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Revision Notes for Science Chapter 2 - Acids, bases and salts (Class 10th) | askIITians For enabling Class 10 CBSE students to understand and solve the questions in the NCERT CBSE Class 10 Chemistry book, we offer numerous learning materials. One of the important resources to prepare for the final exams is our NCERT solutions for Class 10 Chemistry. BYJU�S presents to you accurate NCERT Solutions for Class 10 English Chapter 2 that comprises one prose � �Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom� and one poem � �A Tiger in the Zoo�.The NCERT Solutions of Class 10 are solved by our panel of expert teachers to provide well-structured solutions for Class 10 students.. The NCERT Solutions are written in easy to understand English. Key Features of NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 2- Polynomials It covers the whole syllabus of Class 10 Maths. After studying through these NCERT solutions prepared by our subject experts, you will be confident to score well in myboat049 boatplansg: translation.
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Illustrate with an example. How will you test for the presence of this gas? Answer: i Hydrogen H 2 gas is liberated when an acid reacts with a metal. Take some zinc granules in the test tube. Add about 5 mL dilute hydrochloric acid slowly. Soon the reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid starts and hydrogen gas is evolved.

When passed through soap solution, it gets trapped into bubbles. Bring a burning candle near the soap bubble filled with gas. The soap bubble bursts and hydrogen gas burns with a pop sound. Question 3 Metal compound A reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce effervescence. The gas evolved extinguishes a burning candle. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction if one of the compounds formed is calcium chloride.

Answer: As the end product is calcium chloride and the gas formed is carbon dioxide, the metal compound A must be calcium carbonate. Therefore, the reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid is. Question 1 Why do HCl, HNO 3 , etc show acidic characters in aqueous solutions while solutions of compounds like alcohol and glucose do not show acidic character?

HCl, HNO 3 , etc. Therefore, alcohol and glucose do not show acidic character. Question 2 Why does an aqueous solution of an acid conduct electricity? Answer: The aqueous solution of an acid conducts electricity due to the presence of charged particles called ions in it. Question 3 Why does dry HCl gas not change the colour of the dry litmus paper? Question 4 While diluting an acid, why is it recommended that the acid should be added to water and not water to the acid?

Answer: While diluting an acid it is recommended that the acid should be added to water and not water to the acid because if water is added to concentrated acid to dilute it, then a large amount of heat is evolved at once. Answer: When a given amount of an acid is added to water, there is a fixed number of hydronium ions per volume of the solution.

On dilution, the number of hydronium ions per volume decreases and concentration decreases. Question 6 How is the concentration of hydroxide ions OH � affected when excess base is dissolved in a solution of sodium hydroxide? Answer: The concentration of hydroxide ions will increase when excess base is dissolved in a solution of sodium hydroxide, but it happens to a limited extent only after which the concentration becomes almost constant.

Question 1 You have two solutions A and B. The pH of solution A is 6 and pH of solution B is 8. Which solution has more hydrogen ion concentration? Which of this is acidic and which one is basic? Answer: A pH value of less than 7 indicates an acidic solution, while greater than 7 indicates a basic solution. Since solution A has more hydrogen ion concentration, solution A is acidic and solution B is basic. If yes, then why are these basic? But these are far less in number than OH � ions that is responsible for their basic nature.

Question 4 Under what soil condition do you think a farmer would treat the soil of his fields with quick lime calcium oxide or slaked lime calcium hydroxide or chalk calcium carbonate? Answer: If the soil is too acidic having low pH then it is treated with materials like quick lime calcium oxide or slaked lime calcium hydroxide or chalk calcium carbonate. Question 1 What is the common name of the compound CaOCl 2?

Answer: Bleaching powder. Question 2 Name the substance which on treatment with chlorine yields bleaching powder.

Answer: Slaked lime Ca OH 2. Question 3 Name the sodium compound which is used for softening hard water. Answer: Sodium carbonate. Question 4 What will happen if a solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate is heated. Give the equation of the reaction involved? Answer: Solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate on heating gives sodium carbonate and carbon dioxide gas is evolved.

