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The terms upstream and downstream oil and gas production refer to an oil or gas company's location in the supply chain. Companies in the oil and gas industry are usually divided into one of three groups, upstream, downstream, and midstream. Some companies are considered to be "integrated" because they combine the functions of two or three of the groups.

Upstream oil and gas production is upstream and downstream of boat meaning month by companies who identify, extract, or produce raw materials. Downstream oil and gas production companies are closer to the end user or consumer. Here's a look at upstream and downstream oil and gas production, their individual functions, and what role they play in the broader supply chain. Upstream oil and gas production and operations identify deposits, drill wells, and recover raw materials from underground.

They are also often called exploration and production companies. This sector also includes related services such as rig operations, feasibility studies, machinery rental, and extraction of chemical supply. Many of those employed in the upstream part of the industry include geologists, geophysicists, service rig operators, engineering firms, scientists, and seismic and drilling contractors. These people are able to locate and estimate reserves before any of the actual drilling activity starts.

Many of the largest upstream operators are the major diversified oil and gas firms, such as Exxon-Mobil XOM. The closer an oil and gas company is to supplying consumers with petroleum products, the further downstream it is said to be in the industry. Downstream operations are oil and gas processes that occur after the production phase to the point of sale.

This sector of the oil and gas industry�the final step in the production process�is represented by refiners of petroleum crude oil motnh natural gas processors, who bring usable products to end users and consumers.

They also engage in the marketing and distribution of crude oil and natural gas products. Simply put, the downstream oil and gas market is anything that has to do with the post-production of crude oil and natural gas activities. Many of the products that consumers use every day come directly from downstream production, including diesel, natural gasgasoline, heating oil, lubricants, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and propane.

Midstream operations link the upstream and downstream entities and mostly include resource transportation and storage services for meaniing, such as pipelines and gathering systems. Companies engaged in the downstream process include oil refineries, petroleum product distributors, petrochemical plants, natural gas distributors, and retail outlets.

Many major downstream companies are also diversified and engage in all levels of the production process. Examples of downstream companies include leading U. Phillips 66 was initially part of parent company ConocoPhillips COP until the larger oil company opted to spin off the downstream business in Your Money. Personal Finance. Your Practice. Popular Courses. Oil Guide to Investing in Montj Markets.

Commodities Oil. Upstream vs. Downstream Boar and Gas Production: An Overview The terms upstream and downstream oil and gas production refer to an oil or gas company's location in the supply chain.

Key Takeaways Upstream and downstream oil and gas production refer to an oil or gas company's location in the supply chain. Downstream oil and gas production engages in anything related to the post-production of crude oil and natural gas activities. Midstream links upstream and downstream and includes transportation and storage services.

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Compare Accounts. The offers that appear in this table are from partnerships from which Investopedia receives compensation. Related Articles. Consider These 3 Risks. Partner Links. Related Terms Petroleum Petroleum is a fluid found in the earth that can upstream and downstream of boat meaning month refined into fuel and plastic.

Humans rely on petroleum for many goods and services, but it has a large and negative impact on the environment. Organic Reserve Replacement An organic reserve replacement is when an oil company accumulates reserves via exploration and production as opposed to purchasing proven reserves.

What Are Downstream Operations? Downstream operations upstream and downstream of boat meaning month functions regarding oil and gas that happen after the production phase, through to the point of sale. Upstream Upstream is a term for the exploration and production stages in the oil and gas bot. It is the first stage in oil or gas production, followed by the midstream and downstream segments.

What Are Upstream and downstream of boat meaning month Oil Operations? Midstream is a term used to describe one of the three major moth of upstream and downstream of boat meaning month and rownstream industry operations.

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But instead of a milking stool imagine it a great body of machinery on a tripod stand. Then suddenly the trees in the pine wood ahead of me were parted, as brittle reeds are parted by a man thrusting through them; they were snapped off and driven headlong, and a second huge tripod appeared, rushing, as it seemed, headlong towards me.

And I was galloping hard to meet it! At the sight of the second monster my nerve went altogether. I crawled out almost immediately, and crouched, my feet still in the water, under a clump of furze. The horse lay motionless his neck was broken, poor brute!

In another moment the colossal mechanism went striding by me, and passed uphill towards Pyrford. Seen nearer, the Thing was incredibly strange, for it was no mere insensate machine driving on its way. Machine it was, with a ringing metallic pace, and long, flexible, glittering tentacles one of which gripped a young pine tree swinging and rattling about its strange body.

It picked its road as it went striding along, and the brazen hood that surmounted it moved to and fro with the inevitable suggestion of a head looking about. And in an instant it was gone. So much I saw then, all vaguely for the flickering of the lightning, in blinding highlights and dense black shadows. I have no doubt this Thing in the field was the third of the ten cylinders they had fired at us from Mars.

For some minutes I lay there in the rain and darkness watching, by the intermittent light, these monstrous beings of metal moving about in the distance over the hedge tops. A thin hail was now beginning, and as it came and went their figures grew misty and then flashed into clearness again. Now and then came a gap in the lightning, and the night swallowed them up.

I was soaked with hail above and puddle water below. It was some time before my blank astonishment would let me struggle up the bank to a drier position, or think at all of my imminent peril. I struggled to my feet at last, and, crouching and making use of every chance of cover, I made a run for this.

I hammered at the door, but I could not make the people hear if there were any people inside , and after a time I desisted, and, availing myself of a ditch for the greater part of the way, succeeded in crawling, unobserved by these monstrous machines, into the pine woods towards Maybury. Under cover of this I pushed on, wet and shivering now, towards my own house.

I walked among the trees trying to find the footpath. It was very dark indeed in the wood, for the lightning was now becoming infrequent, and the hail, which was pouring down in a torrent, fell in columns through the gaps in the heavy foliage. If I had fully realised the meaning of all the things I had seen I should have immediately worked my way round through Byfleet to Street Cobham, and so gone back to rejoin my wife at Leatherhead.

But that night the strangeness of things about me, and my physical wretchedness, prevented me, for I was bruised, weary, wet to the skin, deafened and blinded by the storm. I had a vague idea of going on to my own house, and that was as much motive as I had. I staggered through the trees, fell into a ditch and bruised my knees against a plank, and finally splashed out into the lane that ran down from the College Arms. I say splashed, for the storm water was sweeping the sand down the hill in a muddy torrent.

There in the darkness a man blundered into me and sent me reeling back. He gave a cry of terror, sprang sideways, and rushed on before I could gather my wits sufficiently to speak to him. So heavy was the stress of the storm just at this place that I had the hardest task to win my way up the hill.

I went close up to the fence on the left and worked my way along its palings. Near the top I stumbled upon something soft, and, by a flash of lightning, saw between my feet a heap of black broadcloth and a pair of boots. Before I could distinguish clearly how the man lay, the flicker of light had passed. I stood over him waiting for the next flash. When it came, I saw that he was a sturdy man, cheaply but not shabbily dressed; his head was bent under his body, and he lay crumpled up close to the fence, as though he had been flung violently against it.

