groups of char form strings. In C single characters are written enclosed by single quotes, e. This is in contrast to strings of many characters which use double quotes, e.

But only 0 to are used. Control characters i. Node: integers , Next: Float , Previous: Example special chars , Up: Types Integers Whole numbers There are five integer types in C and they are called char , int , long , long long and short. The difference between these is the size of the integer which either can hold and the amount of storage required for them.

The sizes of these objects depend on the operating system of the computer. Even different flavours of Unix can have varying sizes for these objects. Usually, the two to remember are int and short. You should always check these values. Some mainframe operating systems are completely 64 bit, e. Unicos has no 32 bit values. All the mathematical functions which C can use require double or long float arguments so it is common to use the type float for storage only of small floating point numbers and to use double elsewhere.

Choose a sensible name for the variable. Decide where the variable is allowed to exist. Declare that name to be a variable of the chosen type. Some local variables are only used temporarily, for controlling loops for instance.

It is common to give these short names single characters. A good habit to adopt is to keep to a consistent practice when using these variables. A common one, for instance is to use the letters: int i,j,k; to be integer type variables used for counting. There is not particular reason why this should be; it is just common practice. Other integer values should have more meaningful names.

Similarly names like: double x,y,z; tend to make one think of floating point numbers. It is possible though not usually sensible to assign a floating point number to a character for instance.

This is a questionable practice though. It is unclear why anyone would choose to do this. Numerical values and characters will interconvert because characters are stored by their ASCII codes which are integers! This is the only integer which it would make any sense to talk about in connection with the character.

There is no such problem the other way around. This will be seen particularly with regard to structures and unions. Cast operators crop up in many areas of C. This is not the last time they will have to be explained. If this is the case then, on occasion, it will be necessary to get at variables which were defined in another file. Another class is called static. The name static is given to variables which can hold their values between calls of a function: they are allocated once and once only and their values are preserved between any number of function calls.

Space is allocated for static variables in the program code itself and it is never disposed of unless the whole program is. NOTE: Every global variable, defined outside functions has the type static automatically. The opposite of static is auto. Node: Functions types , Next: Questionsdeclare , Previous: Storage class register static and extern , Up: Variables Functions, Types and Declarations Functions do not always have to return values which are integers despite the fact that this has been exclusively the case up to now.

Unless something special is done to force a function to return a different kind of value C will always assume that the type of a function is int. If you want this to be different, then a function has to be declared to be a certain type, just as variables have to be.

There are two places where this must be done: The name of the function must be declared a certain type where the function is declared. If a function whose type is not integer is not declared like this, then compilation errors will result! Notice also that the function must be declared inside every function which calls it, not just main. Not all functions will be as simple as the ones which have been given so far.

Functions are most useful if they can be given information to work with and if they can reach variables and data which are defined outside of them. Examples of this have already been seen in a limited way. For instance the function CalculateBill accepted three values a , b and c. In mathematics a parameter is a variable which controls the behaviour of something.

In C it is a variable which carries some special information. In CalculateBill the "behaviour" is the addition process. In other words, the value of total depends upon the starting values of a , b and c. Parameters are about communication between different functions in a program.

They are like messengers which pass information to and from different places. They provide a way of getting information into a function, but they can also be used to hand information back. Parameters are usually split into two categories: value parameters and variable parameters. Value parameters are one-way communication carrying information into a function from somewhere outside. Variable parameters are two-way. Declaring parameters : Value parameters : Functions as actual parameters : Example 2 : Example 3 : Variable parameters : Example 4 : Qulakfj : Node: Declaring parameters , Next: Value parameters , Previous: Parameters , Up: Parameters Declaring Parameters A function was defined by code which looks like this: identifier parameters All of the examples up to know have been examples of value parameters.

When a value parameter is passes information to a function its value is copied to a new place which is completely isolated from the place that the information came from.

An example helps to show this. Consider a function which is called from main whose purpose is to add together two numbers and to print out the result. The value 1 is copied into a and the value 4 is copied into b. Obviously if a and b were given new values in the function add then this could not change the values 1 and 4 in main , because 1 is always 1 and 4 is always 4. They are constants. In fact exactly the same thing happens: When add is called from main two new variables a and b are created by the language which have nothing to do with the variables a and b in main and are completely isolated from them.