Question 5 Write an equation to show the reaction between plaster of Paris and water. Question 1 A solution turns red litmus blue, its pH is likely to be a 1 b 4 c 5 d 10 Answer: d Question 2 A solution reacts with crushed-egg shells to give a gas that turns lime water milky. Question 4 Which one of the following types of medicines is used for treating indigestion? Question 6 Compounds such as alcohol and glucose also contain hydrogen but are not categorised as acids.

Describe an activity to prove it. The bulb does not glow in this case also. This shows that alcohols and glucose are not acids. Question 7 Why does distilled water not conduct electricity, whereas rainwater does? Answer: Distilled water does not conduct electricity because it does not contain any ionic compound like acids, bases or salts dissolved in it. Rainwater, while falling to the earth through the atmosphere, dissolves an acidic gas carbon dioxide from the air and forms carbonic acid H 2 CO 3.

Hence, due to the presence of carbonic acid which provides ions to rainwater, the rainwater conducts electricity. Question 8 Why do acids not show acidic behaviour in the absence of water? The acid produces hydrogen ions only in the presence of water. So in the absence of water, an acid will not form hydrogen ions and hence will not show its acidic behaviour.

Which solution is a Neutral b Strongly alkaline c Strongly acidic d Weakly acidic e Weakly alkaline Arrange the pH in increasing order of hydrogen ion concentration.

Question 10 Equal lengths of magnesium ribbons are taken in test tubes A and B. In which test tube will the fizzing occur more vigorously and why?

Answer: Fizzing will occur more vigorously in test tube A. Being strong acid, the hydrochloric acid solution contains a much greater amount of hydrogen ions in it due to which the fizzing will occur more vigorously in test tube A containing hydrochloric acid. The fizzing is due to the evolution of hydrogen gas which is formed by the action of acid on the magnesium metal of magnesium ribbon. Question 11 fresh milk has a pH of 6. How do you think the pH will change as it turns into curd? Explain your answer.

Answer: pH of milk falls below 6 as it turns into curd due to the formation of lactic acid during this process. Lactic acid present in it reduces its pH value.

Question 12 A milkman adds a very small amount of baking soda to fresh milk. Answer: a Milk is made slightly alkaline so that it may not get sour easily due to the formation of lactic acid in it.

Question 13 Plaster of Paris should be stored in a moisture proof container. Explain why? Answer: Plaster of Paris should be stored in a moisture proof container because the presence of moisture can cause slow setting of plaster of Paris by bringing about its hydration. This will make the plaster of Paris useless after sometime. Question 14 What is a neutralisation reaction? Give two examples. Answer: The reaction between an acid and a base to form salt and water is called a neutralisation reaction.

Question 15 Give two important uses of washing soda and baking soda. Answer: Uses of washing soda : i Washing soda is used in glass, soap and paper industries. Uses of baking soda : i Baking soda is used as an antacid in medicines to remove acidity of the stomach. One of them contains distilled water and the other two contain an acidic solution and a basic solution respectively. Solution: The contents of each test tube would be identified by change in colour of red litmus paper.

For example, when we wet the red litmus paper with the basic solution, it changes into blue colour. Put the changed blue litmus paper in the solution which turns the blue to red will be the acidic solution.

The solution, which has no effect on any litmus paper, will be neutral and hence it will be distilled water. Question 2 Why should curd and sour substances not be kept in brass and copper vessels? Solution: Curd and other sour foodstuffs contain acids, which can react with the metal of the vessel to form poisonous metal compounds which can cause food poisoning and damage our health. Question 3 Which gas is usually liberated when an acid reacts with a metal? Solution: When an acid reacts with metal, a salt and hydrogen gas is formed.

Question 4 Metal compound A reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce effervescence. Solution: The gas that extinguishes a burning candle is carbon dioxide, which is formed by the action of dilute hydrochloric acid on a metal carbonate and produces effervescence.