Overcoming the repugnance natural to one who had never before touched a dead body, I stooped and turned him over to feel for his heart. He was quite dead. Apparently his neck had been broken. The lightning flashed for a third time, and his face leaped upon me. I sprang to my feet. It was the landlord of the Spotted Dog, whose conveyance I had taken. I stepped over him gingerly and pushed on up the hill.

I made my way by the police station and the College Arms towards my own house. Nothing was burning on the hillside, though from the common there still came a red glare and a rolling tumult of ruddy smoke beating up against the drenching hail.

So far as I could see by the flashes, the houses about me were mostly uninjured. By the College Arms a dark heap lay in the road. Down the road towards Maybury Bridge there were voices and the sound of feet, but I had not the courage to shout or to go to them.

I let myself in with my latchkey, closed, locked and bolted the door, staggered to the foot of the staircase, and sat down. My imagination was full of those striding metallic monsters, and of the dead body smashed against the fence. I have already said that my storms of emotion have a trick of exhausting themselves.

After a time I discovered that I was cold and wet, and with little pools of water about me on the stair carpet. I got up almost mechanically, went into the dining room and drank some whisky, and then I was moved to change my clothes. After I had done that I went upstairs to my study, but why I did so I do not know. The window of my study looks over the trees and the railway towards Horsell Common.

In the hurry of our departure this window had been left open. The passage was dark, and, by contrast with the picture the window frame enclosed, the side of the room seemed impenetrably dark. I stopped short in the doorway. The thunderstorm had passed. The towers of the Oriental College and the pine trees about it had gone, and very far away, lit by a vivid red glare, the common about the sand-pits was visible.

Across the light huge black shapes, grotesque and strange, moved busily to and fro. It seemed indeed as if the whole country in that direction was on fire�a broad hillside set with minute tongues of flame, swaying and writhing with the gusts of the dying storm, and throwing a red reflection upon the cloud scud above.

Every now and then a haze of smoke from some nearer conflagration drove across the window and hid the Martian shapes.

I could not see what they were doing, nor the clear form of them, nor recognise the black objects they were busied upon. Neither could I see the nearer fire, though the reflections of it danced on the wall and ceiling of the study. A sharp, resinous tang of burning was in the air.

I closed the door noiselessly and crept towards the window. As I did so, the view opened out until, on the one hand, it reached to the houses about Woking station, and on the other to the charred and blackened pine woods of Byfleet. There was a light down below the hill, on the railway, near the arch, and several of the houses along the Maybury road and the streets near the station were glowing ruins.

The light upon the railway puzzled me at first; there were a black heap and a vivid glare, and to the right of that a row of yellow oblongs. Then I perceived this was a wrecked train, the fore part smashed and on fire, the hinder carriages still upon the rails. Between these three main centres of light�the houses, the train, and the burning county towards Chobham�stretched irregular patches of dark country, broken here and there by intervals of dimly glowing and smoking ground.

It was the strangest spectacle, that black expanse set with fire. It reminded me, more than anything else, of the Potteries at night. At first I could distinguish no people at all, though I peered intently for them. Later I saw against the light of Woking station a number of black figures hurrying one after the other across the line.

And this was the little world in which I had been living securely for years, this fiery chaos! What had happened in the last seven hours I still did not know; nor did I know, though I was beginning to guess, the relation between these mechanical colossi and the sluggish lumps I had seen disgorged from the cylinder. With a queer feeling of impersonal interest I turned my desk chair to the window, sat down, and stared at the blackened country, and particularly at the three gigantic black things that were going to and fro in the glare about the sand-pits.

They seemed amazingly busy. I began to ask myself what they could be. Were they intelligent mechanisms? Such a thing I felt was impossible. I began to compare the things to human machines, to ask myself for the first time in my life how an ironclad or a steam engine would seem to an intelligent lower animal.

The storm had left the sky clear, and over the smoke of the burning land the little fading pinpoint of Mars was dropping into the west, when a soldier came into my garden. I heard a slight scraping at the fence, and rousing myself from the lethargy that had fallen upon me, I looked down and saw him dimly, clambering over the palings.

At the sight of another human being my torpor passed, and I leaned out of the window eagerly. He stopped astride of the fence in doubt. Then he came over and across the lawn to the corner of the house.

He bent down and stepped softly. I went down, unfastened the door, and let him in, and locked the door again. I could not see his face. He was hatless, and his coat was unbuttoned. He drank it. Then abruptly he sat down before the table, put his head on his arms, and began to sob and weep like a little boy, in a perfect passion of emotion, while I, with a curious forgetfulness of my own recent despair, stood beside him, wondering.

It was a long time before he could steady his nerves to answer my questions, and then he answered perplexingly and brokenly. He was a driver in the artillery, and had only come into action about seven. At that time firing was going on across the common, and it was said the first party of Martians were crawling slowly towards their second cylinder under cover of a metal shield. Later this shield staggered up on tripod legs and became the first of the fighting-machines I had seen.

The gun he drove had been unlimbered near Horsell, in order to command the sand-pits, and its arrival it was that had precipitated the action. As the limber gunners went to the rear, his horse trod in a rabbit hole and came down, throwing him into a depression of the ground.

At the same moment the gun exploded behind him, the ammunition blew up, there was fire all about him, and he found himself lying under a heap of charred dead men and dead horses. And the smell�good God!

Like burnt meat! I was hurt across the back by the fall of the horse, and there I had to lie until I felt better. Just like parade it had been a minute before�then stumble, bang, swish! He had hid under the dead horse for a long time, peeping out furtively across the common. The Cardigan men had tried a rush, in skirmishing order, at the pit, simply to be swept out of existence.

Then the monster had risen to its feet and had begun to walk leisurely to and fro across the common among the few fugitives, with its headlike hood turning about exactly like the head of a cowled human being. A kind of arm carried a complicated metallic case, about which green flashes scintillated, and out of the funnel of this there smoked the Heat-Ray.

In a few minutes there was, so far as the soldier could see, not a living thing left upon the common, and every bush and tree upon it that was not already a blackened skeleton was burning. The hussars had been on the road beyond the curvature of the ground, and he saw nothing of them. He heard the Maxims rattle for a time and then become still. The giant saved Woking station and its cluster of houses until the last; then in a moment the Heat-Ray was brought to bear, and the town became a heap of fiery ruins.

Then the Thing shut off the Heat-Ray, and turning its back upon the artilleryman, began to waddle away towards the smouldering pine woods that sheltered the second cylinder. As it did so a second glittering Titan built itself up out of the pit. The second monster followed the first, and at that the artilleryman began to crawl very cautiously across the hot heather ash towards Horsell.

He managed to get alive into the ditch by the side of the road, and so escaped to Woking. There his story became ejaculatory. The place was impassable.

It seems there were a few people alive there, frantic for the most part and many burned and scalded. He was turned aside by the fire, and hid among some almost scorching heaps of broken wall as one of the Martian giants returned. He saw this one pursue a man, catch him up in one of its steely tentacles, and knock his head against the trunk of a pine tree.

At last, after nightfall, the artilleryman made a rush for it and got over the railway embankment. Since then he had been skulking along towards Maybury, in the hope of getting out of danger Londonward. People were hiding in trenches and cellars, and many of the survivors had made off towards Woking village and Send. He had been consumed with thirst until he found one of the water mains near the railway arch smashed, and the water bubbling out like a spring upon the road.

