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Due to shortages of high-powered aviation engines and problems with planned successor models, the Zero remained in production until , with over 10, of all variants produced. During an air raid over Dutch Harbor on 4 June , one A6M fighter was hit by ground-based anti-aircraft fire. Losing oil, Flight Petty Officer Tadayoshi Koga attempted an emergency landing on Akutan Island about 20 miles 32 km northeast of Dutch Harbor, but his Zero flipped over on soft ground in a sudden crash-landing.

Koga died instantly of head injuries his neck was broken by the tremendous impact , but his wingmen hoped he had survived and so went against Japanese doctrine to destroy disabled Zeros. The experts who evaluated the captured Zero found that the plane weighed about 2, kg 5, lb fully loaded, some 1, kg 2, lb lighter than the F4F Wildcat, the standard United States Navy fighter of the time.

The A6M's airframe was "built like a fine watch"; the Zero was constructed with flush rivets , and even the guns were flush with the wings. The instrument panel was a "marvel of simplicity� with no superfluities to distract [the pilot]". What most impressed the experts was that the Zero's fuselage and wings were constructed in one piece, unlike the American method that built them separately and joined the two parts together.

The Japanese method was much slower, but resulted in a very strong structure and improved close maneuverability. Testing also revealed that the Zero could not roll as quickly to the right as it could to the left, which could be exploited. Most lacked self-sealing tanks and armor plating. The Zero had ruled the roost totally and was the finest fighter in the world until mid The first two A6M1 prototypes were completed in March , powered by the kW hp Mitsubishi Zuisei 13 engine with a two-blade propeller.

It first flew on 1 April, and passed testing within a remarkably short period. By September, it had already been accepted for Navy testing as the A6M1 Type 0 Carrier Fighter, with the only notable change being a switch to a three-bladed propeller to cure a vibration problem.

While the navy was testing the first two prototypes, they suggested that the third be fitted with the kW hp Nakajima Sakae 12 engine instead. Mitsubishi had its own engine of this class in the form of the Kinsei , so they were somewhat reluctant to use the Sakae.

Nevertheless, when the first A6M2 was completed in January , the Sakae's extra power pushed the performance of the Zero well past the original specifications. The new version was so promising that the Navy had 15 built and shipped to China before they had completed testing.

They arrived in Manchuria in July , and first saw combat over Chungking in August. There they proved to be completely untouchable by the Polikarpov Is and Is that had been such a problem for the A5Ms when in service. In one encounter, 13 Zeros shot down 27 Is and Is in under three minutes without loss. After hearing of these reports, the navy immediately ordered the A6M2 into production as the Type 0 Carrier Fighter, Model Reports of the Zero's performance filtered back to the US slowly.

There they were dismissed by most military officials, who thought it was impossible for the Japanese to build such an aircraft. After the delivery of the 65th aircraft, a further change was worked into the production lines, which introduced folding wingtips to allow them to fit on aircraft carriers.

A feature was the improved range with l US gal wing tank and l 85 US gal drop tank. When the lines switched to updated models, Model 21s had been completed by Mitsubishi, and another by Nakajima. Two other versions of the Model 21 were built in small numbers, the Nakajima-built A6M2-N "Rufe" floatplane based on the Model 11 with a slightly modified tail , and the A6M2-K two-seat trainer of which a total of were built by Hitachi and the Sasebo Naval Air Arsenal.

In , Nakajima introduced the Sakae 21 engine, which used a two-speed supercharger for better altitude performance, and increased power to kW 1, hp. A prototype Zero with the new engine was first flown on 15 July The new Sakae was slightly heavier and somewhat longer due to the larger supercharger, which moved the center of gravity too far forward on the existing airframe.

To correct for this, the engine mountings were cut back by mm 7. This had the side effect of reducing the size of the main fuselage fuel tank located between the engine and the cockpit from l US gal to l US gal. The cowling was redesigned to enlarge the cowl flaps, revise the oil cooler air intake, and move the carburetor air intake to the upper half of the cowling.

The wings were redesigned to reduce span, eliminate the folding tips, and square off the wingtips. The inboard edge of the aileron was moved outboard by one rib, and the wing fuel tanks were enlarged accordingly to l US gal. The two 20 mm wing cannon were upgraded from the Type 99 Mark l to the Mark II, [38] which required a bulge in the sheet metal of the wing below each cannon.

The wings also included larger ammunition boxes and thus allowing rounds per cannon. On the downside, turning and range, which were the strengths of the Model 21, suffered due to smaller ailerons, decreased lift and greater fuel consumption. The shorter range proved a significant limitation during the Solomons Campaign, during which Zeros based at Rabaul had to travel nearly to their maximum range to reach Guadalcanal and return. In order to correct the deficiencies of the Model 32, a new version with folding wingtips and redesigned wing was introduced.

