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Syarif Abdurrahman Alkadrie developed Pontianak as a trading port on the island of Borneo , occupying an area of The city is on the equator , hence it is widely known as Kota Khatulistiwa Equatorial City. The city center is less than 3 kilometres 2 mi south of the equator. Pontianak is the 26th most populous city in Indonesia, and the fourth most populous city on the island of Borneo Kalimantan after Samarinda , Banjarmasin , and Balikpapan.
The city was founded as a small Malay fishing village on the bank of the Kapuas River. It then became the seat of the Pontianak Sultanate for several centuries. Pontianak was then incorporated into the Dutch East Indies after an agreement between the Pontianak Sultanate and the Dutch Government.
During the colonial era, Pontianak was the seat of the Residentie Westerafdeeling van Borneo , one of the residencies of the Dutch East Indies. When the Japanese occupied the Dutch East Indies , Pontianak became the site of the Pontianak massacre , in which many Malay aristocrats and sultans as well as people from other ethnic groups were massacred by the Imperial Japanese Navy , especially in the Massacre of Mandor Holocaust of Mandor.
After the Japanese surrendered, Pontianak became part of the Republic of Indonesia and was designated as the capital city of the province of West Kalimantan. Pontianak is a multicultural city, as different ethnic groups such as the Dayak , Malay , Bugis people, and Chinese live in the city, with some immigrants such as Javanese, Madura people, Bataks, Ambon people, Papuans, and Manado people.
This has created a culture that cannot be found in other parts of Indonesia. Pontianak is connected by air to other cities of Indonesia as well as some cities in Malaysia such as Kuala Lumpur and Kuching. Connected with the Supadio International Airport.
The city was formerly the capital of the independent Sultanate of Pontianak and was founded on 23 October around an old trading station on the Borneo coast. It was built on swampy ground that is subjected to regular flooding by the river, requiring buildings to be constructed on piles to keep them off the ground. The name Pontianak refers to a story about ghosts that people in West Kalimantan refer to as Pontianak a ferocious female ghost in Malay ; it was a ghosts' nest until Syarif Abdurrahman Alkadrie and his army fought and extruded ghosts who attacked his group by shooting cannonballs.
He then built a mosque and a palace, exactly on the location of the ghosts' nest, and settled. The mosque and the palace became the first buildings in Pontianak City. To this day, locals shoot carbide cannons made from logs every Ramadan and holiday events to pay tribute to the Sultan.
In Malay mythology, the Pontianak is also the name of an astral creature that is said be a spirit of a woman who died while pregnant. Similar stories about the Pontianak first emerged from mythical and folkloric tales that are popular in Kalimantan Borneo before the city was built on a large scale of natural habitat.
This was an active ancient civilization in the late 17th century. The history of the city of Pontianak written by a Dutch historian, V. Verth in his book Borneos Afdeling Wester , whose content is slightly different from the version of the stories circulating in the community today. According to him, the Dutch started to go to Pontianak in from Batavia. He was successful in commerce and accumulate enough capital to arm ships and boats and then he started to take the fight against Dutch colonialism.
Abdurrahman became a rich man and then tried to establish a settlement on an island in the Kapuas River. He found branching Landak River and then to develop the area into a prosperous trading center. This is the region that is now called Pontianak. He then established the Sultanate of Pontianak with himself as the first sultan. The Sultanate imported Chinese laborers in the 18th century to work in gold or tin mines. The settlers subsequently elected Luo as their inaugural president.
Luo implemented many democratic principles, including the idea that all matters of state must involve the consultation of the republic's citizenry. He also created a comprehensive set of executive, legislative, and judicial agencies. The Republic did not have a standing military, but had a defense ministry that administered a national militia based on conscription. During peacetime, the populace mostly engaged in farming, production, trading, and mining.
Lanfang's administrative divisions included three tiers province, prefecture, and county with the Diy Boat Building 2020 people electing leaders for all levels. Lanfang was allied with Sultan Abdurrahman of the Pontianak Sultanate.
Lanfang was also declared a tributary state of the Chinese Qing Empire. The Netherlands occupied an area opposite the imperial palace now known as the Tanah Seribu or the Verkendepaal area. On 5 July , the Netherlands made an agreement with the Sultanate of Pontianak regarding the Verkendepaal so that it to serve the area of activities of the Dutch nation which later became the seat of government Resident het Hoofd Westeraffieling van Borneo Regional Head residency of Borneo West and Assistant Resident het Hoofd der Affleeling van Pontianak Resident assistant Chief of Pontianak regency.
The agency manages eigendom or government wealth and take care of tax funds. The Dutch first recognize the existence of the Lanfang Republic.
However, the Dutch decided to expand its territory in Borneo, This was resisted by the officials of Lanfang. In the mid-to-late 19th century, the Chinese Qing Empire weakened substantially and became increasingly unable to support the Lanfang Republic as its vassal state. The Republic's citizenry waged a tenacious resistance, but ultimately failed due to poor weaponry. Lin Ah Sin was the last leader of Lanfang. Many of Lanfang's citizens and their descendants made their way to Sumatra or Singapore.
