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A barque , barc , or bark is a type of sailing vessel with three or more masts having the fore- and mainmasts rigged square and only the mizzen the aftmost mast rigged fore and aft.
Sometimes, the mizzen is only partly fore-and-aft rigged, bearing a square-rigged sail above. The word "barque" entered English via the French term, which in turn came from the Latin barca by way of Occitan , Catalan , Spanish, or Italian. The Oxford English Dictionary , however, considers the latter improbable. The word barc appears to have come from Celtic languages. The form adopted by English, perhaps from Irish , was "bark", while that adopted by Latin as barca very early, which gave rise to the French barge and barque.
In Latin, Spanish, and Italian, the term barca refers to a small boat , not a full-sized ship. French influence in England led to the use in English of both words, although their meanings now are not the same. Well before the 19th century, a barge had become interpreted as a small vessel of coastal or inland waters, or a fast rowing boat carried by warships and normally reserved for the commanding officer.
Somewhat later, a bark became a sailing vessel of a distinctive rig as detailed below. In Britain, by the midth century, the spelling had taken on the French form of barque. Although Francis Bacon used this form of the word as early as , [2] Shakespeare still used the spelling "barke" in Sonnet in Throughout the period of sail, the word was used also as a shortening of the barca-longa of the Mediterranean Sea.
The usual spelling convention is that, to distinguish between homophones , when spelled as barque it refers to a ship, and when spelled as bark it refers to either a sound or to a tree hide. In the 18th century, the British Royal Navy used the term bark for a nondescript vessel that did not fit any of its usual categories.
Thus, when the British admiralty purchased a collier for use by James Cook in his journey of exploration, she was registered as HM Bark Endeavour to distinguish her from another Endeavour , a sloop already in service at the time. She happened to be a ship-rigged sailing vessel with a plain bluff bow and a full stern with windows.
William Falconer 's Dictionary of the Marine defined "bark", as "A general name given to small ships: it is however peculiarly appropriated by seamen to those which carry three masts without a mizzen topsail.
Our Northern Mariners, who are trained in the coal-trade, apply this distinction to a broad-sterned ship, which carries no ornamental figure on the stem or prow. The UK's National Archives state [ citation needed ] that a paper document Small Sailing Boats Synonym Usa surviving from the 16th century in the Cheshire and Chester Archives and Local Studies Service, notes the names of Robert Ratclyfe , owner of the bark "Sunday" and 10 mariners appointed to serve under Rt.
By the end of the 18th century, [ citation needed ] the term barque sometimes, particularly in the US, spelled bark came to refer to any vessel with a particular type of sail-plan.
This comprises three or more masts , fore-and-aft sails on the aftermost mast and square sails on all other masts. Barques were the workhorse of the golden age of sail in the midth century as they attained passages that nearly matched full-rigged ships, but could operate with smaller crews.
The advantage of these rigs was that they needed smaller therefore cheaper crews than a comparable full-rigged ship or brig -rigged vessel, as fewer of the labour-intensive square sails were used, and the rig itself is cheaper. Another advantage is that a barque can outperform a schooner or barkentine , and is both easier to handle and better at Small Trimaran Sailing Boats 72 going to windward than a full-rigged ship.
While a full-rigged ship is the best runner available, and while fore-and-aft rigged vessels are the best at going to windward, the barque is often the best compromise, [ citation needed ] and combines the best elements of these two. Most ocean-going windjammers were four-masted barques, since the four-masted barque is considered the most efficient rig available because of its ease of handling, small need of manpower, good running capabilities, and good capabilities of rising toward wind.
Usually, the main mast was the tallest; that of Moshulu extends to 58 m off the deck. The four-masted barque can be handled with a surprisingly small crew�at minimum, 10�and while the usual crew was around 30, almost half of them could be apprentices.
Today many sailing- school ships are barques. A well-preserved example of a commercial barque is the Pommern , the only windjammer in original condition. The wooden barque Sigyn , built in Gothenburg , is now a museum ship in Turku. The wooden whaling barque Charles W. Morgan , launched , taken out of service , [7] is now a museum ship at Mystic Seaport [8] in Connecticut.
The Charles W. Morgan has recently been refit and is as of summer, sailing the New England coast. The Sydney Heritage Fleet restored an iron-hulled three-masted barque, the James Craig , originally constructed as Clan Macleod in and sailing at sea fortnightly. The oldest active sailing vessel in the world, the Star of India , was built in as a full-rigged ship, then converted into a barque in This type of ship inspired the French composer Maurice Ravel to write his famous piece, Une Barque sur l'ocean , originally composed for piano, in , then orchestrated in Transportation to the afterlife was believed to be accomplished by way of barques, as well, and the image is used in many of the religious murals and carvings in temples and tombs.
The most important Egyptian barque carried the dead pharaoh to become a deity. Great care was taken to provide a beautiful barque to the pharaoh for this journey, and models of the boats were placed in their tombs.
Many models of these boats, that range from tiny to huge in size, have been found. Wealthy and royal members of the culture also provided barques for their final journey. The type of vessel depicted in Egyptian images remains quite similar throughout the thousands of years the culture persisted.
Barques were important religious artifacts , and since the deities were thought to travel in this fashion in the sky, the Milky Way was seen as a great waterway that was as important as the Nile on Earth; cult statues of the deities traveled by boats on water and ritual boats were carried about by the priests during festival ceremonies. Temples included barque shrines, sometimes more than one in a temple, in which the sacred barques rested when a procession was not in progress.
The Barque of St. The term refers to Peter , the first Pope , who was a fisherman before becoming an apostle of Jesus. The Pope is often said to be steering the Barque of St. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Type of sailing vessel. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.
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It has been suggested that parts of this page be moved into another article. Oxford English Dictionary Online ed. Oxford University Press. Subscription or participating institution membership required. Retrieved 24 September Word Reference. Online Etymology Dictionary. National Library of Australia. Retrieved Archived from the original on Odyssey Adventures in Archaeology.
Arts and Humanities Through the Eras. Peter ". Jesus Walk. Retrieved 19 February Types of sailing vessels and rigs. Montagu whaler. Sails , spars and rigging. Bowsprit Sprit topmast Dolphin striker Jackstaff Jibboom. Earing Parrel beads Roller furling. Parts of a sailing ship. Categories : Barques Sailing rigs and rigging.
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