The value of a in main is copied into the value of a in add. The value of b in main is copied into the value of b in add. Now, any reference to a and b within the function add refers only to the two parameters of add and not to the variables with the same names which appeared in main. This means that if a and b are altered in add they will not affect a and b in main. More advanced computing texts have names for the old and they new a and b : Actual Parameters These are the original values which were handed over to a function.

Another name for this is an argument. Formal Parameters These are the copies which work inside the function which was called. Here are some points about value parameters. The names of formal parameters can be anything at all. They do not have to be the same as the actual parameters. Node: Functions as actual parameters , Next: Example 2 , Previous: Value parameters , Up: Parameters Functions as actual parameters The value returned by a function can be used directly as a value parameter.

It does not have to be assigned to a variable first. One way to hand information back is to use the return statement. This function is slightly limited however in that it can only hand the value of one variable back at a time. There is another way of handing back values which is less restrictive, but more awkward than this. This is by using a special kind of parameter, often called a variable parameter. This is easily confused with the multiplication symbol which is identical.

The difference is only in the context in which the symbol is used. Fortunately this is not ambiguous since multiplication always takes place between two numbers or variables, whereas the "contents of a pointer" applies only to a single variable and the star precedes the variable name. So, in the program above, it is not the variables themselves which are being passed to the procedure but the addresses of the the variables.

In other words, information about where the variables are stored in the memory is passed to the function GetValues. These addresses are copied into two new variables p and q , which are said to be pointers to i and j. So, with variable parameters, the function does not receive a copy of the variables themselves, but information about how to get at the original variable which was passed. Recall that the address held in p is the address of the variable i , so this actually reads: make i equal to From the computer's point of view, a C program is nothing more than a collection of functions and declarations.

Functions can be thought of as sealed capsules of program code which float on a background of white space , and are connected together by means of function calls. White space is the name given to the white of an imaginary piece of paper upon which a program is written, in other words the spaces and new line characters which are invisible to the eye. The global white space is only the gaps between functions, not the gaps inside functions. Thinking of functions as sealed capsules is a useful way of understanding the difference between local and global objects and the whole idea of scope in a program.

Another analogy is to think of what goes on in a function as being like watching a reality on television. You cannot go in and change the TV reality, only observe the output, but the television show draws its information from the world around it. You can send a parameter e. A function called by a function, is like seeing someone watching a televsion, in a television show.

If every function is a ship floating in this sea of white space, then global variables data storage areas which also float in this sea can enter any ship and also enter anything inside any ship See the diagram.

Global variables are available everywhere;. They can be used anywhere in a program: there is no restriction about where they can be used, in principle.

They can not enter just any region of the program because they are trapped inside blocks. To use the ship analogy: if it is imagined that on board every ship which means inside every function there is a large swimming pool with many toy ships floating inside, then local variables will work anywhere in the swimming pool inside any of the toys ships, but can not get out of the large ship into the wide beyond.

The swimming pool is just like a smaller sea, but one which is restricted to being inside a particular function. Every function has its own swimming pool! The idea can be taken further too.

What about swimming pools onboard the toy ships? Meaning functions or blocks inside the functions! Variables can reach anywhere inside them but they cannot get out.

Whenever a pair of block braces is written into a program it is possible to make variable declarations inside the opening brace.

They are only created when the opening brace is encountered and they are destroyed when the closing brace is executed, or when control jumps out of the block. Because they only work in this local area of a program, they are called local variables. It is a matter of style and efficiency to use local variables when it does not matter whether variables are preserved outside of a particular block, because the system automatically allocates and disposes of them.

The programmer does not have to think about this. Where a variable is and is not defined is called the scope of that variable. It tells a programmer what a variables horizons are! Node: Parameters again , Next: Example 5 , Previous: Local variables , Up: Scope Communication : parameters If functions were sealed capsules and no local variables could ever communicate with other parts of the program, then functions would not be very useful. This is why parameters are allowed.