That was the story I got from him, bit by bit. He grew calmer telling me and trying to make me see the things he had seen. He had eaten no food since midday, he told me early in his narrative, and I found some mutton and bread in the pantry and brought it into the room.

We lit no lamp for fear of attracting the Martians, and ever and again our hands would touch upon bread or meat. As he talked, things about us came darkly out of the darkness, and the trampled bushes and broken rose trees outside the window grew distinct. It would seem that a number of men or animals had rushed across the lawn.

I began to see his face, blackened and haggard, as no doubt mine was also. When we had finished eating we went softly upstairs to my study, and I looked again out of the open window. In one night the valley had become a valley of ashes. The fires had dwindled now. Where flames had been there were now streamers of smoke; but the countless ruins of shattered and gutted houses and blasted and blackened trees that the night had hidden stood out now gaunt and terrible in the pitiless light of dawn.

Yet here and there some object had had the luck to escape�a white railway signal here, the end of a greenhouse there, white and fresh amid the wreckage. Never before in the history of warfare had destruction been so indiscriminate and so universal. And shining with the growing light of the east, three of the metallic giants stood about the pit, their cowls rotating as though they were surveying the desolation they had made.

It seemed to me that the pit had been enlarged, and ever and again puffs of vivid green vapour streamed up and out of it towards the brightening dawn�streamed up, whirled, broke, and vanished. Beyond were the pillars of fire about Chobham. They became pillars of bloodshot smoke at the first touch of day.

As the dawn grew brighter we withdrew from the window from which we had watched the Martians, and went very quietly downstairs. The artilleryman agreed with me that the house was no place to stay in. He proposed, he said, to make his way Londonward, and thence rejoin his battery�No. My plan was to return at once to Leatherhead; and so greatly had the strength of the Martians impressed me that I had determined to take my wife to Newhaven, and go with her out of the country forthwith.

For I already perceived clearly that the country about London must inevitably be the scene of a disastrous struggle before such creatures as these could be destroyed. Between us and Leatherhead, however, lay the third cylinder, with its guarding giants. Had I been alone, I think I should have taken my chance and struck across country. Thence I would make a big detour by Epsom to reach Leatherhead. I should have started at once, but my companion had been in active service and he knew better than that.

He made me ransack the house for a flask, which he filled with whisky; and we lined every available pocket with packets of biscuits and slices of meat. Then we crept out of the house, and ran as quickly as we could down the ill-made road by which I had come overnight.

The houses seemed deserted. In the road lay a group of three charred bodies close together, struck dead by the Heat-Ray; and here and there were things that people had dropped�a clock, a slipper, a silver spoon, and the like poor valuables. At the corner turning up towards the post office a little cart, filled with boxes and furniture, and horseless, heeled over on a broken wheel.

A cash box had been hastily smashed open and thrown under the debris. Except the lodge at the Orphanage, which was still on fire, none of the houses had suffered very greatly here. The Heat-Ray had shaved the chimney tops and passed.

Yet, save ourselves, there did not seem to be a living soul on Maybury Hill. The majority of the inhabitants had escaped, I suppose, by way of the Old Woking road�the road I had taken when I drove to Leatherhead�or they had hidden. We went down the lane, by the body of the man in black, sodden now from the overnight hail, and broke into the woods at the foot of the hill. We pushed through these towards the railway without meeting a soul.

The woods across the line were but the scarred and blackened ruins of woods; for the most part the trees had fallen, but a certain proportion still stood, dismal grey stems, with dark brown foliage instead of green. On our side the fire had done no more than scorch the nearer trees; it had failed to secure its footing. In one place the woodmen had been at work on Saturday; trees, felled and freshly trimmed, lay in a clearing, with heaps of sawdust by the sawing-machine and its engine.

Hard by was a temporary hut, deserted. There was not a breath of wind this morning, and everything was strangely still. Even the birds were hushed, and as we hurried along I and the artilleryman talked in whispers and looked now and again over our shoulders.

Once or twice we stopped to listen. After a time we drew near the road, and as we did so we heard the clatter of hoofs and saw through the tree stems three cavalry soldiers riding slowly towards Woking.

We hailed them, and they halted while we hurried towards them. It was a lieutenant and a couple of privates of the 8th Hussars, with a stand like a theodolite, which the artilleryman told me was a heliograph. His voice and face were eager. The men behind him stared curiously. The artilleryman jumped down the bank into the road and saluted. Have been hiding. Trying to rejoin battery, sir. Hundred feet high.

They carry a kind of box, sir, that shoots fire and strikes you dead. Halfway through, the lieutenant interrupted him and looked up at me.

I was still standing on the bank by the side of the road. Know the way? He thanked me and rode on, and we saw them no more. They had got hold of a little hand truck, and were piling it up with unclean-looking bundles and shabby furniture.

They were all too assiduously engaged to talk to us as we passed. By Byfleet station we emerged from the pine trees, and found the country calm and peaceful under the morning sunlight. We were far beyond the range of the Heat-Ray there, and had it not been for the silent desertion of some of the houses, the stirring movement of packing in others, and the knot of soldiers standing on the bridge over the railway and staring down the line towards Woking, the day would have seemed very like any other Sunday.

Several farm waggons and carts were moving creakily along the road to Addlestone, and suddenly through the gate of a field we saw, across a stretch of flat meadow, six twelve-pounders standing neatly at equal distances pointing towards Woking. The gunners stood by the guns waiting, and the ammunition waggons were at a business-like distance. The men stood almost as if under inspection.

Farther on towards Weybridge, just over the bridge, there were a number of men in white fatigue jackets throwing up a long rampart, and more guns behind. The officers who were not actively engaged stood and stared over the treetops southwestward, and the men digging would stop every now and again to stare in the same direction.

Byfleet was in a tumult; people packing, and a score of hussars, some of them dismounted, some on horseback, were hunting them about. Three or four black government waggons, with crosses in white circles, and an old omnibus, among other vehicles, were being loaded in the village street.

There were scores of people, most of them sufficiently sabbatical to have assumed their best clothes. The soldiers were having the greatest difficulty in making them realise the gravity of their position.

We saw one shrivelled old fellow with a huge box and a score or more of flower pots containing orchids, angrily expostulating with the corporal who would leave them behind.

I stopped and gripped his arm. At the corner I looked back. The soldier had left him, and he was still standing by his box, with the pots of orchids on the lid of it, and staring vaguely over the trees.

No one in Weybridge could tell us where the headquarters were established; the whole place was in such confusion as I had never seen in any town before. Carts, carriages everywhere, the most astonishing miscellany of conveyances and horseflesh. The respectable inhabitants of the place, men in golf and boating costumes, wives prettily dressed, were packing, river-side loafers energetically helping, children excited, and, for the most part, highly delighted at this astonishing variation of their Sunday experiences.

In the midst of it all the worthy vicar was very pluckily holding an early celebration, and his bell was jangling out above the excitement. I and the artilleryman, seated on the step of the drinking fountain, made a very passable meal upon what we had brought with us. Patrols of soldiers�here no longer hussars, but grenadiers in white�were warning people to move now or to take refuge in their cellars as soon as the firing began.