The fuel tanks were moved to the outer wings, fuel lines for a l 87 US gal drop tank were installed under each wing and the internal fuel capacity was increased to l US gal. More importantly, it regained its capabilities for long operating ranges, similar to the previous A6M2 Model 21, which was vastly shortened by the Model However, before the new design type was accepted formally by the Navy, the A6M3 Model 22 already stood ready for service in December Approximately aircraft of the new type had been produced in the meantime by Mitsubishi Jukogyo K.

According to a theory, the very late production Model 22 might have had wings similar to the shortened, rounded-tip wing of the Model While the engine cowling is the same of previous Model 32 and 22, the theory proposes that the plane is an early production Model Mitsubishi is unable to state with certainty that it Navigation Lights For Boats Wikipedia Quart ever used the designation "A6M4" or model numbers for it.

Some researchers believe "A6M4" was applied to one or two prototype planes fitted with an experimental turbo-supercharged Sakae engine designed for high altitude. It shows a turbo unit mounted in the forward left fuselage. Lack of suitable alloys for use in the manufacture of a turbo-supercharger and its related ducting caused numerous ruptures, resulting in fires and poor performance. Consequently, further development of a turbo-supercharged A6M was cancelled.

The lack of acceptance by the navy suggests that the navy did not bestow model number 41 or 42 formally, although it appears that the arsenal did use the designation "A6M4". The prototype engines nevertheless provided useful experience for future engine designs.

Sometimes considered as the most effective variant, [48] the Model 52 was developed to again shorten the wings to increase speed and dispense with the folding wing mechanism. In addition, ailerons, aileron trim tab and flaps were revised. The prototype was made in June by modifying an A6M3 and was first flown in August Research by Mr.

Bunzo Komine published by Mr. Kenji Miyazaki states that aircraft through had the same exhaust system and cowl flaps as on the Model Stan Gajda and Mr. Halls, production number and , respectively. A new exhaust system provided an increment of thrust by aiming the stacks aft and distributing them around the forward fuselage. The new exhaust system required "notched" cowl flaps and heat shields just aft of the stacks. Note, however, that the handling manual translation states that the new style of exhaust commenced with number Whether this is correct, indicates retrofitting intentions, refers to the prototype but not to all subsequent planes, or is in error is not clear.

From production number , the wing fuel tanks received carbon dioxide fire extinguishers. This caused hot exhaust to burn the forward edge of the landing gear doors and heat the tires. Therefore, from number Mitsubishi began to install shorter bottom stacks.

Some Model 21 and 52 aircraft were converted to "bakusen" fighter-bombers by mounting a bomb rack and kg lb bomb in place of the centerline drop tank. Perhaps seven Model 52 planes were ostensibly converted into A6M5-K two-seat trainers.

The A6M6 was developed to use the Sakae 31a engine, featuring water-methanol engine boost and self-sealing wing tanks. Only one prototype was produced. The A6M7 was the last variant to see service. The A6M7 had a similar armament layout to the A6M5c with the exception of the bomb centreline bomb rack, capable of carrying kg or kg bombs.

Entering production in May , [9] [78] [80] [79] the A6M7 was also used in the special attack role. The carburetor intake was much larger, a long duct like that on the Nakajima B6N Tenzan was added, and a large spinner�like that on the Yokosuka D4Y Suisei with the Kinsei 62�was mounted.

The armament consisted of two In addition, the Model 64 was modified to carry two l 40 US gal drop tanks on either wing in order to permit the mounting of a kg lb bomb on the underside of the fuselage. Two prototypes were completed in April but the chaotic situation of Japanese industry and the end of the war obstructed the start of the ambitious program of production for 6, A6M8s, only the two prototypes being completed and flown. Like many surviving World War II Japanese aircraft, most surviving Zeros are made up of parts from multiple airframes.

As a result, some are referred to by conflicting manufacturer serial numbers. In other cases, such as those recovered after decades in a wrecked condition, they have been reconstructed to the point that the majority of their structure is made up of modern parts. All of this means the identities of survivors can be difficult to confirm. Most flying Zeros have had their engines replaced with similar American units.

The rarity of flyable Zeros accounts for the use of single-seat North American T-6 Texans , with heavily modified fuselages and painted in Japanese markings, as substitutes for Zeros in the films Tora! One Model 52 was used during the production of Pearl Harbor. Winds, 2. Lightning, 3. Nighttime lights, 4.

Mountains, 5. Seas, 7. Clouds, 8. Plants, 9. Skies, Landscapes, and From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Japanese carrier-based fighter aircraft.

Play media. Japan portal Aviation portal. Pacific Wrecks Incorporated. Retrieved 23 February Retrieved: 18 January Oxford, Great Britain: Osprey. ISBN Retrieved: 22 November Retrieved 3 December At least three A6M Zero fighters were damaged in this engagement, at least one of which was credited to future-ace Lieutenant Gao Youxin in an Ibis fighter.