Parameters are a way of handing local variables to other functions without letting them out! Value parameters see last section make copies of local variables without actually using them. The copied parameter is then a local variable in another function. In other words, it can't get out of the function to which is it passed Node: Example 5 , Next: Style note , Previous: Parameters again , Up: Scope Example Listing Notice about the example that if there are two variables of the same name, which are both allowed to be in the same place c in the example below then the more local one wins.

That is, the last variable to be defined takes priority. Technically adept readers will realize that this is because it was the last one onto the variable stack. One complaint is that it is difficult to see what information is being passed to a function unless all that information is passed as parameters. Sometimes global variables are very useful however, and this problem need not be crippling.

A way to make this clear is to write global variables in capital letters only, while writing the rest of the variables in mainly small letters.. Another reason for restricting the use of global variables is that it is easier to debug a program if only local variables are used.

The reason is that once a function capsule is tested and sealed it can be guaranteed to work in all cases, provided it is not affected by any other functions from outside.

Global variables punch holes in the sealed function capsules because they allow bugs from other functions to creep into tried and tested ones. An alert and careful programmer can usually control this without difficulty. The following guidelines may help the reader to decide whether to use local or global data: Always think of using a local variable first.

Is it impractical? Yes, if it means passing dozens of parameters to functions, or reproducing a lot of variables. Global variables will sometimes tidy up a program. Local variables make the flow of data in a program clearer and they reduce the amount of memory used by the program when they are not in use.

The preference in this book is to use local variables for all work, except where a program centres around a single data structure. If a data structure is the main reason for a program's existence, it is nearly always defined globally.

Node: Scope and style , Next: Questions 11 , Previous: Style note , Up: Scope Scope and Style All the programs in this book, which are longer than a couple of lines, are written in an unusual way: with a levelled structure There are several good reasons for this. One is that the sealed capsules are shown to be sealed, by using a comment bar between each function. The global variables are kept to a single place at the head of each program so that they can be seen to reach into everything.

The diagram shows how the splitting of levels implies something about the scope of variables and the handing of parameters. C is unusual in that it has a pre-processor. This comes from its Unix origins. As its name might suggest, the preprocessor is a phase which occurs prior to compilation of a program. The preprocessor has two main uses: it allows external files, such as header files, to be included and it allows macros to be defined. This useful feature traditionally allowed constant values to be defined in Kernighan and Ritchie C, which had no constants in the language.

Pre-processor commands are distinguished by the hash number symbol. One example of this has already been encountered for the standard header file stdio. Macros are words which can be defined to stand in place of something complicated: they are a way of reducing the amount of typing in a program and a way of making long ungainly pieces of code into short words. For example, the simplest use of macros is to give constant values meaningful names: e.

In this particular case, the word is clearly not any shorter than the number it will replace, but it is more meaningful and would make a program read more naturally than if the raw number were used. It also means that a program is easy to alter because to change a telephone number, or whatever, it is only necessary to change the definition, not to retype the number in every single instance.

The important feature of macros is that they are not merely numerical constants which are referenced at compile time, but are strings which are physically replaced before compilation by the preprocessor! The idea of a define statement then is: define macroname definition on rest of line Macros cannot define more than a single line to be substituted into a program but they can be used anywhere, except inside strings.

Anything enclosed in string quotes is assumed to be complete and untouchable by the compiler. Some macros are defined already in the file stdio. This involves macros which accept parameters and hand back values. This works by defining a macro with some dummy parameter, say x. For example: a macro which is usually defined in one of the standard libraries is abs which means the absolute or unsigned value of a number. This would be no problem for a function which could accept parameters, and it is, in fact, no problem for macros.

Macros can also be made to take parameters. Consider the ABS example. If a programmer were to write ABS 4 then the preprocessor would substitute 4 for x.

If a program read ABS i then the preprocessor would substitute i for x and so on. There is no reason why macros can't take more than one parameter too. The programmer just includes two dummy parameters with different names. See the example listing below. But it is also slightly different: it is an expression which returns a value, where as an if..

Firstly the test is made. If the test is true then the first statement is carried out, otherwise the second is carried out. It is not a valid C statement. C can usually produce much more efficient code for this construction than for a corresponding if-else statement. Node: Macros with parameters , Next: Example 6 , Previous: Macro functions , Up: Preprocessor When and when not to use macros with parameters It is tempting to forget about the distinction between macros and functions, thinking that it can be ignored.