We saw as we crossed the railway bridge that a growing crowd of people had assembled in and about the railway station, and the swarming platform was piled with boxes and packages.

The ordinary traffic had been stopped, I believe, in order to allow of the passage of troops and guns to Chertsey, and I have heard since that a savage struggle occurred for places in the special trains that were put on at a later hour.

We remained at Weybridge until midday, and at that hour we found ourselves at the place near Shepperton Lock where the Wey and Thames join. Part of the time we spent helping two old women to pack a little cart.

The Wey has a treble mouth, and at this point boats are to be hired, and there was a ferry across the river. On the Shepperton side was an inn with a lawn, and beyond that the tower of Shepperton Church�it has been replaced by a spire�rose above the trees.

Here we found an excited and noisy crowd of fugitives. As yet the flight had not grown to a panic, but there were already far more people than all the boats going to and fro could enable to cross. People came panting along under heavy burdens; one husband and wife were even carrying a small outhouse door between them, with some of their household goods piled thereon.

One man told us he meant to try to get away from Shepperton station. There was a lot of shouting, and one man was even jesting. The idea people seemed to have here was that the Martians were simply formidable human beings, who might attack and sack the town, to be certainly destroyed in the end.

Every now and then people would glance nervously across the Wey, at the meadows towards Chertsey, but everything over there was still. Across the Thames, except just where the boats landed, everything was quiet, in vivid contrast with the Surrey side.

The people who landed there from the boats went tramping off down the lane. The big ferryboat had just made a journey. Three or four soldiers stood on the lawn of the inn, staring and jesting at the fugitives, without offering to help. The inn was closed, as it was now within prohibited hours. Then the sound came again, this time from the direction of Chertsey, a muffled thud�the sound of a gun.

The fighting was beginning. Almost immediately unseen batteries across the river to our right, unseen because of the trees, took up the chorus, firing heavily one after the other. A woman screamed. Everyone stood arrested by the sudden stir of battle, near us and yet invisible to us. Nothing was to be seen save flat meadows, cows feeding unconcernedly for the most part, and silvery pollard willows motionless in the warm sunlight.

A haziness rose over the treetops. Then suddenly we saw a rush of smoke far away up the river, a puff of smoke that jerked up into the air and hung; and forthwith the ground heaved under foot and a heavy explosion shook the air, smashing two or three windows in the houses near, and leaving us astonished.

Quickly, one after the other, one, two, three, four of the armoured Martians appeared, far away over the little trees, across the flat meadows that stretched towards Chertsey, and striding hurriedly towards the river. Little cowled figures they seemed at first, going with a rolling motion and as fast as flying birds.

Then, advancing obliquely towards us, came a fifth. Their armoured bodies glittered in the sun as they swept swiftly forward upon the guns, growing rapidly larger as they drew nearer. One on the extreme left, the remotest that is, flourished a huge case high in the air, and the ghostly, terrible Heat-Ray I had already seen on Friday night smote towards Chertsey, and struck the town.

There was no screaming or shouting, but a silence. Then a hoarse murmur and a movement of feet�a splashing from the water. A man, too frightened to drop the portmanteau he carried on his shoulder, swung round and sent me staggering with a blow from the corner of his burden.

A woman thrust at me with her hand and rushed past me. I turned with the rush of the people, but I was not too terrified for thought. The terrible Heat-Ray was in my mind. To get under water! That was it! I faced about again, and rushed towards the approaching Martian, rushed right down the gravelly beach and headlong into the water. Others did the same.

A boatload of people putting back came leaping out as I rushed past. The stones under my feet were muddy and slippery, and the river was so low that I ran perhaps twenty feet scarcely waist-deep. Then, as the Martian towered overhead scarcely a couple of hundred yards away, I flung myself forward under the surface. The splashes of the people in the boats leaping into the river sounded like thunderclaps in my ears. People were landing hastily on both sides of the river.

But the Martian machine took no more notice for the moment of the people running this way and that than a man would of the confusion of ants in a nest against which his foot has kicked.

In another moment it was on the bank, and in a stride wading halfway across. The knees of its foremost legs bent at the farther bank, and in another moment it had raised itself to its full height again, close to the village of Shepperton. Forthwith the six guns which, unknown to anyone on the right bank, had been hidden behind the outskirts of that village, fired simultaneously. The sudden near concussion, the last close upon the first, made my heart jump.

The monster was already raising the case generating the Heat-Ray as the first shell burst six yards above the hood. I gave a cry of astonishment. I saw and thought nothing of the other four Martian monsters; my attention was riveted upon the nearer incident. Simultaneously two other shells burst in the air near the body as the hood twisted round in time to receive, but not in time to dodge, the fourth shell.

The shell burst clean in the face of the Thing. The hood bulged, flashed, was whirled off in a dozen tattered fragments of red flesh and glittering metal. I heard answering shouts from the people in the water about me. I could have leaped out of the water with that momentary exultation. The decapitated colossus reeled like a drunken giant; but it did not fall over.

It recovered its balance by a miracle, and, no longer heeding its steps and with the camera that fired the Heat-Ray now rigidly upheld, it reeled swiftly upon Shepperton. The living intelligence, the Martian within the hood, was slain and splashed to the four winds of heaven, and the Thing was now but a mere intricate device of metal whirling to destruction.

It drove along in a straight line, incapable of guidance. It struck the tower of Shepperton Church, smashing it down as the impact of a battering ram might have done, swerved aside, blundered on and collapsed with tremendous force into the river out of my sight.

A violent explosion shook the air, and a spout of water, steam, mud, and shattered metal shot far up into the sky. As the camera of the Heat-Ray hit the water, the latter had immediately flashed into steam.

In another moment a huge wave, like a muddy tidal bore but almost scaldingly hot, came sweeping round the bend upstream. For a moment I heeded nothing of the heat, forgot the patent need of self-preservation. I splashed through the tumultuous water, pushing aside a man in black to do so, until I could see round the bend. Half a dozen deserted boats pitched aimlessly upon the confusion of the waves. The fallen Martian came into sight downstream, lying across the river, and for the most part submerged.

Thick clouds of steam were pouring off the wreckage, and through the tumultuously whirling wisps I could see, intermittently and vaguely, the gigantic limbs churning the water and flinging a splash and spray of mud and froth into the air. The tentacles swayed and struck like living arms, and, save for the helpless purposelessness of these movements, it was as if some wounded thing were struggling for its life amid the waves.

Enormous quantities of a ruddy-brown fluid were spurting up in noisy jets out of the machine. My attention was diverted from this death flurry by a furious yelling, like that of the thing called a siren in our manufacturing towns. A man, knee-deep near the towing path, shouted inaudibly to me and pointed. Looking back, I saw the other Martians advancing with gigantic strides down the riverbank from the direction of Chertsey.

The Shepperton guns spoke this time unavailingly. At that I ducked at once under water, and, holding my breath until movement was an agony, blundered painfully ahead under the surface as long as I could.