Now, since one of the compounds formed is calcium chloride, it shows that the metal compound is calcium carbonate. Thus, the metal compound A is calcium carbonate CaCO 3. Calcium carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form calcium chloride, carbon dioxide and water.

This can be written as:. The compounds such as glucose and alcohol also contain hydrogen but they do not show acidic character. Question 6 Why does an aqueous solution of acid conduct electricity? Solution: The aqueous solution of an acid conducts electricity due to the presence of charged particles called ions in it. Question 7 Why does dry HCl gas not change the colour of the dry litmus paper? Solution: Dry HCl gas does not contain any hydrogen ions in it, so it does not show acidic behaviour.

Question 8 While diluting an acid, why is it recommended that the acid should be added to water and not water to the acid? Solution: Diluting an acid should be done by adding concentrated acid to water gradually with stirring and not by adding water to concentrated acid. The heat is evolved gradually when a concentrated acid is added to water for diluting an acid and the large amount of water is easily absorbed. If, however, water is added to concentrated acid to dilute it, a large amount of heat is evolved at once.

The heat generated may cause the mixture to splash the acid on our face or clothes and cause acid burns. Question 10 How is the concentration of hydroxide ions OH- affected when excess base is dissolved in water? Solution: When the solution of a base is diluted by mixing more water in it, the concentration of hydroxide ions OH � ions per unit volume decreases. Question 11 You have two solutions A and B. Solution: The pH of a solution is inversely proportional to its hydrogen ion concentration.

This means that the solution having lower pH will have more hydrogen ion concentration. In this case, solution A having a lower pH of 6 will have more hydrogen ion concentration. Solution A is acidic and solution B is basic. Solution: Acids produce hydrogen ions in water. So, when an acid is added to water, the concentration of hydrogen ions in water increases.

The solution of acid thus formed will have more of hydrogen ions and it will be acidic in nature. If yes, why are these basic? Question 14 Under what soil condition do you think a farmer would treat the soil of his fields with quick lime calcium oxide or slaked lime calcium hydroxide or chalk calcium carbonate?

Solution: Most often the soil in the fields is too acidic. If the soil is too acidic having low pH , it is treated with materials like quicklime calcium oxide or slaked lime calcium hydroxide or chalk calcium carbonate. Thus, a farmer should add lime or slaked lime in his fields when the soil is too acidic.

Now pressure in vapour phase :. Calculate the vapour pressure of water for this solution and its relative lowering. Given that vapour pressure of pure water,. Moles of water :. Moles of urea :. Let the vapour pressure of water be p w. By Raoult's law, we get :. Relative lowering :- Hence, the vapour pressure v. How much sucrose is to be added to of water such that it boils at. Here we will use the formula :. Putting all values in above formula, we get :.

Thus Here we will use the following equation :. Putting given values in the above equation :. Thus 5. We are given with Thus osmotic pressure :. How many types of solutions are formed? Write briefly about each type with an example. Solution :- A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more non-reacting substances. It has two components :- solute and solvent. Types of solutions Ncert Solutions Of Class 10th Chemistry Chapter 2 Workbook are given below Solution of hydrogen in palladium is such an example in which solute is a gas and solvent is solid.

Mole fraction. Mole fraction is defined as the ratio of number of moles of a component and total number of moles in all components.

It is defined as the number of moles of solute dissolved per kg g of solvent. It is independent of temperature. Molarity is defined as number of moles of solute dissolved per litre or ml of solution. It depends on temperature because volume is dependent on temperature.

Mass percentage. Mass percentage is defined as the percentage ratio of mass of one component to the total mass of all the components. What should be the molarity of such a sample of the acid if the density of the solution is. According to given question, in g of solution 68 g is nitric acid and rest is water.