To some extent this is true for absolute beginners, but it is not a good idea to hold on to. It should always be remembered that macros are substituted whole at every place where they are used in a program: this is potentially a very large amount of repetition of code.

The advantage of a macro, however, is speed. No time is taken up in passing control over to a new function, because control never leaves the home function when a macro is used: it just makes the function a bit longer. There is a limitation with macros though. Function calls cannot be used as their parameters, such as: ABS function has no meaning.

Only variables or number constants will be substituted. Macros are also severely restricted in complexity by the limitations of the preprocessor. It is simply not viable to copy complicated sequences of code all over programs. Choosing between functions and macros is a matter of personal judgement. No simple rules can be given. In the end as with all programming choices it is experience which counts towards the final ends.

Functions are easier to debug than macros, since they allow us to single step through the code. Errors in macros are very hard to find, and can be very confusing. However, the include statement is itself valid C, so this means that a file which is included may contain include s itself. The includes are then said to be "nested". This often makes includes simpler.

You might wish to omit it on a first reading. There are a handful more preprocessor commands which can largely be ignored by the beginner. They are commonly used in "include" files to make sure that things are not defined twice.

NOTE : true has any non zero value in C. It allows conditional compilation. It is an advanced feature which can be used to say: only compile the code between if and endif if the value following if is true, else leave out that code altogether.

This is different from not executing code--the code will not even be compiled. If that macro is defined then this is true. If that name is not defined then this is true. This statement causes the compiler to believe that the next line is line number constant and is part of the file filename. It is intended for debugging. It forces the compiler to abort compilation. You have a map a plan of the computer's memory.

You need to find that essential piece of information which is stored at some unknown location. How will you find it? You need a pointer! A pointers is a special type of variable which holds the address or location of another variable. Pointers point to these locations by keeping a record of the spot at which they were stored. Pointers to variables are found by recording the address at which a variable is stored.

The point is that a pointer is just a place to keep a record of the address of a variable, so they are really the same thing. A pointer is a bundle of information that has two parts. One part is the address of the beginning of the segment of memory that holds whatever is pointed to. The other part is the type of value that the pointer points to the beginning of.

This tells the computer how much of the memory after the beginning to read and how to interpret it. Thus, if the pointer is of a type int, the segment of memory returned will be four bytes long 32 bits and be interpreted as an integer.

In the case of a function, the type is the type of value that the function will return, although the address is the address of the beginning of the function executable. If, like some modern day programmers, you believe in sanctity of high level languages, it is probably a source of wonder why anyone Would ever want to know the address of these variables. Having gone to the trouble to design a high level language, like C, in which variables can be given elegant and meaningful names: it seems like a step in the backward direction to want to be able to find out the exact number of the memory location at which it is stored!

The whole point of variables, after all, is that it is not necessary to know exactly where information is really stored.

This is not quite fair though. It is certainly rare indeed when we should want to know the actual number of the memory location at which something is stored. That would really make the idea of a high level language a bit pointless. The idea behind pointers is that a high level programmer can now find out the exact location of a variable without ever having to know the actual number involved.

Remember: A pointer is a variable which holds the address of the storage location for another given variable. This reinforces the idea that pointers reach out an imaginary hand and point to some location in the memory and it is more usual to speak of pointers in this way. Some examples are given below. In particular they are vital when using data structures like strings or arrays or linked lists. We shall meet these objects in later chapters.

One example of the use of pointers is the C input function, which is called scanf. It is looked at in detail in the next section. It is a bit like the reverse of printf , except that it uses pointers to variables, not variables themselves.

If it is forgotten, scanf will probably corrupt a program. This is one reason why this important function has been ignored up to now. Assembly language programmers might argue that there are occasions on which it would be nice to know the actual address of a variable as a number. One reason why one might want to know this would be for debugging. It is not often a useful thing to do, but it is not inconceivable that in developing some program a programmer would want to know the actual address.

It is incorrect, logically, to initialize pointers in a declaration. A compiler will probably not prevent this however because there is nothing incorrect about it as far as syntax is concerned. Think about what happens when the following statement is written.