The water was in a tumult about me, and rapidly growing hotter. When for a moment I raised my head to take breath and throw the hair and water from my eyes, the steam was rising in a whirling white fog that at first hid the Martians altogether.

The noise was deafening. Then I saw them dimly, colossal figures of grey, magnified by the mist. They had passed by me, and two were stooping over the frothing, tumultuous ruins of their comrade. The third and fourth stood beside him in the water, one perhaps two hundred yards from me, the other towards Laleham. The generators of the Heat-Rays waved high, and the hissing beams smote down this way and that.

The air was full of sound, a deafening and confusing conflict of noises�the clangorous din of the Martians, the crash of falling houses, the thud of trees, fences, sheds flashing into flame, and the crackling and roaring of fire.

Dense black smoke was leaping up to mingle with the steam from the river, and as the Heat-Ray went to and fro over Weybridge its impact was marked by flashes of incandescent white, that gave place at once to a smoky dance of lurid flames.

Still, the commercial fishery is the target of critics who would like to see the lake managed for the exclusive benefit of sport fishing and the various industries serving the sport fishery. According to one report, the Canadian town of Port Dover is the home of the lake's largest fishing fleet.

The lake can be thought of as a common asset with multiple purposes including being a fishery. There was direct competition between commercial fishermen and sport fishermen including charter boats and sales of fishing licenses throughout the lake's history, with both sides seeking government assistance from either Washington or Ottawa , and trying to make their case to the public through newspaper reporting.

Management of the fishery is by consensus of all management agencies with an interest in the resource and work under the mandate of the Great Lakes Fishery Commission. The commission makes assessments using sophisticated mathematical modeling systems.

The commission has been the focus of considerable recrimination, primarily from angler and charter fishing groups in the U. This conflict is complex, dating from the s and earlier, with the result in the United States that, in , commercial fishing was mostly eliminated from Great Lakes states. One report suggests that battling between diverse fishing interests began around Lake Michigan and evolved to cover the entire Great Lakes region.

The lake supports a strong sport fishery. While commercial fishing declined, sport fishing has remained. The deep cool waters that spawn the best fishing is in the Canadian side of the lake. In , the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission tried stocking the lake with brown trout in an effort to build what's called a put-grow-and-take fishery. In winter when the lake freezes, many fishermen go out on the ice, cut holes, and fish.

It is even possible to build bonfires on the ice. The day began with fishermen setting down wooden pallets to create a bridge over a crack in the ice so they could roam farther out on the lake. But the planks fell into the water when the ice shifted, stranding the fishermen about 1, yards offshore When fishermen realized late Saturday morning that the ice had broken away, they began to debate the best way off.

Some chose to sit and wait for authorities, while others headed east in search of an ice bridge Others managed to get to land on their own by riding their all-terrain vehicles about five miles east to where ice hadn't broken away.

When the rescued fishermen made it to shore, authorities had them line up single-file to take down their names. The lake's formerly more extensive lakebed creates a favorable environment for agriculture in the bordering areas of Ontario, Ohio, Michigan, Pennsylvania, and New York.

The Lake Erie sections of western New York have a suitable climate for growing grapes, and there are many vineyards and wineries in Chautauqua County and Erie County. The drainage basin has led to well fertilized soil. The north coast of Ohio is widely referred to as its nursery capital. Lake Erie is a favorite for divers since there are many shipwrecks, perhaps 1, to 8, according to one estimate, [36] of which about are confirmed shipwreck locations.

There are efforts to identify shipwreck sites and survey the lake floor to map the location of underwater sites, possibly for further study or exploration. Among the diving community, they are considered world class, offering opportunities to visit an underwater museum that most people will never see.

In , the 19th-century paddle steamer Atlantic was discovered. In , the wreckage of Adventure became the first shipwreck registered as an "underwater archaeological site"; when it was discovered that Adventure ' s propeller had been removed and given to a junkyard.

The propeller was reclaimed days before being converted to scrap metal and brought back to the dive site. Dow , the "steamer-cum-barge" Elderado , [] W. Hanna , [36] Dundee which sank north of Cleveland in , [36] F. Prince , [36] and The Craftsman.

There are numerous public parks around the lake. In western Pennsylvania, a wildlife reserve was established in in Springfield Township for hiking, fishing, cross-country skiing and walking along the beach.

In , The New York Times reporter Donna Marchetti took a bike tour around the Lake Erie perimeter, traveling 40 miles 64 km per day and staying at bed and breakfasts. Lake Erie islands tend to be in the westernmost part of the lake and have different characters.

Some of them include:. Kayaking has become more popular along the lake, particularly in places such as Put-in-Bay, Ohio. The lake is dotted by distinct lighthouses. A lighthouse off the coast of Cleveland, beset with cold lake winter spray, has an unusual artistic icy shape, although sometimes ice prevents the light from being seen by maritime vessels.

There have been reports of persons spotting a creature akin to the Loch Ness Monster , but there have been no confirmed reports. There have been sporadic reports of people in Cleveland being able to see the Canadian shoreline as if it were immediately offshore, even though Canada is 50 miles 80 km from Cleveland.

It has been speculated that this is a weather-related phenomenon, working on similar principles as a mirage. The lake has been a shipping lane for maritime vessels for centuries. Generally there is heavy traffic on the lake except during the winter months from January through March when ice prevents vessels from traveling safely.

In , there was a protest against Ontario's energy policy which allows the shipping of coal in the lake; Greenpeace activists climbed a ladder on a freighter and "locked themselves to the conveyor belt device that helps to unload the ship's cargo"; three activists were arrested and the ship was delayed for more than four hours, and anti-coal messages were painted on the ship.

However, plans to operate a ferryboat between the U. Since the border between the two nations is largely unpatrolled, it is possible for people to cross undetected from one country to the other, in either direction, by boat. In , Canadian police arrested persons crossing the border illegally from the United States to Canada, near the Ontario town of Amherstburg.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. One of the Great Lakes in North America. For other uses, see Lake Erie disambiguation. Lake Erie from David M. Lake Erie and Lake Saint Clair bathymetric map. See also: Lake Erie Basin. Main article: Great Lakes Compact.

Nass of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , []. Lakes portal. Bathymetry of Lake Huron. Bathymetry of Lake Ontario. Hastings, D. Archived from the original on May 5, Retrieved April 2, The New York Times Almanac ed.

ISBN Great Lakes Information Network. Archived from the original on January 4, Retrieved December 10, CBC Digital Archives. August 25, Retrieved January 26, Archived from the original on August 24, The New York Times.

Retrieved March 15, Charles E. February 26, Archived from the original on February 10, Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. August 10, Retrieved January 24, Archived from the original on August 25, The Star. Also, the western end of Lake Erie is the thunderstorm capital of Canada � the lightning displays are breathtaking, the winds can hit gale force, and, due to the lake's shallowness, the waves build very quickly.

CBS News. Roddy September 30, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Environmental Protection Agency. Richard January 25, USA Today. Retrieved January 25, Archived from the original on April 9, Lake Erie's shallow, nutrient-rich western basin and the much deeper central and eastern basins.

