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Behaviorism relies on the scientific theory of stimulus and response, and this theory is systematic and objective in its approach to the study of behavior. Behaviorism is a school of psychology that centers on the assumption that all organisms respond to stimulus, and finding the proper stimulus leads to a deeper understanding of behaviors.

Behaviorism is a combination of psychological theory, scientific method, and a sprinkling of philosophy. Skinner, Ivan Pavlov, and John B.

Each of these psychologists added to the understanding of human behavior with their pioneering research and theories. Skinner primarily worked and developed his theory of radical behaviorism and operant conditioning, Pavlov delved into reinforcing behavior using his theory of classical conditioning, and John B.

Watson developed the theory of methodological behaviorism. John B. Watson established the psychological school known as Behaviorism. Watson used scientific theory to define and research behaviorism, and it was his experimental work and theories that popularized scientific method in the study of psychology.

Before Watson, the observation was considered a reliable way to explain and understand psychological behaviors; after Watson, scientific method became the norm. Using his methodological approach to understanding animal and human behavior, Watson researched through methodological experimentation, child rearing, animal behavior, and advertising what people respond to and why. Watson's strong belief in the importance of methodological scientific methods helped him popularize his behaviorism views.

In while he was editor of the "Psychological Review," he gave a lecture at Columbia University on Methodological Behaviorism, and this lecture helped promote his work and his theories to up-and-coming psychologists. Watson's work and his contribution to psychology through the development of methodological behaviorism is still felt today.

Behaviorism and Aluboat Team Zoo the concepts it puts forth are the basis for many psychological approaches to treatments for behavioral problems.

Cognitive behavioral therapy is one such treatment that has its roots in John Watson's school of behaviorism. John Watson and his "little Albert experiment" was the first of its kind, and it remains a controversial experiment.

Using a child in a psychological experiment was a bold step; Watson wanted to follow the guidelines Pavlov used to condition dogs. Pavlov used food to condition dogs in his experiments; he conditioned the dogs to respond to the sound of a bell; the dogs were "conditioned" to associate the sound of the bell with food.

Each time the dogs heard the bell they would salivate, showing they were conditioned to expect food at the Aluboat Team Group sound of the bell. The experiment was a controlled experiment in which Watson wanted to show that infants have a natural, innate fear of loud sounds and that he could use loud sounds to produce conditioned responses in the child.

Watson believed phobias were developed from external stimuli and were a conditioned response. Watson and his assistant, a graduate student named Rosalie Rayner, chose a nine-month-old infant and performed the experiments at John Hopkins University. Watson and Rayner referred to the child as "Albert" to protect his real identity. An experiment was devised to produce emotional conditioning in little Albert. The emotion Watson wanted to condition was fear, and an experiment was put together that was recorded via video.

Watson believed his controlled experiment would produce the desired fear conditioning because, in his opinion, babies fear loud sounds. Little Albert was first presented with a white rat. The rat approached him and crawled around him and on him, and Albert showed no signs of fear, only mild interest in the rat. During this phase of the experiment, other white objects were presented to Albert � a white rabbit, a white dog, and some masks.

Albert showed no fear, but rather was interested in the animals and masks. Once Albert was introduced to each of the objects, they were presented again, but this time Watson created a loud clang using a hammer and a pipe.

The loud noise startled Albert, and he cried. This was repeated several times � first the object was presented, followed immediately by the loud sound.

After a few times repeating this, Albert cried at just the sight of the rat with no loud noise. The conditioned response of crying was also transferred to all of the other items he had been introduced to. This led Watson to believe he had produced an emotionally conditioned response in Albert. Watson felt he had proven his hypothesis that a child could 10 Foot Aluminum Boat Experiment be emotionally conditioned to fear through association.

Although the experiment is still held up today as an excellent example of emotional conditioning, there are dissenters in the ranks. Some psychologists do not agree that a conditioned response had been instilled in little Albert, and others argue that it was an unethical experiment.

The little Albert experiment is held up by most in the psychological community as one of the best examples of emotional conditioning there is. There are those who do not share this view; many agree that there must be a larger study pool, or at least more than just one experiment on one baby to definitively reach such a conclusion.