It will then attempt to fill the contents of some variable, pointed to by a , with the value 2. This is doomed to faliure. There may not even be a variable at the place in the memory which a points to. Nothing has been said about that yet.

This kind of initialization cannot possibly work and will most likely crash the program or corrupt some other data. Not pointless really! This is not necessarily the case. Compilers distinguish between pointers to different kinds of objects. There are occasions however when it is actually necessary to convert one kind of pointer into another. This might happen with a type of variable called "unions" or even functions which allocate storage for special uses. These objects are met later on in this book.

When this situation comes about, the cast operator has to be used to make sure that pointers have compatible types when they are assigned to one another. The cast operator makes sure that the pointers are in step and not talking at cross purposes. In practice it may not actually do anything, but it is a necessary part of the syntax of C. Pointer casting is discussed in greater detail in the chapter on Structures and Unions. Node: Function pointers , Next: Calling functions by pointer , Previous: Types Casts and Pointers , Up: Pointers Pointers to functions This section is somewhat outside of the main development of the book.

You might want to omit it on first reading. Let's now consider pointers to functions as opposed to variables.

This is an advanced feature which should be used with more than a little care. The idea behind pointers to functions is that you can pass a function as a parameter to another function! This seems like a bizarre notion at first but in fact it makes perfect sense. Pointers to functions enable you to tell any function which sub-ordinate function it should use to do its job. That means that you can plug in a new function in place of an old one just by passing a different parameter value to the function.

You do not have to rewrite any code. In machine code circles this is sometimes called indirection or vectoring. When we come to look at arrays, we'll find that a pointer to the start of an array can be found by using the name of the array itself without the square brackets []. For functions, the name of the function without the round brackets works as a pointer to the start of the function, as long as the compiler understands that the name represents the function and not a variable with the same name.

So--to pass a function as a parameter to another function you would write function1 function2 ; If you try this as it stands, a stream of compilation errors will be the result. The reason is that you must declare function2 explicitly like this: int function2 ; If the function returns a different type then clearly the declaration will be different but the form will be the same.

The declaration can be placed together with other declarations. It is not important whether the variable is declared locally or globally, since a function is a global object regardless. What is important is that we declare specifically a pointer to a function which returns a type even if it is void.

A pointer to a function is an automatic local variable. Local variables are never initialized by the compiler in C. If you inadvertently forget to initialize the pointer to a function, you will come quickly to grief. Make sure that your pointers are assigned before you use them! Getting information in and out of a computer is the most important thing that a program can do. Without input and output computers would be quite useless. C treats all its output as though it were reading or writing to different files.

A file is really just an abtraction: a place where information comes from or can be sent to. Some files can only be read, some can only be written to, others can be both read from and written to. C has three files also called streams which are always open and ready for use. They are called stdin , stdout and stderr , meaning standard input and standard output and standard error file. Stdin is the input which usually arrives from the keyboard of a computer.

In fact what happens is that these files are just handed over to the local operating system to deal with and it chooses what to do with them. Usually this means the keyboard and the screen, but it can also be redirected to a printer or to a disk file or to a modem etc.. Also the programmer never has to open or close these, because C does it automatically. The C library functions covered by stdio. They are simplified versions of the functions that can be used on any kind of file, See Files and Devices.

Its name is meant to signify formatted printing because it gives the user control over how text and numerical data are to be laid out on the screen. Making text look good on screen is important in programming. C makes this easy by allowing you to decide how the text will be printed in the available space. The printf function has general form: printf "string The blank fields are control sequences which one can put into the string to be filled in with numbers or the contents of variables before the final result is printed out.

Male candidate for the post of Computer operator 3. For Interview call us at Excellent fluency in English, reading and writing. Computer Operator, Accountant, Billing Operator 2. Receptionist, Counsellor, Coordinator 3. Sales man Marketing Executive, Driver Commercial 4. Appointment Call Rs salary for BPT in physiotherapy.

Rs salary for MPT in physiotherapy. Great number of patients. Ph : , E-mail : shangrillajmu gmail. St Classes : 8th to 10th Minimum Qualification for S. St is B. Ed Please do come along with Bio-data in all working day. Timing : 9. Experience: Minimum 3 years. Required Science and S. St teacher for high and middle classes. Jagriti Balwadi Sangam High School, opp.

