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In his opinion, the sharpie shape provides a simple construction in the plywood era with the added benefit that sailing sharpies extend the waterline as they heel, thereby effectively increasing the hull speed. Power sharpies can use low-horsepower motors see, for example, the Bolger Tennessee, and Sneakeasy designs yet reach planing speeds in sheltered waters. Major critics of sharpies point to the fact that they tend to pound under certain conditions and that the relatively shallow draft makes them unseaworthy.

However, their design is controversial and primarily dependent on the intended use. Bolger is particularly known for his Square Boats derogatorily known as "Bolger Boxes". Bolger reasoned that a simple rockered bottom and vertical sides gives the most volume, and form stability, on a given beam. After experimenting and studying traditional sharpies and the writings of small-boat historian Howard I.

Chapelle and others, he developed the theory that the optimum chine line for a sailing sharpie should represent a regular curve without breaks, changes in radius or straight sections.

He further reasoned that the curve of side and bottom should match as much as possible to reduce turbulence. He further reasoned that the sharpie was an ideal shape for a trailer sailer with either leeboards or bilgeboards to provide lateral plane. Both designers thought traditional rigs and boat types were suitable for small yachts, especially sailing boats. Generally, Chapelle noted that neither transom nor bow should be immersed when the boat is loaded, a point on which Bolger agreed.

Later in his career Phil Bolger and Friends developed modifications to the simple sharpie bow to avoid hull slap at anchor at the expense of a much more complex geometry. Bolger evolved the concept of traditional sharpies and by squaring off the bow and stern to give the longest useful waterline. Most were configured as yawls with main mast quite far forward and a small mizzen far aft. The bow on these designs is cut off and blunt and the sterns are vertical.

In some designe an open bow can allow passage to land if the boat is beached, space for holding anchors and cables, or clearance to step and unstep a mast.

Bolger championed leeboards as low-tech and practical, to the chagrin of many yachties. The conventional wisdom is that they are ugly. Even many of his centerboard designs had boards that were off-center or all the way to one side or the other for example, the Birdwatcher and the AS He concluded that a single leeboard is sufficient in many cases on small boats, and that rigs could be stepped off the centerline without much effect on performance.

Bolger advocated leeboards as being a simple means of providing lateral plane to all types of sailing vessel, eliminating many of the disadvantages of centerboards, daggerboards and keels, following broadly in the concepts of L.

Francis Herreshoff , various years his senior and, as stated by Bolger, one of the most influential yacht designers from his perspective. He used traditional rigs, from the simplest "Cat rig" single sail through sloops, many yawls and schooners at a time when almost all other designers were concentrating purely on racing rule derived sloops.

His book ' Sailing Rigs "Straight talk"' later reedited as ' Sailing Rigs "Straight talk"' provides a fascinating look at both rig configurations and sail types as well as his insight into a subject in which he was undoubtedly an expert.

His experience over the years with well over designs allowed him ample space to experiment with all kinds of designs, rigs and materials. His comments on each subject in books as well as articles published in magazines of the period are based on his research, analysis, first hand experience and use of the different configurations.

He is further very clear in explaining the mistakes and corrections he made in each case, and why. Beginning in November , Bolger and Altenberger began a re-examination of fisheries economics, as a result of the partial collapse of the industry both globally and locally in their hometown of Gloucester, Massachusetts.

Their proposal centered on the principle that, in an era of high fuel cost and economic pressure for modernization of depressed fishing ports, sustainable fisheries require a balance of business economics and public planning versus the available fishery resources.

They argued the key to this was a restructuring of the fishing fleet towards boats with lower complexity, lower initial cost, better fuel economy, and lower operating costs. Most modern vessels are horsepower intensive concepts with often oversized drive trains that cost extra in terms of hardware, operation, repair and replacement. Large expensive complex boats demand taking a high number of fish to be economical.

Simpler, lower powered, and lower cost boats can still be economical with lower fish catch rates. Bolger and Altenberger expressed concern that existing governmental fishing permits issued based on length of the fishing boat, created an incentive to use inefficient wide and deep fishing boat hulls.

If the fishing permits were issued based instead on displacement tonnage of the hull, then the incentive would be for the fishing industry to use long, narrow and shallow hulls which would be more economical to purchase and to operate per ton of fish caught. The existing fishing fleet, composed of ever larger boats with high construction costs, debt loads and operational costs, in the long run forced fishermen to search for ever increasing catch sizes to remain economic while in a fight against regulatory quotas.

Bolger and Altenburger argued that, ultimately, fishermen would find it more economically sustainable to do more with less. A consolidated fleet of smaller more economical vessels could make it possible for fishermen to survive with lower catch rates, lower debt load, lower fuel burn, lower insurance rates and lower depreciation.