The western basin In Christie, Gordon ed. Aboriginality and Governance: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. The Great Lakes Historical Society. January 26, Archived from the original on August 14, May 11, October 21, April 14, The Ottawa Citizen. Archived from the original on August 23, October 5, November 3, Three men were clinging to the masthead, but he could render no assistance, owing to the gale and high seas.

July 23, October 15, January 31, January 13, ISBN P. Time magazine. August 1, Also creating the snow belt from Cleveland to Buffalo. How would you like to shovel 10 feet of snow each winter? That's not uncommon for some locations downwind of the Great Lakes, where snowfall averages more than inches annually. January 25, He even copied the design of the human ear using iron rods and electrical wires to produce the same effect.

Alexander was spending so much time and energy on his inventions he did less and less work with his students and soon ran out of money. He was about to give up when he met Professor John Henry, an expert on the telegraph and electricity.

On his 29th birthday Alexander Graham Bell registered his invention with the patent office and, because they had never seen anything like it before, they registered his invention as 'an improvement in telegraphy'. The name 'telephone' came later. Read the text through. Think of what information m ighty be missing. Read the list of missing sentences. Cross out the one used in the example.

Remember there is one extra sentence. Start fitting the sentences into the gaps. Match the topic of the missing sentence with the topic of the sentence before and after each gap. Look for clues such as reference words he, there, it etc or linking words before or after each gap. Check that the sentence you choose fits grammatically and makes sense.

Identify the tenses in bold, then match them to their use. Underline the time adverbs used w ith each tense. W hat other adverbs can you think o f which can be used w ith these tenses? Make up three sentences using them. Ann was laying the table. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct past tense. Justify your answers. Underline the correct words.

Put the verbs in brackets into the past sim ple or the present perfect. Alex Morton is a talented writer who 1 lead a very interesting life. He was born in in Manchester, and he was the youngest of six children. From the moment he could read, he was never w ithout a book in his hands. He was an avid reader throughout his I schooldays, and he soon Fill in the correct preposition. Then choose any three phrases and make up sentences using them.

Q Read the te xt and fill in the word that best fits each gap. Read the title of the text. It is a summary of what you are going to read. Read the text once quickly to get the general meaning, s. The word that you choose must be irammatically correct and make sense in context.

When you have filled n the gaps read the text again to see if it makes sense. Then, use the prompts to act out similar dialogues. The best day LWhenever I look at that photograph, it takes me back to those early years when every new experience was so im portant th a t it was almost unbearable. It was towards the end of the school yearm y first year at prim ary school -th a t it happened.

I had been looking forw ard to th a t day w ith such eagerness. I can still remember the shouts of the spectators as I w en t out onto the sports field w ith m y classmates. Earlier th a t week I had qualified fo r the finals of the metres. Now, looking around, I was determ ined to win. Black Beauty spent his early years in a picturesque, green field with his mother and some other young colts.

When it was time for him to be trained to serve men, he was gently and patiently broken in by his master. He learned to wear a saddle and bridle, and carry a human quietly on his back.

Black Beauty learnt about the way horses can suffer because of men very early in life. He witnessed a hunting expedition in which a horse was pushed too hard and fast by an inexperienced and overconfident rider.

The consequences were tragic. The rider took a fall that killed him and the fine horse broke his leg and was then shot. At his next home, one of the horses with whom he shared a stable had the reputation of being wild and aggressive. This horse. Ginger, said this was because she had been treated very badly at a young age.

Ginger was taken away from her mother, not long after birth, and was trained to work, in a very rough manner, by men who did not care for horses. Although her new master and his employees were very kind, she could not help being suspicious of men.

The Rocky Mountains are the largest mountain system in N orth America. Visitors to the Rockies enjoy sparkling lakes, snow-capped peaks and other spectacular scenery. The region is also famous fo r its ski resorts and wild game. Some US and Canadian national parks can be found there. Several rivers such as, the Colorado, the Missouri, the Arkansas and others begin in the Rockies. Plant and Animal life:Forests of pinon pines cover the lower slopes of the Southern Rockies.

In the higher areas of the Rockies firs, pines and spruces can be found. Mountain goats, elk, bears, deer, mountain lions, squirrels and other animals live in the Rockies. History: The Rockies were formed over 65 million years ago.

The sides of the mountains contain fossils of animals which once lived in the sea as well as rocks that were formed in the hot interior o f the earth. Many Indian tribes used to live there when Europeans first arrived in N orth America. The first Europeans to reach the Rockies were Spanish explorers, who established a colony near what is now Santa Fe, NewMexico, in The Rockies hampered transportation during the I's when explorers and settlers were moving westward.

The first railroad route through them was built in the Wyoming Basin in Today, Interstate Highway 80 runs through the Wyoming Basin. This input may be a letter, an email, an advertisement, an invitation, notes, etc, or a combination of these. We should use our own words. Analysing th e Rubric Read the rubric, underline the key words and answer the questions.

You are a teacher and you are taking a group of students on a skiing trip to France. You have made a preliminary booking at the hotel and now the assistant manager has contacted you for more details.

Read part of the email and the notes you have made, then write an email answering his questions. We shall be coming from the 16th January to � l 30th.

There will also be two adults, myi. I hope this covers everything. This new alternative source of energy must also be practical, cheap to set up and maintain, highly productive and above all kind to our planet.

This is certainly a tall order! Unfortunately, these are not renewable sources of energy, and once they have run out, that's it. How then can we produce enough energy to power an entire country without damaging the environment? W hat can we use as an alternative, reliable form o f energy, which will generate as much power as fossil fuels and nuclear energy, but have none of the drawbacks?

W in d power! W in d power is an alternative energy source which has been used for many years in countries like H olland and Denmark.

The strong winds which blow around Britain's coastline could easily be used to provide us with all our energy needs. A ll we need to do now is set up some wind farms. W in d farms are actually arrays o f electricity-generating wind turbines, which are tall, slim towers with two or three rotor blades at the top.

The wind turns the blades, which spin a pole. Computers m onitor the wind direction and speed, and can shut down the turbines if the wind becomes too strong.

W hat is more, wind turbines make hardly any noise and they are not unpleasant to look at, certainly not as ugly as nuclear power stations!

Although wind farms do take up a lot of space, they are often located on unoccupied sites or in areas that can also be used for farming. Building wind farms at sea is also possible. A single wind turbine can produce enough electricity to power homes and these wind farms are already making a small but significant Jenny is taller than Kate. Gram m ar in useThe exam was easier than we expected.

This restaurant is more expensive than the one we went to last night. The train was going faster and faster. The roads in the city are becoming more and more crowded. He thinks that the richer he becomes, the happier he will be.

The African elephant is the biggest land mammal. London is the busiest city in the UK. She is the most beautiful woman I know. Tony is more capable than Billy.

Make up Upstream And Downstream Of Boat Meaning as many sentences as possible, as in the example. One of its most 1. Key w ord transform ations 15 Complete the sentence using the word in bold. You must use between tw o and five words including the word given. IntroductionIn the first paragraph, we present the problem and its causes. Main BodyIn the second, third and fourth paragraphs, we write our suggestions and their expected results.