Salary � Rs. Netplus Broadband Services Pvt. Cashier 2. Experienced will be preferred fresher can also apply. Able to look after and interact with baby during job period.

She must be knowing hindi language. Required trained teachers Teacher required for Class 10th Subject : S. St, Sc. Mob No: Salary: Negotiable. Required Teachers 1. Std, Eco. Call E-mail � hyper gmail. Wanted Wanted a female staff for office at Subhash Nagar having command on excel and good at typing with good communication skills.

Experience 3 years and Basic Computer Experience Contact : Female hostel warden Wanted a hostel warden, well educated Post graduation in any subject , having computer knowledge, age 27 years and above for full time 24 hour Salary negotiable. Satish Kenue Mob. Sc in Chemistry, Microbiology, Biotechnology or B. Tech in Chemical or B. Both Salary 10 to 20 K hr7colours gmail.

Salary Negotiable Please Contact :- , Manager, Senior Associate, PB. Feb To 24 Feb. Near Sai Mandir, Opp. Required Required a candidate with excellent handwriting for office purpose.

Qualification: 12th to Graduation Stipend Salary � 5k to 6k. Timing � 10 am to 5 pm. Catering supervisor:- OMR 2. Indian Cook :- OMR 4. Service crew:- OMR Cont. Walk in for an interview with certificates. Dhamore Dist. Samba Pre-Nursery to Vth 1. Graduate with B. Teacher experienced in teaching all subjects.

Computer Teacher : BCA 3. Salary between 10k to 20k for deserving candidate. Clinic timings 9 am to 6 pm. Sunday off. Ph No. Contact: , Preference will be given to persons residing near by. Accountant 2. Data Entry Operator cum Receptionist 3.

Driver 4. Supervisors Email Id:- aeon. Anoop Manhas : 2. Yadhvinder Kumar Jindal :- 3. A Bhat : Interview date : of Feb. Accountant, Supervisior, Computer Operator, B. Sc, M. Sc and ITI Electrician. Store Manager: 3 to 5 years exp. Electrician: 3 to 5 years of exp. Salary upto 15 K. Marketing Executive: 2 to 3 years of Exp. Salary: 20 to 25 K. Salary: 10 to 15 K. Salary 8 to 15 K. Salary 6 to 10 K. Civil Engg experienced 10 No 12k to 20 k 2.

Marketing Executive for Asian Paints experienced 4no 20k 6. Supervisor 5 No 10k Mob. Assistant Editors : 2 2. News Coordinator : 2 3. Preferably from Rajouri local candidate preferred Salary one lakh ten thousand per annum negotiable Contact number , call timing 9 am to 5 pm. Salary negotiable. Good atmosphere and no of patients. Required staff S.

English Teacher M. Hindi Teacher M. Ed 5 to 7 years of revelent exp. Ed Please do come along with Bio-data in all working day, upto 24 Feb. Salary negotiable Conatct: , Candidate should be having knowledge of Accounting. GST etc. Preferably Female. Salary no bar for deserving candidates. Contact us at Business Opportunity Earn Extra part-time income working from home.

Golden Chance to join the Wellness Industry. Take advantage of changing trends. Contact on Sc � 1 to 4 years of Exp. Mktg Assos. Team Head Female only Exp. Min 3 yrs. Sal : Negotiable 3. Graphic Designer having good knowledge of Coral Draw. Contact : Email : starinfotechh gmail. Hostel warden Wanted a hostel warden, well educated Post graduation in any subject , having computer knowledge, age 27 years and above. Required Teachers Candidates should be graduate with B. Ed, Non-medical.

Nursery Trained �. Apply with resume testimonials and photo within days. O S Manhas M. D , ARA6 News Required 1. News AnchorF 4. Cameraman 6. HR:-bachelor 2year of exp. Receptionist:-F E-mail id:- arafm gmail. Interview date Feb to 20 Feb. Required Wanted male for marketing executive having with computer knowledge at Trikuta Nagar with own two-wheeler Salary Rs.