This idea was described in the September issue of the magazine National Fisherman , and again in as a series of essays published in the magazine Messing About in Boats. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Philip Cunningham Bolger. July The Boston Globe. Retrieved The programmes were just as ambitious to produce as those in the previous series, each featuring a variety of locations from around the world.

Among the most difficult places, in terms of logistics, was the Sudan , where the crew had to be flown in � despite there being no runways or indeed roads. Conversely, areas such as the Himalayas permitted no transportation at all, so the only option was to walk.

In South America, a shortage of boats led to one cameraman having to push his equipment in a rubber dinghy, while he himself swam behind it. Some subjects proved even more challenging: the production team had to wait two years for news to arrive of an erupting volcano , and had to suspend all other filming in the hope that it would still be alight when they reached it. Elsewhere, cameraman Hugh Miles had to put himself 25 yards 23 m away from a polar bear in order to film it in close-up.

For the episode "The Sky Above", the series' makers managed to secure the services of NASA , and the use of its gravity research aircraft, affectionately known as the Vomit Comet.

However, the most time-consuming sequence involved red-breasted geese in flight � not in terms of actual filming, but in preparing for it. The birds had to be reared by hand from birth so that they would respond to the voice of their 'mother', and this eventually enabled them to be photographed as they flew alongside a moving open-top car.

Filming techniques continued to evolve. One new piece of equipment used was a scuba diving suit with a large, fully enclosed faceplate, allowing Attenborough to speak and be seen underwater. In an interview on the making of the series, Attenborough was self-effacing concerning his own contribution:. The difficulties are those that are encountered by the cameramen, directors and recordists, who actually have to get an animal doing something which perhaps nobody's ever even seen before.

Those are extremely difficult things to do. It contains life. Even in its most barren stretches, there are animals. Around the equator, where those two essentials for life, sunshine and moisture, are most abundant, great forests grow.

And here plants and animals proliferate in such numbers that we still have not even named all the different species. Here, animals and plants, insects and birds, mammals and man live together in intimate and complex communities, each dependent on one another.

Two thirds of the surface of this unique planet are covered by water, and it was here indeed that life began. From the oceans, it has spread even to the summits of the highest mountains as animals and plants have responded to the changing face of the Earth.

Broadcast 19 January , the first episode begins in the world's deepest valley: that of the Kali Gandaki river in the Himalayas. Its temperatures range from those of the tropics in its lower reaches to that of the poles higher up.

It therefore shows how creatures become adapted to living in certain environments. The higher that Attenborough travels, the more bleak and mountainous is the terrain, and the more suited to it are the animals that live there.

However, such adaptations are comparatively recent: these mountains were formed from the sea bed some 65 million years ago. To show the force of nature responsible for this, Attenborough stands in front of an erupting volcano in Iceland and handles a piece of basalt ; the Giant's Causeway is an example of what happens to it over a great length of time. The Icelandic volcanoes represent the northern end of a fissure that is mostly underwater and runs down one side of the globe, forming volcanic islands en route where it is above sea level.

It is such activity, known as plate tectonics , from deep within the Earth that pulled apart Africa and South America and created the Atlantic Ocean. Footage of the eruption of Mount St. Helens in shows what decimation it caused. However, this pales in comparison to the destruction caused by Krakatoa in , which Attenborough relates in detail.

When such pressure beneath the Earth shifts, it results in hot springs and caverns � which themselves support life. Broadcast 26 January , this programme describes the inhospitable habitats of snow and ice. Mount Rainier in America is an example of such a place: there is no vegetation , therefore no herbivores and thus no carnivores.

However, beneath its frosty surface, algae grow and some insects , such as ladybirds visit the slopes. Africa's mountains are permanently snow-covered, and beneath peaks such as Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya , there are communities of plants and animals. However, they endure extremes of temperature within 24 hours like no other.

At night they are in danger of freezing solid, and during the day they may be robbed of moisture. Lobelias combat this by either producing pectin or insulating themselves with an abundance of leaves analogous to a fur coat.

The Andes run the length of South America and are surrounded by the altiplano. On these high plains there is a large and varied population of animals. Antarctica is bigger than the whole of Europe and is for the most part devoid of life. However, its shores and waters are fertile and are home to fur seals , their main food krill , and several species of penguin.

By contrast, because of its connection to more temperate regions, the Arctic has been colonised by a large variety of species. They include Arctic foxes , polar bears , lemmings , snowy owls , and the region's most powerful hunter, the Inuit. It is also a temporary home to migratory animals, such as the caribou and snow goose. Broadcast 2 February , the next instalment examines the northern coniferous forests.

The programme begins in northern Norway, kilometres north of the Arctic Circle. Here, there is only just enough light for the pine trees to survive, but it is extremely cold during the winter.

