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A note in the text Cho Keng Lu , written in , describes a sulfur match, small sticks of pinewood impregnated with sulfur, used in China by "impoverished court ladies" in AD during the conquest of Northern Qi. If there occurs an emergency at night it may take some time to make a light to light a lamp. But an ingenious man devised the system of impregnating little sticks of pinewood with sulfur and storing them ready for use.
At the slightest touch of fire, they burst into flame. One gets a little flame like an ear of corn. This marvelous thing was formerly called a "light-bringing slave", but afterward when it became an article of commerce its name was changed to 'fire inch-stick'.
Another text, Wu Lin Chiu Shih , dated from AD, lists sulfur matches as something that was sold in the markets of Hangzhou , around the time of Marco Polo 's visit. The matches were known as fa chu or tshui erh. Prior to the use of matches, fires were sometimes lit using a burning glass a lens to focus the sun on tinder , a method that could only work on sunny days.
Another more common method was igniting tinder with sparks produced by striking flint and steel, or by sharply increasing air pressure in a fire piston. Early work had been done by alchemist Hennig Brand , who discovered the flammable nature of phosphorus in A number of different ways were employed in order to light smoking tobacco: One was the use of a spill � a thin object something like a thin candle, a rolled paper or a straw, which would be lit from a nearby, already existing flame and then used to light the cigar or pipe � most often kept near the fireplace in a spill vase.
These would then be rubbed together, ultimately producing sparks. If neither of these two was available, one could also use ember tongs to pick up a coal from a fire and light the tobacco directly. The head of the match consisted of a mixture of potassium chlorate , sulfur , rubber and sugar. The match was ignited by dipping its tip in a small asbestos bottle filled with sulfuric acid. This approach to match making was further refined in the following decades, culminating with the 'Promethean match' that was patented by Samuel Jones of London in His match consisted of a small glass capsule containing a chemical composition of sulfuric acid colored with indigo and coated on the exterior with potassium chlorate, all of which was wrapped up in rolls of paper.
The immediate ignition of this particular form of a match was achieved by crushing the capsule with a pair of pliers, mixing and releasing the ingredients in order for it to become alight. In London, similar matches meant for lighting cigars were introduced in by Heurtner who had a shop called the Lighthouse in the Strand. One version that he sold was called "Euperion" sometimes "Empyrion" which was popular for kitchen use and nicknamed as "Hugh Perry", while another meant for outdoor use was called a "Vesuvian" or "flamer".
The handle was large and made of hardwood so as to burn vigorously and last for a while. Some even had glass stems. Samuel Jones introduced fuzees for lighting cigars and pipes in A similar invention was patented in by John Hucks Stevens in America.
In , William Newton patented the "wax vesta" in England. It consisted of a wax stem that embedded cotton threads and had a tip of phosphorus. Variants known as "candle matches" were made by Savaresse and Merckel in Chemical matches were unable to make the leap into mass production, due to the expense, their cumbersome nature and inherent danger.
An alternative method was to produce the ignition through friction produced by rubbing two rough surfaces together. His crude match was called a briquet phosphorique and it used a sulfur-tipped match to scrape inside a tube coated internally with phosphorus.
It was both inconvenient and unsafe. The first successful friction match was invented in by John Walker , an English chemist and druggist from Stockton-on-Tees , County Durham. He developed a keen interest in trying to find a means of obtaining fire easily. Several chemical mixtures were already known which would ignite by a sudden explosion, but it had not been found possible to transmit the flame to a slow-burning substance like wood. While Walker was preparing a lighting mixture on one occasion, a match which had been dipped in it took fire by an accidental friction upon the hearth.
He at once appreciated the practical value of the discovery, and started making friction matches. They consisted of wooden splints or sticks of cardboard coated with sulfur and tipped with a mixture of sulfide of antimony , chlorate of potash , and gum. The treatment with sulfur helped the splints to catch fire, and the odor was improved by the addition of camphor.