Salary 20, Sc Chemistry. Salary- 25, Data Entry Operator M with good knowledge of excel etc. Salary: 15, Diploma- Mech. Urgently required Packing Supervisor B. Tech in Mechanical or B. Sc with 1 to 3 years Exp. Salary : 30 to 45 K Graphic Designer : 3 to 6 years of Exp.

Job vacancy B. Electrical � 1 to 2 years of Exp. Vacancy Required 1. Sales Manager- M Having Experience in handling team to motivate and do sales 3. Male Candidate for the post of computer operator 3. Male Candidate for the post of Office boy. Experience in marketing of security services preferable.

Right candidate will be offered attractive salary. CONT: , Shortlisted candidates will be called for an interview between 18 to 22 Feb. Driver :- PSV heavy vehicle Licence 2. Conductor : 8 or 10th pass Apply within 7 days with full bio-data along with passport size photograph on School Amail E-mail : vbpsjammu gmail. Female Cook Required trained female cook for vegetarian cooking only.

Vice Principal � M. A English B. Science-cum-Maths Teacher-M. Ed Attractive Salary Candidate with min. Interested parties can contact on mobile no: Age 25 years Contact: , Age Civil Engg experienced 10no 12k to 20 k 2.

Trainers for Himayat PG in computer 15k to 20k 4. Housewives, Student, Bussinessman Retired person, Job person etc. Contact on: Fresher or Experience. Shifts Available: Day or Night Shift. Harsh Mahajan � DTP Operator. Delivery Boy. Security Guard. Lariox Hub, H. MNC company.

Automobile Sector. Showroom Agency. Shops Office etc. Mathematics Teacher ��� 3 Posts 2. English Teacher ����� 4 posts 3. Science Teacher �����- 4 posts 4. Social Science Teacher ���- 4 posts 5.

Nursery Trained Teacher ��- 4 posts 6. Candidate should have excellent communication skills in English with good academic record and should have knowledge of computers too. Contact Immediately Salary as per experience and competence candidate must have bike with valid driving licence Send your resume on email Contcat : , kashmirfeedindustries gmail.

Library at Rehari Chungi Opp. Required Sales Exe. Crescent public school crescent disco road janipur, jammu Email :- infocrescentpublicschool gmail. Timing : am to pm. Qualification: 12th Passed Minimum Once working housewives, Retd. Nurse SR BSc. Nursing with 2 years experi- ence 2. Patient care Male SR 10th with good spoken English 5.

Urgent Requirements for Industry 1. Power Machine Operator Exp, B. S Manpower Solution , Accountant, supervisor, computer Opretr , B.

Diploma in Elect. Scooty knowing will be preffered. Mob: Salary: The interested candidates are requested to send their resumes on hr. PED, M. Salary negotiable Contact No. Urgently Required for industry Accountant : 1 to 5 years Exp. Trainers for Himayat PG in Computer 15k to 20k 4. Wanted 1. U rgently required Faculty : B. Fresher Exp.

Both Research Associate : M. Sc � Chemistry. Salary : 20 to 25 K Purchase Executive : 1 to 2 years of Exp. Salary Negotiable hr7colours gmail.

Aggarwal Daramshala Cell No. Sales Manager. Education no bar Contact : on whatsapp driving license and Adhaar Card or email at : ajniavni gmail. Urgent Required Female Councilor No. Required 01 female 01 male For Sainik colony Qualification graduate with basic computer knowledge Contact Salary Negotiable Contact: , Mail your resume to sales. Maths and Science 2.

Contact to p. Urgent Required 1. Urgently Required 1 Sales Person- 2 No. Experience would be an asset. Urgently Required Teachers 1. Primary 2 TGT 5. Urdu 2 TGT 1 Only experienced teachers should apply. Timings: a. Sales Execuive M : Smart, young and having skills to sell the vehicles. Tech Mech Exp. Required Helper For gift house at Jammu city area.

Cont: Required Office Staff for 1. Indoor � 10 Nos 2. Physiotherapy assistant required a Must be BPT in physiotherapy. Dr Priyanka Physiotherapy Clinic , Ed for Classes 1st to 3rd 2 Posts Subjects : All 3.

Shastri memorial hr. Math b. Science c. English Interested persons shall report personally during the working hours 9.