We write each suggestion and its results in separate paragraphs. We should link our ideas using appropriate linking words. ConclusionIn the last paragraph we summarise our opinion. Such essays are normally written in semi-formal or formal style, depending on who is going to read them and where they are going to be published. They are usually found as articles in magazines, newspapers, etc.

Another solution is to promote education about endangered species. If people are aware of the problem, then they will buy fewer products made of materials such as ivory or fur.

In conclusion, there are many ways to make our world a better place for animals. We all need to do whatever we can. As Malcolm Bradbury said "If you're not part of the solution, you're part o f the problem. Unfortunately, it doesn't seem like it. Thousands of species have become extinct and many more are now endangered. We need to do something fast before it is too late for them. All in all, I think that banning cars from the city centre is an excellent idea.

It will make shopping safer and healthier for pedestrians as well as reducing traffic jams. What more could the people of this city want? As Thomas Jefferson said, "Our liberty depends on the freedom of the press.

The countries may be chosen more than once. When more than one answer is needed, these may be given in any order. LAND: Canada, w ith an area of 9,, km 2, is the second largest country in the world, spread across the top of North America.

Canada is perhaps best known fo r its vast size, and variety of natural wilderness areas. The high mountains in the w est of Canada are covered with green forests and crystal clear lakes, while in the centre are flat lands known as prairies. Further south, there are rolling hills. In fact, the far north arctic landscape is so cold that trees cannot grow there. In the north the winters are cold and summers are short and quite cool, whereas in the south the winters are cold, and the summers are warm.

It is wet on the coasts and dry in the centre. Use the plan below to w rite your article. We live in what is fast becoming a hour society, where everything is open all hours. You can buy your groceries at midnight, book your holiday on the Internet at 3 am, and do business online at the crack of dawn.

Before you join the 24hour revolution, however, take a minute to listen to what your body is trying to tell you -that a round-the-clock lifestyle is not what nature intended. In an area of our brains called the hypothalamus, we have a 'body clock' that controls our body's natural rhythms.

It tells us when it's the right time to eat, sleep, work and play. It plays an important part in our physical and psychological well-being. It is, in fact, what makes us tick and it controls many things including our hormones, temperature, immune functions and alertness. It synchronises all these like a conductor with an orchestra; it regulates tempo and brings in all the different instruments on time to make music rather than random noise.

If we try to ignore our body clocks, or even to switch them off for a while, we not only deprive ourselves of much needed rest but we also run the risk of seriously damaging our health. Ignoring your body clock and changing your body's natural rhythms can not only make you depressed, anxious and accident prone, it can lead to much more serious health problems. For example, heart disease, fatigue, ulcers, m uscular pain, and frequent viral infections can all result from trying to outsm art our body clocks.

Altering our patterns of sleeping and waking dramatically affects our immune system. While we sleep the body's repair mechanisms are at work; when we are awake natural killer cells circulate around our bodies and cause more damage. Our digestive system is affected, too -high levels of glucose and fat remain in our bloodstream for longer periods of time and this can lead to heart disease.

Unfortunately, we were not designed to be members of a hour society. We can't ignore millions of years of evolution and stay up all night and sleep all day. We function best with a regular pattern of sleep and wakefulness that is in tune with our natural environment. Nature's cues are what keep our body clocks ticking rhythmically and everything working in harmony. So, next time you think a daily routine is boring and predictable, remember that routine may well save your life in the long run.

A It regulates the actions of the hypothala B Its timing has to be very exact. C It affects our response to music. D It helps the body's functions to work together. If we change our sleep patterns, we A will get an infection. B will disturb our immune system. C will get heart disease. D get high levels of dangerous cells. Surgeons must wear masks during an operation. Follow-upYou ought to have an annual check-up.

You must clean your teeth every day. You need to sleep for at least 7 hours a night. You m ustn't smoke in here. You don't have to drive rne to the station. You shouldn't be rude to your mother. In the UK you have to be 17 to get a driving licence.

It would be a good idea to do this. This is a rule. You are not allowed to do this; it is forbidden. It is important that you do this. It's not necessary, but you can if you want to. This is necessary. It would be a good idea not to do this.

This is very important; it is essential. Patients with a heart condition must avoid stress or else they w on't pass their exams. Writing ProjectWrite a set o f five rules about w hat students need to do while at school. He didn't do it, because it became unnecessary.

He did it but it was the wrong thing to do. He didn't have the ability to do it. He didn't do it, although it was necessary. He didn't do it, because it wasn't necessary.

He did it, although it wasn't necessary. Owls are nocturnal creatures. They're wide 0 awake at night and they sleep during the day. If this The trouble for night owls is that they just This is when the alarm clock becomes the night ow l's most important survival tool. Experts The theory is that if they do so, the morning sunlight will awaken them gently and naturally. The They are programmed to be at their best 1 0 The Selkirk Mountains in British Columbi: Canada, are famous fo r the Cody Caves Syster w ith its ancient lim e s t o n e and natural he springs.

The springs have a naturally high minera I content and have long been used fo r relaxatio' and therapeutic purposes. The native Indians originally discovered th springs, but now they form part o f one o f thel country's favourite h o lid a y re s o r ts.

The spring! I got th e ir name from George Ainsw orth fro m l Oregon, w ho founded H o t Springs Camp in j A t that tim e the only visitors were local m in e rs and p r o s p e c to r s , but in the s the springs I were developed and ca v e s and a pool were constructed.

Meanwhile the mining industry declined, and all the mines were closed by the s. From its source in the Cody Caves, the w ate'l w orks its way down through the rock, and the deeper it goes, the h o tte r it gets. The caves are dark and humid and w ith the hot spring! The surrounding area is o f great natural beaut?

RotoruaRotorua in New Zealand is famous as one o f the w orld's most active volcanic areas. It is filled with bubbling geysers, mud pools and natural hot springs. The springs are famous for their relaxing and pain-relieving qualities. The waters can help people with arthritis, rheumatism and neuralgia, as well as improve their general health.

Throughout history, people have visited the area and bathed in the mineral rich hot springs to relieve their aches and pains.

The healing properties o f the hot springs were discovered by the native M aori people a long time ago but were only made known to the rest o f the world in when they were discovered by a travelling priest. He found that his arthritis was cured after bathing in the waters, and the spring became known as the Priest Spring.

The water from the Priest Spring is acidic. This is totally different from the other springs in the area where the water is alkaline and comes from nearer the surface.

There are many spas to visit in the region that have a number of pools with different temperatures. Other attractions include visiting a volcanic crater, hiking in a national park or visiting a wildlife reserve. IntroductionIn the introduction we present the topic, but do not give our opinion. Main BodyIn the second paragraph we give the arguments for the topic" together with justifications and examples. In the third paragraph we give the arguments against the topic.

We start each paragraph with appropriate topic sentences. ConclusionIn the last paragraph we write a balanced personal opinion, or summarise the main arguments for and against. We also need to use appropriate The benefits of all these new ID systems are obvious. Imagine walking into your office at work. Y our family will know exactly where you are, and you will always know where your car is.