Pine cone seeds provide one of the few foods available at this time of year, and large herbivores such as the moose must also rely on their fat reserves. However, there are predators, including lynxes , wolverines and eagle owls.

The coniferous forest grows in a belt right around the globe, some 1, kilometres across at its widest. On each continent, many migratory animals arrive in the spring, and even more during the summer. In years when the vole population is high, the numbers of their main predator, the owls , increase correspondingly and spread out. Further south, the warmer climate sees the pine trees give way to broad-leaved species, such as the oak and beech. More birds occupy the forest canopy during the summer than at any other time of year, feeding on a myriad of insects.

At the onset of winter, many animals in these forests hibernate , and in America, Attenborough uncovers the den of a black bear , which can be asleep for six months at a time.

Finally, further south still, Attenborough discovers the effects of forest fires , which are not so destructive as they appear � the areas affected rejuvenate themselves within a couple of months, with more flowers than before.

Broadcast 16 February , this episode is devoted to the jungles of the tropics. Attenborough ascends a kapok in the South American tropical rainforest to observe "the greatest proliferation of life that you can find anywhere on the surface of the Earth. As this climate is constant, there are no seasons, so trees vary greatly in their flowering cycles. However, each species does so at the same time and, because of the lack of wind , relies on birds and insects for pollination.

Bromeliads have their own population of visitors, largely due to their chalice-like rosettes of leaves that hold water. This is used by some for drinking, or, as in the case of the poison dart frog , for depositing tadpoles. Attenborough also highlights those species that have perfected the art of camouflage, including phasmids. The most densely populated part of the jungle is in its uppermost reaches.

Around halfway down, there is little life, apart from those that inhabit nest holes, such as macaws , or use the trunks and lianas to aid movement.

The jungle floor is not very fertile as the rain washes away any nutriment from the soil. Tree roots therefore rely on a kind of compost formed from decaying leaves � a process that is greatly accelerated in the natural humidity.

After a tropical storm , an aged kapok comes crashing to the ground, leaving a gap in the canopy above. The process of renewal then begins as saplings race to fill the space created. Broadcast 23 February , this programme looks at a plant of which there are some 10, species and which covers over a quarter of vegetated land: the grasses. It is a plant that keeps growing despite continuous grazing � because a grass leaf grows at its base, which is permanently active.

At such low levels, lizards prey on insects, praying mantises eat grasshoppers , spiders hunt anything they can and dung beetles clear up the mess. Termites are among the most successful: in the savannah of Brazil , there are more termite mounds per acre than anywhere else � and where they flourish, the anteater follows. At dawn on the Brazilian campo, many open-nesting birds are vulnerable to species such as the tegu.

There are few trees because of little water and during the dry season, caiman and turtles vie for space in such pools as there are. The African plains have a greater variety and bigger concentration of grass-living animals than any other. This leads to a similar abundance of predators, and the Merle people ambush white-eared kob as they cross a river.

Of the million animals that attempt the crossing over several days, some 5, are killed. Broadcast 1 March , the next instalment explores the world of deserts. It begins in the largest, the Sahara , where the highest land temperatures have been recorded. Rock paintings depict creatures such as giraffes and antelopes , suggesting that at one point there was enough vegetation to support them.

Now, such life has all but disappeared, with the exception of the cypress , whose roots find water deep underground. Since the night brings low temperatures, many of the creatures that live there are nocturnal. They include fennec foxes , geckos , jerboas and caracals. A scorpion is shown fighting a black widow spider. During the day, the desert belongs to the reptiles, which rely on the sun to warm their bodies. The Sonoran Desert is home to the Gila monster , one of a few poisonous lizards.

By mid-afternoon, it's so hot that even reptiles must escape the sun's rays. However, some birds have developed methods for keeping cool.

The sandgrouse evaporates moisture by fluttering its throat, while the road runner also uses its tail as a parasol. Plants that are best adapted to the habitat are the creosote bush and cacti , of which the saguaro is one of the biggest.

The nomadic Tuareg people cross the Sahara from one side to the other � but can't do so unaided. They rely on the camel for transportation, as much as it needs them to periodically dig for water.

Despite this, it is one of the best adapted desert animals: it can go without water for ten times as long as a man. Broadcast 8 March , this episode deals with the air and those creatures that spend most of their lives in it.

Attenborough begins in NASA's gravity research aircraft to illustrate the effect of weightlessness. There are surprisingly many plants whose seeds are, in effect, lighter than air. Gossamer is the animal equivalent, spun by tiny spiders.

Only the very smallest plants and animals can defy gravity, but some seeds, such as those of the sycamore , cheat this by simulating the movement of a helicopter. Many creatures are expert gliders, such as the flying frog and some species of lizard.

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