Due to being outnumbered and lack of effective weaponry by the more superior and equipped Royal Netherlands East Indies Army , Lanfang finally surrendered to the Dutch in and was dissolved. Wary of Qing intervention, the Dutch did not openly annex the Lanfang Republic, and created another puppet regime. It was not until , when the Qing Dynasty collapsed, that the Dutch proclaimed their occupation.
Pontianak was then designated as the Residentie Westerafdeeling van Borneo, one of the different residencies of the Dutch East Indies. In , the Japanese occupied Pontianak and expelled the Dutch. The Japanese military government decided to allow the Pontianak Sultanate to remain.
However, the Japanese soon become distrusted to the Sultanate, and between and , the Japanese orchestrated a mass arrest of Malay elites, Arabs , Chinese , Javanese , Menadonese , Dayaks , Bugis , Bataks , Minangkabau , Dutch, Indians , and Eurasians in Kalimantan, including all of the Malay Sultans, accused them of plotting to overthrow Japanese rule, and then massacred them. This is known as the Pontianak massacre. After the surrender of Japan , a Dutch military court in Pontianak on 18 October convicted the Japanese Admiral Michiaki Kamada of war crimes and sentenced him to death.
After the Japanese surrendered, the Dutch returned to Pontianak. Pontianak became the capital of the State of West Kalimantan, one of the federal states of the United States of Indonesia. Hamid's role in the coup led to increased agitation in West Kalimantan for its integration into the Republic of Indonesia.
Following clashes with demobilised KNIL troops in Makassar and the attempted secession of an Ambonese Republic of South Moluccas , the federal United States of Indonesia was dissolved on 17 August , turning Indonesia into a unitary state dominated by the central government in Jakarta.
Pontianak then became the capital city of the new province of West Kalimantan. Pontianak lies on the equator at a height ranging from 0. The city lies on flat land in the delta of the Kapuas River with a ground level elevation ranging from 0. The city is built on fall peneplant and alluvial sediments that are physically a clay type.
This type of soil is in the form of peat and silt deposits of Kapuas river. Under these conditions, the soil is very unstable and has a very low carrying capacity. The soil composition along the river is formed from a precipitation process that produces a tropaquent area coupled with tropofluevent and under permanently saturated fluvawuent conditions. It is derived from the new sapphire sediment from various compositions and shapes, including organic matter.
Pontianak consists of a kind of soil organosol, gray, humus, and alluvial with different characteristics. At some points, the thickness of the peat soils reaches up to 1�6 meters, thus causing a poor carrying capacity if it is designated to construct large buildings to make it as a farm. In by Presidential Decree No.
On 1 January by Presidential Decree No. The city experiences a large amount of rainfall throughout the year, averaging 3, mm in of precipitation annually. Pontianak has a tropical rainforest climate Af with heavy to very heavy rainfall year-round. Pontianak City comprises six administrative districts kecamatan , listed below with their areas and their populations Building A Houseboat On A Pontoon Boat Quota at the Census, [6] together with their officially estimated populations in mid The first four of the above districts lie on the south bank of the Kapuas River listed from west to east , while the last two districts lie on the north bank the East and North districts are separated by the Landak River, which joins with the Kapuas Kecil River at this point to create the Kapuas Besar River.
The built-up or urbanied area continues southeastwards along the south bank of the Kapuas River into the town of Sungai Raya , a kecamatan in the Regency of the same name. The census enumerated Pontianak's population at ,; the latest official estimate from mid is , In the funding, the elements of the population among others are needed to calculate the land needs, the needs of facilities and utilities of a region, predict the movement of transportation, and provide an overview of the characteristics of a region.
Important aspects of the population in its link with planning are population size, population distribution and population composition. Researchers conducted research on population data in the city of Pontianak during the last 2 years i. According to the data obtained, Population Growth Rate in Pontianak City in the period of is 0.
The population of Pontianak is predominantly ethnic Malays and Chinese. Intermarriage between different ethnic groups is common in Pontianak. Compared to other Indonesian cities, Pontianak is one of the few cities with a significant number of Chinese Indonesians. The Chinese have lived in Pontianak for centuries.
Most of the Chinese were passing through west Borneo from the third century for a last rest on their sailing journeys before returning to China. Beginning in the 7th century many Chinese had started to trade in western Borneo.
Apart from the Chinese traders, in the 17th century Dutch colonization brought in mass Chinese for mining gold. Most of these Chinese miners originated from the Fujian or Guangdong provinces. The two largest sub-groups of the Pontianak Chinese are the Teochew and Hakka. The Teochew people are from the northeastern coast of Guangdong and Hakka people from the interior of Fujian come to West Kalimantan. The Hakka people are pioneer groups living in villages and mining areas, working as miners, farmers, and also small traders.
This is in contrast to the Teochew people who prefer to live in urban areas for trade. Even now the Teochew people form the largest ethnic Chinese population in the city of Pontianak and south of Pontianak. The Hakka people mostly live in the northern area of Pontianak. The second largest ethnic group in Pontianak is the Malay people.
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