So moles of 68 g HNO 3 Density of solution is given to be 1. So volume of g solution becomes Thus, molarity of nitric acid is :. If the density of solution is then what shall be the molarity of the solution? According to question, mass percentage means in g of solution 10 g glucose is dissolved in 90 g water. So moles of glucose are :. Mole fraction Molarity :- Volume of g solution :. Let the amount of Na 2 CO 3 be x g. So the amount of NaHCO 3 will be equal to 1 - x g.

Now it is given that it is an equimolar mixture. It is given that molarity of HCl is 0. Thus required volume :. Calculate the mass percentage of the resulting solution. According to question we have 2 solute,. Solute 1. Solute 2. Thus mass percentage of solute is :. Calculate the molality of the solution.

If the density of the solution is then what shall be the molarity of the solution? For finding molality we need to find the moles of ethylene glycol. Moles of ethylene glycol :. Now for molarity Volume of solution. So molarity The level of contamination was by mass :. We know that 15 ppm means 15 parts per million. Required percent by mass :. Moles of chloroform :.

Mass of water is. Since contamination is 15 ppm. So molality will be :. Both alcohol and water individually have strong hydrogen bonds as their force of attraction. When we mix alcohol with water they form solution due to the formation of hydrogen bonds but they are weaker as compared to hydrogen bonds of pure water or pure alcohol.

Thus this solution shows a positive deviation from the ideal behaviour. It is known that dissolution of gas in a liquid is an exothermic process. So, by Le Chatelier principle we know that equilibrium shifts backwards as we increase temperature in case of exothermic process.

Thus gases always tend to be less soluble in liquids as the temperature is raised. According to Henry's law at a constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas present above the surface of solution or liquid. Some of its applications are as follows This leads to low concentrations of oxygen in the blood and tissues climbers.

Due to low blood oxygen, climbers become weak and unable to think clearly which are symptoms of a condition known as anoxia. If the solution contains of ethane, then what shall be the partial pressure of the gas? Using Henry's Law we can write,. Putting value in this equation, we get :. So, the magnitude of k is.

Now, we will again use the above equation for. So the required partial pressure is Enthalpy relation to positive and negative deviation can be understood from the following example Consider a solution made up of two components - A and B.

In the pure state the intermolecular force of attraction between them are A-A and B-B. But when we mix the two, we get a binary solution with molecular interaction A-B. If A-B interaction is weak than A-A and B-B then enthalpy of reaction will be positive thus reaction will tend to move in a backward direction.

Hence molecules in binary solution will have a higher tendency to escape. Thus vapour pressure increases and shows positive deviation from the ideal behaviour. What is the molar mass of the solute? It is given that of aq. This means 2 g of non-volatile solute in 98 g of H 2 O. Using Raoult's law :.

Thus the molar mass of non-volatile solute is At , the vapour pressures of the two liquid components are and respectively. What will be the vapour pressure of a mixture of of heptane and of octane? Firstly we will find moles of heptane and octane so that we can find vapour pressure of each. So moles of heptane :. Now we will find the partial vapour pressure It is asked the vapour pressure of 1 molal solution which means 1 mol of solute in g H 2 O. Since the molecular weight of H 2 O is Mole fraction of solute :.

Applying the equation :. Thus the vapour pressure of the solution is After adding solute to octane, the vapour pressure becomes :. Moles of octane :. Using Raoult's law we get :. Further, of water is then added to the solution and the new vapour pressure becomes at. In this question we will find molar mass of solute by using Raoult's law. Let the molar mass of solute is M. Initially we have 30 g solute and 90 g water. By Raoult's law we have Now we have added 18 g of water more, so the equation becomes:.

Putting this in above equation we obtain From equation i and ii we get. So the molar mass of solute is 23 units. In the previous part we have calculated the value of molar mass the Raoul's law equation. We had It is given that freezing point of pure water is Moles of cane sugar :. Molality :. We also know that -. Now we will use the above procedure for glucose.

