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Boat building - Wikipedia

Shipbuilding is the construction of ships and other floating vessels. It normally takes place in a specialized facility known as a shipyard.

Shipbuildersalso called shipwrightsfollow a specialized occupation that traces its roots to before model ship building clamps ratios history. Shipbuilding and model ship building clamps ratios repairs, both commercial and military, are referred to as " naval engineering ". The construction of boats is a similar activity called boat building.

The dismantling of ships is called ship breaking. Evidence from Ancient Egypt shows that the early Egyptians knew how to assemble planks of wood into a ship hull as early as BC. Egyptian pottery as old as BC shows designs of early boats or other means for navigation. The Archaeological Institute of America reports [1] that some of the oldest ships yet unearthed are known as the Abydos boats.

These are a group of 14 ships discovered in Abydos that were constructed of wooden planks which were "sewn". Discovered by Egyptologist David O'Connor of New York University[2] woven straps were found to have been used to lash the planks together, [1] and reeds or grass stuffed between the planks helped to seal the seams.

The first true ocean-going vessels were built by the Austronesian peoples during the Austronesian expansion c. From Taiwanthey first settled the island of Luzon in the Philippines before migrating onwards to the rest of Island Southeast Asia and to Micronesia by BC, covering distances of thousands of kilometers of open ocean.

This was followed by later migrations even further onward; reaching Madagascar in the Indian Ocean and New Zealand and Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean at its furthest extent, possibly even reaching the Americas. Austronesians invented unique ship technologies like catamaransoutrigger boatslashed-lug boatbuilding techniques, crab claw sailsand tanja sails ; as well as oceanic navigation techniques.

They also invented sewn-plank techniques independently. Austronesian ships varied from simple canoes to large multihull ships. The simplest form of all ancestral Austronesian boats had five parts.

The bottom part consists of a single piece of hollowed-out log. At the sides were two planks, and two horseshoe-shaped wood pieces formed the prow and stern. These were fitted tightly together edge-to-edge with dowels inserted into holes in between, and then lashed to each other with ropes made from rattan model ship building clamps ratios fiber wrapped around protruding lugs on the planks.

This characteristic and ancient Austronesian boat-building practice is known as the " lashed-lug " technique. They were commonly caulked with pastes made from various plants as well as tapa bark and fibres which would expand when wet, further tightening joints and making the hull watertight. They formed the shell of the boat, which was then reinforced model ship building clamps ratios horizontal ribs.

Shipwrecks of Austronesian ships can be identified from this construction, as well as the absence of metal nails. Austronesian ships traditionally had no central rudders but were instead model ship building clamps ratios using an oar on one.

The ancestral Austronesian rig was the mastless triangular crab claw sail which had two booms that could be tilted to the wind. These were built in the double-canoe configuration or had a single outrigger on the windward.

In Island Southeast Asia, these developed model ship building clamps ratios double outriggers on each side that provided greater stability. The triangular crab claw sails also later developed into square or rectangular tanja sailswhich like crab claw sails, had distinctive booms spanning the upper and model ship building clamps ratios edges.

Fixed masts also developed later in both Southeast Asia usually as bipod or tripod masts and Oceania. These sails allowed Austronesians to embark on long-distance voyaging. The ancient Champa of Vietnam also uniquely developed basket-hulled boats whose hulls were composed of woven and model ship building clamps ratios - caulked bamboo, either entirely or in conjunction with plank strakes.

The acquisition of the catamaran and outrigger technology by the non-Austronesian peoples in Sri Lanka and southern India is due to the result of Clamps For Model Ship Building Us very early Austronesian contact with the region, including the Maldives and the Laccadive Islands via the Austronesian maritime trade network the precursor to both the Spice Trade and the Maritime Silk Roadestimated to have occurred around to BCE and onwards.

This may have possibly included limited colonization that have since been assimilated. This is still evident in Sri Lankan and South Indian languages. Early contact with Arab ships in the Indian Ocean during Austronesian voyages is also believed to have resulted in the development of the triangular Arabic lateen sail. Early Egyptians also knew how to assemble planks of wood with treenails to fasten them together, using pitch for caulking the seams.

The " Khufu ship ", a Early Egyptians also knew how to fasten the planks of this ship together with mortise and tenon joints. The oldest known tidal dock in the world was built around BC during the Harappan civilisation at Lothal near the present day Mangrol harbour model ship building clamps ratios the Gujarat coast in India.