Urgently required 1 Sales Person- 2 No. Driver : 3 No. Salesman : 2 No. Students, Housewives, Retired person professionals. Contact for more information on: Wanted HR manager : 01 Minimum 15 yrs successful experience.

Salary negotiable Send CV to : bgreatu gmail. Staff Required 1. Tutor: B. Nursing or Experience or GNM with teaching with good communication skill and pleasing personality 2. Receptionist: Graduate with good communication skill and pleasing personality.

Marketing Executive: Having experience and knowledge in Education sector. Civil Engg Experienced 5no 12k to 20k 3. Trainers for Himayat project 10no 4. Marketing executive 5no 12k 5. Accountant , supervisor, computer Opretr , B. Required Phys. Video Editor : 1 Interested candidates may mail their resume at connectvacancy21 gmail.

Manager � Advertisements : 1 2. Receptionist : 1 Graduate with good communication skills Interested candidates may mail their resume at connectvacancy21 gmail. Content writers : 2 3. S Manpower Solutions , Jsm It solution Urgent required for industry. IT Engineer exp, Accoutant exp.

Office Assistant exp, Supervisior both, computer operator. Com, M. Com Office Assistant knowledge of computer. Call Operator 6. Marketing Executives Contact No. Contact : , Add: Shastri Nagar Jammu. Tiny Tots Hr. School Roop Nagar Ph. Please Contact, Required Required marketing executive for steel company Contact : Required driver for a personal car of Doctor at Trikuta Nagar Contact : Store Manager Exp. Security Head � Exp. Retired Army. Customer Care Manager Exp.

Accountant � 2 No. Qualification M. Office Incharge � 1 No. Office coordinator with steady experience in admin is also welcome. Salary,, based on experience and skills.

Urgently required teachers 1. Rahul Mob No. Get a chance to get a good Earning in part time. For details call on Wanted Wanted a office boy knowing computer for a office in Subhash Nagar and knowing two wheeler of near by area.

Mob:- Tech for teaching chemistry to 10th to 12th class 1No. A English for teaching 8th to 12th class 1No. A Maths for higher classes 1No. Com 1No. Nursery Trained 1No. Apply with testimonials and resume with in days during school timing 9 am to 2 pm O. Manhas , MD Driver 2 Required an experienced person, expert in driving LMV and preferabley residing near by Channi.

For Interview contact : , Date of Interview : 6th February Saturday Timing : onwards. Required Medical Shop Licence holder, for shop in a remote village Contact Com, Accountant, Supervisor, Computer Opretr, 2. Tech in Electrical, Blister machine operator, B. Sociology B. Come with Photo copies of documents on or from 9 am to 1 pm. Telecaller F � 2 2. Marketing Executive M � 2 3. News Reporter F � 2 4.

Camera man M � 2 5. Production Supervisor: 1 to 3 years of exp. Salary: 12 to 20 thousand. Tech Candidates. Required Coordiantor. Required A leading NBFC required field officer for its Jammu office who should be minimum graduate, holding a valid driving license. Job will be procuring financing business for the company and collection of its dues will be given attractive salary cum commission package and Two wheeler conveyance.

Rajpura Mangotrian, Jammu Tel. Wats app resume: Must be BPT in Physiotherapy 2. Van Driver Load Carrier � 1 4. Shop Worker Qualification 5th to 12th 5 5. Computer Operator. Office in charge. Office Executive. Billing operator. Receptionist Interview 1 to 3 February Ph. Rajpura Mangotrian, Jammu Tel: , E-mail: dewandevischool gmail. Accountant : 10K � 20K 2. Marketing Executive : 15K � 25K 3. HR Manager : 12K � 25K 4.

Abroad Jobs Visa with Work Permit 5. Van Driver Load Carrier � 1. Shop Workers Qualification 5th to 12th � 5. Required Staff For Construction Co. Salesman with own two wheeler 2. Mail CV with Photo to: vikaschopraadv gmail. Required Supervisor Supervisor required for Construction Sites Job Description: management and supervision of projects. Qualification: Graduate Contact � Delivery Partner 2.

Male candidate for the post of Tally or Busy operator from Male candidate for the post of Office boy from 9. Preferably having own conveyance. Preferably experience in handling of stock market trading is required.

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