Moles of glucose :. Thus molality :. So, we can find the elevation in freezing point:. Thus freezing point of glucose solution is When dissolved in 20 g of benzene of AB 2 lowers the freezing point by whereas of AB 4 lowers it by. The molar depression constant for benzene is Calculate atomic masses of A and B. In this question we will use the formula :. Firstly for compound AB 2 Similarly for compound AB 4 If we assume atomic weight of element A to be x and of element B to be y, then we have Solving both the equations, we get Hence atomic mass of element A is According to given conditions we have same solution under same temperature.

So we can write :. So, if we put all the given values in above equation, we get. Hence the required concentration is 0. Since both the compounds are alkanes so their mixture has van der Waal force of attraction between compounds.

The binary mixture of these compounds has van der Waal force of attraction between them. The given compounds will have ion-dipole interaction between them. Methanol has -OH group and acetone has ketone group. So there will be hydrogen bonding between them. They will have dipole-dipole interaction since both are polar compounds. In this, we have used the fact that like dissolves like. Since cyclohexane is an alkane so its solubility will be maximum. We know the fact that like dissolves in like.

Since phenol is had both polar and non-polar group so it is partially soluble in water. Since toluene is a non-polar compound i. Since the -OH group in formic acid polar can form H-bonds with water thus it is highly soluble in water. Ethylene glycol is an organic compound but is polar in nature. Also, it can form H-bonds with water molecules, thus it is highly soluble in water.

Chloroform is a non-polar compound so it is insoluble in water. Pentanol has both polar and non-polar groups so it is partially soluble in water. We know that, Molality :. So, for moles of solute we have :.

Thus, molality :. We are given,. The dissociation equation of CuS is given by So, the equation becomes Thus maximum molarity of solution is. Thus the mass percentage of aspirin is. Dose of nalorphene generally given is Calculate the mass of aqueous solution required for the above dose. We are given with molality of the solution, so we need to find the moles of Nalorphene.

So moles of nalorphene :. So the required weight of water is 3. We are given with the molarity of solution. So mass of benzoic acid :. Hence the required amount of benzoic acid is 4. Explain briefly. We know that depression in freezing point of water will depend upon the degree of ionisation. The degree of ionisation will be highest in the case of trifluoroacetic acid as it is most acidic among all three.

So the depression in freezing point will be reverse of the above order. Firstly we will find the Vant's Hoff factor the dissociation of given compound. So we can write,. Putting values of K a and C in the last result, we get :. Thus, molality of the solution :. Now we will use :.

The depression in the freezing point of water observed is. Firstly we need to calculate molality in order to get vant's hoff factor. We need to assume volume of solution to be nearly equal to mL. Now, we know that :. Now for dissociation constant Put values of C and a in the above equation, we get :.

Firstly we will find number of moles of both water and glucose. Calculate the solubility of methane in benzene at under. We are given value of P and k, so C can be found. Hence solubility of methane in benzene is. The vapour pressure of pure liquid B was found to be Calculate the vapour pressure of pure liquid A and its vapour pressure in the solution if the total vapour pressure the solution is.

For calculating partial vapour pressure we need to calculate mole fractions of components. So number of moles of liquid A :. Mole fraction of A x A :. Assuming that they form ideal solution over the entire range of composition, plot ptotal, pchloroform, and pacetone as a function of xacetone. The experimental data observed for different compositions of mixture is:. Plot this data also on the same graph paper. Indicate whether it has positive deviation or negative deviation from the ideal solution.

The vapour pressure of pure benzene and toluene at are and respectively. Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in vapour phase if 80 g of benzene is mixed with toluene. Firstly, we will find the no. Now we will find mol fraction of both Mole fraction of benzene Hence mole fraction of benzene in vapour phase is given by :. The major components are oxygen and nitrogen with approximate proportion of is to by volume at.

The water is in equilibrium with air at a pressure of At. We have been given that the water is in equilibrium with air at a pressure of 10 atm or mm of Hg. So the partial pressure of oxygen :. Now, by Henry's Law :. For oxygen :. For nitrogen :. Hence the mole fraction of nitrogen and oxygen in water is and respectively. We know that osmotic pressure :.

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