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Lots of boats can � especially the eighteen footer skiffs on Sydney Harbour. Ask a sailor how, and he'll say "These boats are so fast that they make their own wind", which is actually true. Ask a physicist, and she'll say that it's just a question of vectors and relative velocities.

Downwind diagram at left is easy. If the wind is 10 kt, and the boat makes 6 kt in the same direction, then the crew feels a wind of 4 kt coming over the stern of the boat. The true wind v w equals the speed of the boat v b plus the relative wind v r. So you can't go faster than the wind.

When the wind is at an angle, we have to add the arrows representing these velocities vector addition. The faster that the boat goes, the greater the relative wind, the more force there is on the sails, so the greater the force dragging the boat forwards.

So the boat accelerates until the drag from the water balances the forward component of the force from the sails. Why are eighteen footers always sailing upwind? In a fast boat, there's no point going straight downwind: you can never go faster than the wind.

So you travel at an angle. But if your boat is fast enough, then the relative wind always seems to be coming mainly from ahead of you, as these arrows show. So the eighteen footers never set ordinary spinnakers: they have asymmetrical sails that they can set even when they are travelling at small angles to the apparent wind.

A good list of links to technical material , courtesy of Sailboat Technology. How can you trim the mainsail using blocks and pulleys to multiply your force? More about hull shapes, bouyancy and sails. Australian Marine Services Directory has links to weather services, marine services and other information.

Coriolis forces and the reasons behind the major ocean currents and winds. Another puzzle involving relative motion of the air: the plane on the conveyor belt. Did you know that both the special and general theories of relativity are important in the Global Positioning System?

See this link from Univ. See where the satellites are at the moment in this animation from J-Track. Details at Science Outreach Centre news and Activities for students and teachers.

Answer to puzzle. The faster heat is the one with no wind. When the wind and the water both move W to E at 10 kt, the boats drift down the river at 10 kt, with their sails hanging limp. In the heat with no wind as measured on the land , a drifting boat has a headwind of 10 kt. You can tack into that.

Of course, you don't get something for nothing. In the heat with wind, the river does very little work on the boat. In the heat without wind, it exerts much greater force on the boat, in particular on the keel or centreboard. Much of that work goes into disturbing the air downwind of the boat's sails. The man in the photo at right did a lot of sailing on rivers: he would have known that. Modified 10 Jan 03 J. Wolfe unsw. Joe's scientific home page Joe's educational pages Joe's music page.

An experiment. Here is what my left hand looks like as I bicycle, signalling a left turn. If my hand is flat and horizontal, I just feel the drag force of the wind acting backwards.

But if I tilt my hand up a little at the front, I feel lift force as well: the force on my hand is both upwards and backwards. The arrows show the wind speed relative to me. To get past my hand, the wind is deflected down, and this pushes my hand up as well as back.

For example, high-end racing sailboats are purposely designed to reach maximum speeds while larger and bulkier sailboats may be slower due to drag and friction. That being said, the average speed of racing sailboats is 15 knots 17 mph. On the other hand, the average speed of cruising sailboats is knots 4. In essence, cruise speeds of over 8 knots are quite normal.

The nautical measurement of speed is the knot. According to the World Sailing Speed Council, one knot is equal to about 1. The knot measurement is dependent on the circumference of the Earth. So if your sailboat is cruising at an average speed of 1 nautical mile per hour, it means that it's cruising at a speed of 1 knot.

Modern sailboats have GPS tracking devices that can be used to measure the distance covered, as well as the speed at which the sailboat is sailing. Different types of sailboats can attain different speeds. There are several factors that can determine the speed of a sailboat.

Let's take a look. While the speed of a sailboat will depend on several factors such as currents, wind conditions, and many other factors as we'll discuss later, the most important thing that can influence the Boat Sailing Faster Kit speed of a sailboat is its size and length. You may be asking yourself; what's the connection between the length of a boat and its speed? Well, the ability of a sailboat to go fast depends on the harmonizing act between its length and the power that drives it.