With each box was supplied a piece of sandpaper, folded double, through which the match had to be drawn to ignite it. Walker named the matches " Congreves " in honour of the inventor and rocket pioneer Sir William Congreve. He did not divulge the exact composition of his matches. It was however dangerous and flaming balls sometimes fell to the floor burning carpets and dresses, leading to their ban in France and Germany.
Holden did not patent his invention and claimed that one of his pupils wrote to his father Samuel Jones, a chemist in London who commercialised his process. These early matches had a number of problems - an initial violent reaction, an unsteady flame and unpleasant odor and fumes. Lucifers could ignite explosively, sometimes throwing sparks a considerable distance. Lucifers were manufactured in the United States by Ezekial Byam. Lucifers were, however, quickly replaced after by matches made according to the process devised by Frenchman Charles Sauria , who substituted white phosphorus for the antimony sulfide.
From to , the composition of these matches remained largely unchanged, although some improvements were made. In William Ashgard replaced the sulfur with beeswax, reducing the pungency of the fumes. This was replaced by paraffin in by Charles W. Smith, resulting in what were called "parlor matches". From the end of the splint was fireproofed by impregnation with fire-retardant chemicals such as alum, sodium silicate, and other salts resulting in what was commonly called a "drunkard's match" that prevented the accidental burning of the user's fingers.
Other advances were made for the mass manufacture of matches. Early matches were made from blocks of woods with cuts separating the splints but leaving their bases attached. Later versions were made in the form of thin combs. The splints would be broken away from the comb when required.
He mixed the phosphorus with lead and gum arabic , poured the paste-like mass into a jar, and dipped the pine sticks into the mixture and let them dry. When he tried them that evening, all of them lit evenly.
Those involved in the manufacture of the new phosphorus matches were afflicted with phossy jaw and other bone disorders, [24] and there was enough white phosphorus in one pack to kill a person. Deaths and suicides from eating the heads of matches became frequent. The earliest report of phosphorus necrosis was made in by Lorinser in Vienna, and a New York surgeon published a pamphlet with notes on nine cases.
The strike was focused on the severe health complications of working with white phosphorus , such as phossy jaw. The women and girls also solicited contributions. Attempts were made to reduce the ill-effects on workers through the introduction of inspections and regulations. It was suggested that this would make a suitable substitute in match manufacture although it was slightly more expensive. British company Albright and Wilson was the first company to produce phosphorus sesquisulfide matches commercially.
The company developed a safe means of making commercial quantities of phosphorus sesquisulfide in and started selling it to match manufacturers. Finland prohibited the use of white phosphorus in , followed by Denmark in , France in , Switzerland in , and the Netherlands in The United Kingdom passed a law in prohibiting its use in matches after 31 December The United States did not pass a law, but instead placed a "punitive tax" in on white phosphorus�based matches, one so high as to render their manufacture financially impractical, and Canada banned them in In Albright and Wilson started making phosphorus sesquisulfide at their Niagara Falls , New York plant for the US market, but American manufacturers continued to use white phosphorus matches.
The dangers of white phosphorus in the manufacture of matches led to the development of the "hygienic" or "safety match". The major innovation in its development was the use of red phosphorus , not on the head of the match but instead on a specially designed striking surface. By , his company was producing the substance by heating white phosphorus in a sealed pot at a specific temperature. The idea of creating a specially designed striking surface was developed in by the Swede Gustaf Erik Pasch.
Pasch patented the use of red phosphorus in the striking surface. He found that this could ignite heads that did not need to contain white phosphorus. The safety of true "safety matches" is derived from the separation of the reactive ingredients between a match head on the end of a paraffin -impregnated splint and the special striking surface in addition to the safety aspect of replacing the white phosphorus with red phosphorus.
The idea for separating the chemicals had been introduced in in the form of two-headed matches known in France as Allumettes Androgynes. These were sticks with one end made of potassium chlorate and the other of red phosphorus. They had to be broken and the heads rubbed together. Such dangers were removed when the striking surface was moved to the outside of the box.
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