Infants have different personalities; some are fearful naturally, others are bold, and many are naturally cautious of unfamiliar items, people, and sounds.

Critics have another reason for not agreeing with Watson's experiment. Some believe the infant was sick when the experiments took place. The idea that little Albert was ill at the time of the experiments comes from research into the identity of Albert.

Psychologists believe they have tracked down the real little Albert, known as Douglas Merritte. Douglas Merritte was the son of a wet nurse at John Hopkins University.

Douglas Merritte was born around the same time as Albert, and his mother worked at the hospital; these two reasons are frequently cited as proof that Albert was sick during the experiments. It seems that young Douglas had meningitis at the time of the experiments, and he died five years later due to hydrocephalus water on the brain.

If this is true, Douglas was too sick to be held up as a typical example of a perfectly healthy infant, as he may very well have been dealing with underlying conditions that could have impacted his reactions during the experiment.

Douglas was suffering from the effects of hydrocephalus during the experimentation according to some, and he was known to be prone to staring and breaking into fits of crying at the drop of a hat. Those who claim that Albert is Douglas also believe that Watson knew the child was sick before he performed the experiment, and so this makes the experiment a fraud.

Other psychologists researching another possible candidate for the identity of little Albert believe they found the real Albert, and his name is William Barger. William Albert Barger was known to family and friends as Albert; his middle name was used more than his first name. Regardless of who the child actually was, modern psychologists use the information from this experiment to shape their hypothesis and theories.

Today, it is unethical to use a young child in a psychology experiment, such as the one devised by Watson and Rayner. If the child was Douglas Merritte, the long-term effects of this type of conditioning are not fully understood. Using a sick child also puts Watson's reputation on the line. If Douglas is the real Albert, the experiment is not as convincing as it first seems.

Hydrocephaly is painful, and it potentially damages the cognitive capabilities. It is speculated that Watson chose Douglas because he was sick, as a baby with Douglas's condition would be placid during the initial stages but would be more likely to react with crying at the sound of the clanging.

It is difficult to say just how viable the results of Watson's experiments are. Family members of William Barger say that William had a lifelong fear of dogs, but no other discernable phobias. Family members of Douglas say that his hydrocephalus was evident at nine months of age. If William Barger is the real Albert, the results Watson came up with are valid, but if Douglas is the real Albert, Watson may have committed fraud, and his finding would forever be suspect.

There are strong arguments on both sides, and the real identity of little Albert may never be known. Today the precepts of behaviorism are used in modern psychology to help individuals overcome unwanted behaviors and thoughts. Cognitive behavioral therapy, behavioral therapy, and cognitive therapy are all treatments used in psychology. Psychologists, therapists, and psychology counselors all use these techniques for treating patients. Modern psychology even offers these treatments online for many patients and clients.

Without Watson and the Little Albert experiment, psychology would not be what it is today. Modern psychology now includes online therapy, which has been found to be just as effective overall as in-person therapy. In fact, one study explored other studies of internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy ICBT and its effectiveness in treating a range of conditions, including behavior and stress responses, depression, anxiety, phobias, PTSD, OCD, and many others.

This in-depth study confirmed online therapy to be just as effective as in-person therapy, and additionally that it removes many of the barriers in place with traditional therapies, such as cost and accessibility. He is so personable which makes him really easy to talk to and share personal experiences. In these beyond challenging times, it is such a relief to know she is there to help guide me through it with expertise and boundless compassion.

Source: unsplash. Watson And Behaviorism John B. Source: rawpixel. Behaviorism And The Little Albert Experiment John Watson and his "little Albert experiment" was the first of its kind, and it remains a controversial experiment. The Experiment Little Albert was first presented with a white rat. Critics Of The Experiment The little Albert experiment Aluboat Team 4g is held up by most in the psychological community as one of the best examples of emotional conditioning there is.

Source: pexels. Another Pretender To The Throne Other psychologists researching another possible candidate for the identity of little Albert believe they found the real Albert, and his name is William Barger. Source: pixabay. Behaviorism And Modern Psychology Today the precepts of behaviorism are used in modern psychology to help individuals overcome unwanted behaviors and thoughts. Search Topics. Related Articles What Is Flooding? Psychology, Definition, And Applications.

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