When a sailboat moves through the water, it creates a pattern of waves. These waves include one along the side of the sailboat, which produces a ridge of water at the bow and a trough at the stern. If the length of the wave is almost equal to the length of the boat, it creates a huge ridge that shoves the sailboat back into its trough, thereby slamming it up against an almost dense wall of water resistance.

This then gives the sailboat sufficient speed to lift its bow out of the water and the ability to skim above the bow waves while allowing it to overcome the resistance that the water or the waves create. A sailboat, of course, needs a lot of power to get over the hump in the resistance curve. So a longer boat will have a higher speed than a shorter boat. This is because a longer sailboat will create longer waves across its hull and move faster.

On the other hand, short sailboats tend to generate shorter waves, thereby will have reduced speeds. In essence, it's almost impossible for a sailboat to travel faster than the speed of a wave if the wave is longer than the boat. In most cases, boat designers create extreme lengths to get boats over the mound of the wave resistance.

While a lightweight boat can easily achieve this, it can leave you shorthanded in heavy winds as it can be easily pushed by the winds. Again, it may not have the stability needed to carry enough sails to get the appropriate power to sail on the water.

So if the boat is light, it should at least have a double hull to at least compensate for its instability. This may be hard to believe but some hulls are more efficient than others when it comes to creating the wave resistance that is needed to move the boat. Generally, hulls should be very slim and carefully shaped.

Keep in mind that a sailboat that has a hull that's shaped like a fat tub will not be as fast as a sailboat with a very slim hull even if they're of the same length. A proper indication that the hull has the ability to be faster depends on its aft or buttock lines.

If a hull has a straight line from the lowest point of the hull to the transom and the transom is a little bit wide, the boat will not only be stable but will be much faster. On the contrary, a hull that curves a lot but has a narrow stern may not be that fast.

In essence, hulls play an integral role in slicing through the water and do not push water aside and down. Are catamaran or trimaran hulls more superior to Monohulls in terms of speed? A catamaran hull will not only achieve speeds of a racing monohull but will be more comfortable to sail on.

A tri-hull is even much better in the sense that they're generally designed towards the performance end of the spectrum. They will, therefore, double the speed of a racing monohull.

The only downside of a cat and trimaran hull is that they're more sensitive to loading and their performances will significantly suffer if they're loaded. On the other hand, a monohull can perfectly handle loading and this is a huge advantage is you're planning to sail with a crew. To this end, you should consider keeping your cat or tri boat as light as possible if you want to maximize speed.

We all know that keeping your sailboat light is as difficult as they come but it's of importance if speed is your main goal. Most average sailboats are designed with monohulls. They're generally displacement hulls designed to split through the underwater. This not only stabilizes the boat but slices through the water smoothly. If you want to make a monohull sailboat much faster, you can consider raising the entire hull above the water.

Unlike monohulls, cats and trimarans are located on top of the water. This means that they'll be displacing less water, thereby making them a lot faster. The only downside is that this design will make the boat less stable, which can be a cause for concern given that safety should always come first while on the water. This is essentially why catamarans and trimarans have two and three hulls respectively.

This will, however, make the boat extremely buoyant. Waves play a critical role not just in the speed of your boat but also in the safety of your boat. We all know that waves are very unpredictable. They can be calm and gentle but can suddenly become wild, confusing, irregular, and angry. Generally described as freaks or rogues, waves can be very dangerous. They can bully your boat and attempt to roll it over. Waves can also make your boat faster or slower.

As such, waves can either positively or negatively affect the speed of your sailboat. Given that calm waves cannot be appropriate in achieving the maximum speed of your boat, the right wave condition that should enable your sailboat to move faster should overlap and interfere in the right way. The wind is the only thing that propels sailboats.

The wind will fill up the sails, which is then used to move the boat. Both true winds and apparent winds can be integral in moving the boat forward. True wind is essentially the type of wind you feel when you stand still and it's what pushes a boat.

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