Criminals are going to find it a lot more difficult to commit crimes, and the police will find it a lot easier to catch them. The question that we have to ask ourselves now is how the rights of the individual will be preserved. A However, in the near future, these cards will also contain a microchip, which will be able to store a lot more information. B We can't even be sure of privacy when we make a phone call.

C This is the price we pay for the convenience of using cards instead of cash. D We must ask ourselves whether increased public safety and convenience will come at the cost of our privacy, and whether or not this is a price we are willing to pay. E Your colleagues will know you have arrived and your computer will recognise your voice and automatically log you on.

F Some car rental companies are already using this technology in order to know where their vehicles are being driven at any time. Match the columns to make correct sentences. Gram m ar in useThe PassiveGrammar ReferenceRead the sentences a-h and underline the passive forms, then answer questions Customers are requested to refrain from smoking inside the store.

Breakfast is now being served in the Ganjm-Eeom. Are they formal or informal in style? Use the patterns in Ex. He is believed to have stolen Elm. Study the rule below. Can we leave out the relative pronoun in any o f the sentences above? Which sentences, and why? We can leave out the relative pronouns who, which and that if they are used as the object of a defining relative clause. We asked m em bers of the public fo r th e ir opinions on how m odern te ch nology affects ou r lives.

T he thing the Time Traveller held in his hand was a glittering metallic frame work, no larger than a small clock, and very delicately made. He took one of the small octagonal tables that were scattered about the room, and set it in front of the fire. On this table he placed the mechanism. Then he drew up a chair and sat down.

The only other object on the table was a small lamp. There were also perhaps a dozen candles about, so that the room was brilliantly illuminated. I sat in a low armchair nearest the fire, and I drew this forward so as to be almost between the Time Traveller and the fireplace.

Filby sat behind him, looking over his shoulder. The Medical Man and the Provincial Mayor watched him in profile from the right, the Psycho logist from the left. The Very Young Man stood behind the Psychologist. We were all on the alert. It appears incredible to me that any kind of trick could have been played upon us under these conditions. The Time Traveller looked at us, and then at the mechanism.

It is my plan for a machine to travel through time. You will notice that it looks quite uneven, and that there is an odd twinkling appearance about this bar, as though it was in some way unreal. Then, when we had all imitated the action of the Medical Man, he said: "Now, I want you clearly to understand that this lever, being pressed over, sends the machine into the future, and this other reverses the motion. This saddle represents the seat of a time traveller.

Presently I am going to press the lever, and off the machine will go. It will vanish, pass into future Time, and disappear. Have a good look at the thing. Look at the table too, and satisfy yourselves there is no trickery. I don't want to waste this model, and then be told I'm a quack. The Psychologist seemed about to speak to me, but changed his mind. Then the Time Traveller put forth his finger towards the lever. We all saw the lever turn.

I am absolutely certain there was no trickery. There was a breath of wind, and the lamp flame jumped. One of the candles on the mantel was blown out, and the little machine suddenly swung round, became indistinct, was seen as a ghost for a second perhaps; and it was gone -vanished!

Save for the lamp, the table was bare. V I I Furtherm ore, parents who work may need to contact their children. For example, if a parent has to work late, the student has to be told if arrangements have been made for a relative or neighbour to look after them.

I I In conclusion, I feel that students should be allowed to take mobile phones to school for use in an emergency. However, all phones should certainly be turned off during lessons.

I I Nowadays more and more students bring their mobile phones to school. W hile I believe that students should carry mobile phones in case of an emergency, I am strongly opposed to these phones being used at school, particularly in the classroom.

I I On the other hand, nothing is more disruptive during a lesson than the sound of a mobile phone ringing or playing an annoying tune. M oreover, students who send and receive text messages in class are not paying attention to the lesson. I I Firstly, many students travel to and from school without their parents Therefore, it is important for them to have a mobile phone in case they need help or have an accident on the way to school or home.

Discuss and W riteRead the rubric and underline the key words, then answer the questions. Not really. Why not? I don't think so. Actually yes. Of course. In a minute. No, I can't. OK, I'll do it. However there is a link and that is that they both relied on the use of 5 rockets. The Chinese first developed rockets by filling bamboo tubes with an explosive made from saltpetre, charcoal, and sulphur.

The sealed tubes would be thrown onto fires during 10 celebrations because it was thought that the loud explosions would protect them. When these tubeswere not perfectly sealed though they would fly out of the fire and could explode some distance away. It wasn't long before the ancient Chinese realised the military potential of these 15 devices and primitive rockets were used to repel a Mongol invasion in AD.

Word of these amazing new weapons quickly spread around the world and soon rockets were being used in military operations in North Africa and Europe. During the 15th and 16thcenturies they were widely used in naval battles to set fire to enemy ships.

Around this time they also started being used for more peaceful purposes again. In 16th and 17th 20 century Europe firework displays using rockets became a very popular form of public entertainment. In the late 18th century the British army suffered two serious defeats at battles in Seringapatam, in India.

The main reason for these defeats was that the Indian prince, Haidar Ali's army included a corps of rocket throwers. They used very large bamboo 25 rockets which had a range of hundreds of metres.

The British were determined to learn from their mistakes and a British officer, William Congrieve, began work on developing even bigger and better rockets. Within a few years Congrieve had developed 14 kg iron rockets that could be fired over m. These rockets were successfully used against Napoleon at the battle of Waterloo and during the US War of Independence. They were used for signalling, for whaling, and even for rescuing people from sinking ships.

If a boat got into trouble near to the shore, a rocket with a thin rope tied to it would be fired out over the boat, survivors in lifeboats could use the ropes to pull themselves ashore. These traditional rockets are still used as distress signals on boats and planes. This made rockets much more powerful. The new rockets were so impressive that for the first time people began to seriously think about using rockets to take people into space.

It didn't take long for these dreams to become a reality. In the s the Soviet 40Union and the USA invested large amounts of money in their new space programmes.

Less than a month later they followed this with Sputnik 2 which carried a dog, Laika, into orbit. The USA sent its first satellite, Explorer 1, into space early the next year. The next step, putting a man in space followed in 45when Yuri Gagarin orbited the Earth in Vostok 1. Eight years later Neil Armstrong took those famous first steps on the lunar surface.

This was possibly mankind's greatest scientific achievement and it was all due to rockets whose basic design had been thought up hundreds of years before. Why did the Chinese first use rockets? A They wanted to fire one to the moon. B They wanted to frighten their enemies. C They wanted to protect themselves. D They wanted to make explosives. Read the article again. For questions , choose from the star signs A-F. The star signs may be chosen more than once.

Librans are diplom atic and w ill tell you that they love whatever you buy them , because they are just to o polite to h u rt yo u r feelings! However, if you w ant to make them Advertising has become a part 0 of everyday culture. In pairs, say w hat each one promotes. Then decide which o f the ads is most appealing and why. Portfolio: Discuss th e fo llo w in g : Road M arketLondon has some of the biggest and oldest street markets in the world and Portobello Road in Notting Hill is no exception.

People come from all over the world to visit Portobello Road because they know there is no other place like it. Portobello Market is several markets rolled into one. From Monday to Friday the market sells fruit and vegetables.

The air is filled with the voices of tra d e rs shouting and haw king their goods.

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