Other ports were probably at Balakot and Dwarka. However, it is probable that many small-scale ports, and not massive ports, were used for the Harappan maritime trade. The ships of Ancient Egypt's Eighteenth Dynasty were typically about 25 meters 80 ft in length, and had a single mastsometimes consisting of two poles lashed together at the top making an "A" shape.

They mounted a single square sail on a yardwith an additional spar along the bottom of the sail. These ships could also be oar propelled.

The ships of Phoenicia seem to have been of a similar design. The Chinese built large rectangular barges known as "castle ships", which were essentially floating fortresses complete with multiple decks with guarded ramparts.

However, the Chinese vessels during this era were essentially fluvial riverine. True ocean-going fleets did not model ship building clamps ratios until the 10th century Song dynasty. There is considerable knowledge regarding shipbuilding and seafaring in the ancient Mediterranean.

The ancient Chinese also built ramming vessels as in the Greco-Roman tradition of the triremealthough oar-steered ships in China lost favor very early on since model ship building clamps ratios was in the 1st century China that the stern -mounted rudder was first developed. This was dually met with the introduction of model ship building clamps ratios Han Dynasty junk ship design in the same century. It is thought that the Chinese had adopted the Malay junk sail by this period, [29] although a UNESCO study argues that the Chinese were using square sails during the Han dynasty and adopted the Malay junk sail later, in the 12th century.

The Malay and Javanese peoplestarted building large seafaring ships about 1st century AD. Large ships are model ship building clamps ratios 50�60 metres � ft long, had 5. This type of ship was favored by Chinese travelers, because they did not build seaworthy ships until Model Ship Building Plank Clamps 300 around 8�9th century AD. Southern Chinese junks were based on keeled and multi-planked Austronesian jong known as po by the Chinese, from Javanese or Malay perahu - large ship.

This is different from northern Chinese junks, which are developed from flat bottomed riverine boats. Archeological investigations done at Portus near Rome have revealed inscriptions indicating the existence of a 'guild of shipbuilders' during the time of Hadrian. Until recently, Viking longships were seen as marking a very considerable advance on traditional clinker -built hulls of plank boards tied together with leather thongs.

Haywood [39] has argued that earlier Frankish and Anglo-Saxon nautical practice was much more accomplished than had been thought, and has described the distribution of clinker vs.

The ship was 26 metres 85 ft long and, 4. Upward from the keel, the hull was made by overlapping nine strakes on either side with rivets fastening the oaken planks. It could hold upwards of thirty men. Sometime around the 12th century, northern European ships began to be built with a straight sternpostenabling the mounting of a rudder, which was much more durable than a steering oar held over the. Development in the Middle Ages favored "round ships", [41] with a broad beam and heavily curved at both ends.

Another important ship type was the galley which was constructed with both sails and oars. The first extant treatise on shipbuilding was written c. He wrote and illustrated a book that contains a treatise on ship building, a treatise on mathematics, much material on astrology, and other materials. His treatise on shipbuilding treats three kinds of galleys and two kinds of round ships.

Outside Medieval Europe, great advances were being made in shipbuilding. The mainstay of China's merchant and naval fleets was the junkwhich had existed for centuries, but it was at this time that the large ships based on this design were built. During the Sung period � ADthe establishment of China's first official standing navy in AD and the enormous increase in maritime trade abroad from Heian Model ship building clamps ratios to Fatimid Egypt allowed the shipbuilding industry in provinces like Fujian to thrive as never.

The largest seaports in the world were in China and included GuangzhouQuanzhouand Xiamen. In the Islamic world, shipbuilding thrived at Basra and Model ship building clamps ratiosthe dhowfeluccabaghlah and the sambukbecame symbols of model ship building clamps ratios maritime trade around the Indian Ocean ; from the ports of East Africa to Southeast Asia and the ports of Model ship building clamps ratios and Hind India during the Abbasid period.

At this time islands spread over vast distances across the Pacific Ocean were being colonised by the Melanesians and Polynesians, who built giant canoes and progressed to great catamarans.

Shipbuilders in the Ming dynasty primarily worked for the government, under command of the Ministry of Public Works. During the model ship building clamps ratios years of the Ming dynasty, the Ming government maintained an open policy towards sailing. Between andthe government conducted seven diplomatic Ming treasure voyages to over thirty countries in Southeast Asia, India, the Middle East and Eastern Africa.

Six voyages were conducted under the Yongle Emperor's reign, the last model ship building clamps ratios which returned to China in After the Yongle Emperor's death inhis successor the Hongxi Emperor ordered the suspension model ship building clamps ratios the voyages.

The seventh and final voyage began insent by the Xuande Emperor. Although the Hongxi and Xuande Emperors did not emphasize sailing as much as the Yongle Emperor, they were not against it.