Biplane Fighter Aces - China. Without radios, they could not communicate with one another Cheng Hsiao-Yu led the entire 22nd PS into battle Louie Yim-Qun engaged the Zeros over Chungking Japanese Zeroes with their high speed, amazing climbing ability, agility and firepower, totally dominated the fight. Louie Yim-Qun was one of the injured in the fight At least two pilots from 21st PS were killed Retrieved: 5 July Action Reports: Battle of Midway. Naval History and Heritage Command.

Retrieved 18 March Ace pilots. Retrieved: 13 October Retrieved: 30 November Fighters of the 20th Century. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Retrieved 9 June Oleson, James A. Oleson The boats were of many kinds and shapes, but most of those used as a "Shetland Bus", were from 50�70 feet 15�21 m long, with two masts and equipped with a 30 to 70 hp single-cylinder semi-diesel engine , which made the characteristic "tonk-tonk" sound.

They asked some of the skippers of the boats that were coming from Norway, if they would return to deliver agents and bring others back to Shetland.

This went on throughout the winter of � The main purpose of the group was to transfer agents in and out of Norway and provide them with weapons, radios and other supplies. They would also bring out Norwegians who feared arrest by the Germans. Upon their arrival in Shetland they commandeered Flemington House, later named "Kergord" , in Weisdale , for their headquarters and they found a perfect location in Lunna Ness north of Lerwick, from which the boats could operate.

Before then the boats had been moored in Cat Firth. Lunna Ness had a sheltered harbour and a small population that were not too curious about what was going on and Lunna House was used as accommodation for the boat crews. During the first winter Flemington House was used to train saboteurs and house agents and to accommodate Norwegian refugees. Later the refugees were received in a special camp at the James Sutherland Herring Factory in Lerwick , administered by James Adie and his Norwegian-born wife.

The lack of a slipway and other repair facilities meant that at first the boats had to be repaired at Malakoff's in Lerwick. All ship repairs were done there but Lunna Voe was still used for preparing special operations. Dinapore House was headquarters for the base in Scalloway , while Flemington House became quarters for agents awaiting transport to Norway and for de-brief on return.

Sevrin Roald's wife, Inga Roald, was the housekeeper. Flemington House was also on occasion visited by high-ranking officers like the Commander-in-chief , Scottish Command and the Admiral Commanding Orkney and Shetland.

Mitchell left the base in Scalloway in December and Captain Arthur William Sclater, known as "Rogers", became leader of operations; his Norwegian-born wife, Alice, acted as welfare officer for the crews. At first, there were fourteen fishing boats of various sizes.

The group had made trips to Norway in fishing boats and submarine chasers, Leif Larsen completing 52 of them. The "Shetland Bus" had transported agents and long tons t of weapons and supplies to Norway and had brought out 73 agents and refugees. Forty-four members of the group were killed. The crews of the Shetland Bus Shetlandsgjengen were men of the coast, fishermen and sailors with detailed local knowledge.

Most came over after the occupation, some with their own vessels, others with vessels that were "stolen" with the owner's approval. They were young men, most of them in their twenties, some even younger. Many of them did several tours Led Navigation Lights For Boats 10 in the spring and summer of , evacuating British soldiers who had been stranded in Norway after the Norwegian Campaign and other British citizens living in Norway.

In all he made 52 trips to Norway and became the most highly decorated Allied naval officer of the Second World War. Soon after the war in Finland ended, Norway was invaded by Germany. A Swedish officer, Benckert, set up a company of volunteers who made their way to Norway and fought in eastern Norway until 8 June , until the end of war. On 8 November , Larsen sailed from Shetland on his first tour as skipper. On their return to Shetland, they ran into a storm and Sangolt was blown overboard and drowned.

In October , he had to scuttle the Arthur in Throndheimsfjord after a failed attempt to attack the German warship Tirpitz. He and the crew escaped to Sweden but a British agent, A. Evans, was arrested and later shot. Broberg in command. In October , the new submarine chasers arrived and Larsen became commander of Vigra , with the rank of Sub-Lieutenant. In total he made 52 tours to Norway in fishing vessels and submarine chasers. He was the son of a sea pilot and had joined his father on the pilot boat.

When the Germans attacked Norway he was a fisherman and soon joined the underground army. His activities were discovered by the Germans and he had to leave the country. He and three other men escaped to Shetland in August with his father's boat, the foot Villa II. From Shetland he was transferred to England where he joined and trained with the Kompani Linge.

In December , he joined the crew on the submarine chaser Hessa as engineer, under command of Petter Salen. When Hessa was back again he rejoined the crew and stayed there until the war ended. They stayed in Scalloway after the war and had three daughters. In , Shetland Times Ltd. He was killed on 28 October , when German aircraft attacked the Siglaos on its way to Shetland from Norway.

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