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NCERT Solutions for Class 10th: Ch 4 Carbon and its Compounds Science

What would be the electron dot structure of carbon dioxide which has the formula CO 2? What would be the electron dot structure of a molecule of sulphur which is made up of eight atoms of sulphur? Hint � the eight atoms of sulphur are joined together in the form of a ring. What are the two properties of carbon which lead to the huge number of carbon compounds we see around us?

Draw the structures for the following compounds. Among them, the structures of three isomers are given. A mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt for welding. Can you tell why a mixture of ethyne and air is not used?

This is due to incomplete combustion caused by limited supply of air. This oxy-acetylene flame is used for welding. It is not possible to attain such a high temperature without mixing oxygen. This is the reason why a mixture of ethyne and air is not used. We can distinguish between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid on the basis of their reaction with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.

Acid reacts with carbonate and hydrogen carbonate to evolve CO 2 gas that turns lime water milky. Oxidising agents are the substances that gain electrons in redox reaction and whose oxidation number is reduced. Detergent gives lather with hard and soft water both, while a soap gives lather with soft water. Thus, it is not possible to check if water is hard; by using a detergent.

People use a variety of methods to wash clothes. Why is agitation necessary to get clean clothes? A soap molecule has two parts namely hydrophobic and hydrophilic. With the help of these, it attaches to the grease or dirt particle and forms a cluster called micelle. These micelles remain suspended as a colloid. To remove these micelles, it is necessary to agitate clothes. Ethane, with the molecular formula C 2 H 6 has a 6 covalent bonds.

Butanone is a four-carbon compound with the functional group a carboxylic acid. While cooking, if the bottom of the vessel is getting blackened on the outside, it means that a the food is not cooked completely.

Carbon has four valence electrons. It shares 1 electron each with 3 hydrogen atoms and 1 electron with chlorine. The bond between C and Cl atoms is covalent but due to higher value of electro-negativity of Cl, the C�Cl bond is polar in nature. Draw the electron dot structures for a ethanoic acid. A homologous series is a series of carbon compounds that have different numbers of carbon atoms but contain the same functional group.

For example, methane, ethane, propane, butane. How can ethanol and ethanoic acid be differentiated on the basis of their physical and chemical properties? Since it is below the room temperature so, it freezes during winter.

Moreover, ethanoic acid has a smell ncert solutions for class 10th science chapter 4 free vinegar. Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to water? Will a micelle be formed in other solvents such as ethanol also? Soap molecule has two ends. One end is hydrophilic and another end is hydrophobic. When soap is dissolved in water and ncert solutions for class 10th science chapter 4 free are put in the soapy solution, soap molecules converge in a typical fashion to make a structure; called micelle.

The hydrophobic ends of different molecules surround a particle of grease and make the micelle; which is a spherical structure. In this, the hydrophilic end is outside the sphere and hydrophobic end is towards the centre of the sphere. This is why micelle formation takes place when soap is added to water. Since ethanol Ncert Solutions For Class 10th Science Chapter 4 Review is not as polar as soap, so micelles will not be formed in other solvents such as ethanol.

Why are carbon and its compounds used as fuels for most applications? Carbon and its compounds give large amount of heat on combustion due to high percentage of carbon and hydrogen. Carbon compounds used as fuel have optimum ignition temperature with high calorific values and are easy to handle.

Their combustion can e controlled. Therefore, carbon and its compounds are used as fuels. Hard water often contains salts of calcium and magnesium.

Soap molecules react with the salts of calcium and magnesium and form a precipitate. This precipitate begins floating as an off-white layer over water. This layer is called scum. Soaps lose their cleansing property in hard water because of formation of scum.

Since soap is basic in nature, it will turn red litmus blue. However, the colour of blue litmus will remain blue. Hydrogenation is the chemical reaction between hydrogen and other compounds in the presence of catalyst.

Hydrogenation is used mainly to reduce saturated hydrocarbons. Hydrogenation is an addition reaction. For Example: When Ncert Solutions For Class 10th Science Chapter 13 Year ethene is heated with the catalyst nickel it is reduced to ethane. For example; in Petrochemical Industry, hydrogenation is Ncert Solutions For Class 10th Science Chapter 7 Free used to convert alkenes into alkanes paraffins and cycloalkanes. Unsaturated hydrocarbons undergo addition reactions. Being unsaturated hydrocarbons, C 3 H 6 and C 2 H 2 undergo addition reactions.

Butter contains saturated fats. Therefore, it cannot be hydrogenated. On the other hand, oil has unsaturated fats. That is why it can be hydrogenated to saturated fats solids. The dirt present on clothes is organic in nature and insoluble in water. Therefore, it cannot be removed by only washing with water. When soap is dissolved in water, its hydrophobic ends attach themselves ncert solutions for class 10th science chapter 4 free the dirt and remove it from the cloth.

Then, the molecules of soap arrange themselves in micelle formation and trap the dirt ncert solutions for class 10th science chapter 4 free the ncert solutions for class 10th science chapter 4 free of the cluster. These micelles remain suspended in the water. Hence, the dust particles are easily rinsed away by water.

Final:

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