This led to a high degree of commercialization and an increase in trade. Large numbers model ship building clamps ratios ships were built to meet the demand. The Ming voyages were large in size, numbering as many as ships and 28, men.

Shachuanor 'sand-ships', are ships used primarily for inland transport. It is said in vol. The shipyard was under the command of Ministry of Public Works.

The shipbuilders had no control over their lives. The builders, commoner's doctors, cooks and errands had lowest social status. There were two major ways to enter the shipbuilder occupation: family tradition, or apprenticeship.

If a shipbuilder entered the occupation due to family tradition, the shipbuilder learned the techniques of shipbuilding model ship building clamps ratios his family and is very likely to earn a higher status in the shipyard.

Additionally, the shipbuilder had access to business networking that could help to find clients. If a shipbuilder entered the occupation through an apprenticeship, the shipbuilder was likely a farmer before he was hired as a model ship building clamps ratios, or he was previously an experienced shipbuilder.

Many shipbuilders working in the shipyard were forced into the occupation. The ships built for Zheng He's voyages needed to be waterproof, solid, safe, and have ample room to carry large amounts of trading goods. Therefore, due to the highly commercialized society that was being encouraged by the expeditions, trades, and government policies, the shipbuilders needed to acquire the skills to build ships that fulfil these requirements.

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There is something I like even better for holding trailing edge sheeting in place � my heavy 36" stainless-steel straightedge. I use it to weight down the trailing edge sheeting and use a few pins just to the rear of the trailing edge to keep it from sliding off. If you look through the various How-To articles , you will notice that I am very fond of using weight to provide clamping pressure.

Rubber bands also make excellent clamps. Keep a variety of sizes around the shop and store them in a sealed, light tight container with talcum powder or kitty litter. I have some that I have had in a jar with talcum powder from 15 years ago that are still in good condition. I wouldn't use them to hold a wing on but they've held up pretty well.

Avoid multi-color rubber bands because they tend to decompose after a year or so. Gum rubber is the best type followed by latex. Both types will decompose if exposed to light � hence the light tight container. Another great clamp is the Ace Bandage. A hobby shop owner suggested I use them to hold on turtleback sheeting and I have found uses for them ever since. I have a few small metal C-clamps but I do not use them very often.

They are too heavy for use with balsa aircraft. They are useful and worth having however. I mainly use mine for clamping things to my workbench or stationary power tools. Did I mention that it is almost impossible to have too many clamps? Weight Weight is often better than using clamps � particularly where a clamp won't fit or for broad areas. I use whatever I have handy such as batteries, tool boxes, etc.

The denser the material the more compact the weight can be. More often than not that's a good thing because you can concentrate a lot of weight over a small joint. Sometimes you'll need to spread the weight over a larger area such as when laminating pieces together such as doublers.

If you do metal work or have a friend who does then you probably have access to all types of metal bars which also make good weight. Get the smallest shot you can to provide the most weight in the least volume.

I filled about 20 film canisters with lead shot. I didn't realize how much these would weigh until after I filled the first one and weighed it. So far I've had no problems with the lids coming off but I am very careful when handling these because dropping one would be a shop catastrophe. I would probably be finding lead shot throughout the shop until the day I die. Weight is often a better choice than pins or clamps because it can create uniform pressure over large areas.

These easy to make board edge clamps can be used for a variety of purposes. Shown here is a large benchtop sanding block clamped in place so it isn't moving around in use. Any tool that can be mounted to a board can be held down. Use as many clamps as necessary for safety purposes.

Joined Feb 12, Messages Points I am curious as to how they work. Do you have a photo? Joined Aug 2, Messages Points Brian said:. Click to expand Hi gentlemen, this is how the planking clamp works. The threaded screw fits though the spacing of the frames and is tightened up with the wing nut. John, the thread diameter is 3mm and fits with plenty of room to spare.

I also suggest you purchase these Japanese brass clamps. They are great for holding planks together. Thanks Brian. That's a good tip. Do you have a link for the clamps? Hobby tools Australia sell them. Joined Feb 28, Messages Points View attachment Uwek Administrator Staff member. Joined Dec 25, Messages 16, Points Very nice.

MarkBseau Posted January 16, Posted January 16, What do you have and like, which are the most versatile, yet not the most expensive. Link to post Share on other sites. JPett Posted January 16, Ahoy Mark Who told you not to bother with the Amati. HSM Posted January 16, Ponto and mtaylor Like Loading HSM, I know - I admit to already having a couple of such tools that were buying mistakes Wondering what people have, how much approx.

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