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The following article attempts to provide a general guide to the hoats used upon the German U-boats of the Second World Pdt. It was published complete with 51 black and white photographs in the German u boats models pdf 58December 59 and March 60 issues of the SubCommittee Report.
This is a quarterly magazine published by the SubCommittee, a not-for-profit organisation of members worldwide who share an interest in submarines, primarily the building of radio- controlled submarine models. Primary data was gleamed wherever possible from these german u boats models pdf, and the U-boat section of the March edition, of this regulation. I endeavoured to find more primary sources by requesting copies of other regulations from the Bundesarchiv, but my request did boatss bear fruit.
Discussions on U-boat colours with many modellers and enthusiasts via email and internet forums also proved to be informative. The gentlemen pd whom I am particularly obliged are listed in the acknowledgements section. In order to keep this pdf file small enough to be downloaded by dial-up users, the quality of the photos has had to be reduced.
For readers who are interested in accessing high quality versions pddf these photos, the books from which gsrman originated are listed after the caption. Note also that most of these photos are different to the 51 black and white photos which feature in the SubCommittee article.
Most of the sources for the included photos are provided, while the side profile drawings are by the author. Several combined factors hinder the investigation of the colours used upon Kriegsmarine U-boats, and prevent a resolution to fundamental questions such as the exact colour of standard Kriegsmarine paints. Although many of the same factors are present in the assessment of Luftwaffe colours, this subject has at least been resolved to a level which satisfies most boatss and Luftwaffe enthusiasts.
Still more were deliberately destroyed at the end of the war. Luckily some material was captured by the Allies, and so survived. These were gradually german u boats models pdf to Germany over mosels period of german u boats models pdf. Though these colour cards are a great help, it is not possible to precisely h the colour of the Kriegsmarine paints used upon World War II U-boats from them since the colour cards have botas in the many german u boats models pdf since they were produced.
On the colour cards and the edition of Prf. The RAL codes that were cross-referenced to the German naval paints in the painting regulations were the closest match to them rather than a direct match. By the late s, the RAL Register numbered more than shades. This colour collection was re-examined inwhen many colours were scrapped. The scrapped colours included those which had been in military use in the Geran Reich. A further review took place in and grrman inwhen an internationally used colour measurement system was laid.
Due to environmental issues, certain pigments in use in the s are not allowed to be used today. The assessment of modfls colour photos of Kriegsmarine U-boats is fraught with difficulties. They have also suffered with age during the sixty years that have passed since they were taken. Even modern colour photography has its traps.
Some films can produce a green tone, whereas others can produce a blue tone. Though there are many black and white photographs available to us, determining colour shades from them is not possible. Variances in the light conditions when the photograph was taken, the different types of film used, the exposure of the photo, and the variations in printing methods all make this exercise problematic.
For those ,odels that are viewed on a german u boats models pdf, extra problems present themselves. The settings that were in place during the scanning process, the software used to view the photo and the monitor settings can all alter the colours.
German paints during this period were commonly mixed with local pigments, and emphasised boat and chemical resistance over colour fidelity. Paint includes binders, solvents, colours pigments and fillers and additives, and variances occur according to how these ingredients are mixed, and how paint is applied.
U-boats were needed at sea, and time spent in shipyards and harbours was minimal. The obvious conclusion is that during hasty refits paints would not always be mixed or applied according to established procedures.
Such common practices as the regulation thinning might be overlooked, thus causing the resulting paint to vary in colour. Shipyards would only have been given a rough guide to the standard colour, which they would replicate with what colours were available to them at the time. Mdoels a colour match was of far less importance than protecting against corrosion, which was the primary reason for applying paint.
Another troublesome problem lies with the shortages incurred due to wartime conditions. These shortages, which became more acute as the war progressed, limited the choice german u boats models pdf colours available. Though standard colours were often used during the early stages of the war, painting became less and less of a priority as the war progressed.
Bythe Kriegsmarine had far more geramn matters to attend to than maintaining a consistent paint scheme throughout its U-boat fleet. Given that the paint itself changed in appearance as the U-boat became weathered, the greys seen upon late-war Model would have varied so much that it might not appear as if the colours used on these U-boats german u boats models pdf standardised at all.
The supply problems are evidenced in german u boats models pdf painting regulations, which called for the greatest possible savings with respect to painting. Painting was only done where necessary at that time; it was not to be done merely to keep vessels looking pretty.
The regulations gerrman stated that when paint must be applied, it should be done at the smallest gemran expenditure in terms of materials and work. The July painting regulations lifted the mixing prohibition, which had banned the mixing of batches of different coloured paints. This affected the transition from a dark colour pcf a light colour, as the darker colour would show through from underneath.
When the above problems have been taken into morels, it follows german u boats models pdf a scientifically precise reproduction of the colours used upon the U-boat fleet is impossible today.
Adherence to RAL or Federal Standard codes is neither practical, nor necessary, and modellers have a large tolerance when selecting the colours to germam on their models. If a variety of photographs taken under different lighting conditions of a particular U-boat are available to us, then we may gemran able to guess which Kodels paint was used upon this U-boat.
The modeller or enthusiast who has studied Kriegsmarine paint colours is naturally better prepared to make an educated guess. This highly subjective, and often frustrating, exercise often does not yield any definitive answers. Once the modeller has guessed for it is a matter of guesswork which Kriegsmarine paint may have been used, I suggest that they should choose a colour close to the appropriate RAL code modells that Kriegsmarine paint.
The names of Kriegsmarine paints were, not surprisingly, in German. Gwrman translations below of the German terms for colours will help those of us german u boats models pdf are unfamiliar with this language.
The list below includes most of the Kriegsmarine paints that were used upon the U- boat german u boats models pdf. Hellgrau 50 RAL This light grey, also called Silbergrau silver grey or Hellgrau 4, was used upon the superstructures of pre-and early-war surface vessels.
It german u boats models pdf been referred to as Fehgrau squirrel grey and Dunkelgrau 3. It was used upon the upper hull sides of pre-and early-war surface vessels. It has also gerrman referred to german u boats models pdf Graphitgrau graphite grey and Dunkelgrau 2. It has also been referred to as Anthrazitgrau anthracite grey and Dunkelgrau 1. It was also known as Wasserlinienfarbe W. German u boats models pdf Grau and Anthrazitgrau anthracite grey.
The following three petrol-proof camouflage paints had modeks RAL equivalent codes given in the painting regulations. Suitable paints for these colours german u boats models pdf included in the table. The Federal Standard codes are only the moxels codes to the Greman codes, german u boats models pdf are themselves only cross-references to the original Kriegsmarine paints.
It must again pdr stated that adherence to the RAL or Federal Standard codes are not necessary by modellers. Dunkelgrau 51. The variation pf colour between the Dunkelgrau 51 paint used by one yard to that of another yard was much greater than we would expect today.
The weathering suffered by a U-boat would further alter the colour. I have been unable to ascertain whether the other Kriegsmarine colours in the table below were ever used on U-boats.
These colours were specified in the November painting regulations. Again, I have not been able to determine whether they were ever used upon U-boats. These are the best reproductions of the colours of the Kriegsmarine paints that are available to us at present.
The latter material had been in use by the Kriegsmarinewerft Wilhelmshaven shipyard in The colours in the above book were based on an examination of colour german u boats models pdf that were returned to Germany by the Russians in the s. Note that variances will occur due to monitor settings. In the gerkan available photos of pre- and early-war Kriegsmarine battleships, there is often quite a contrast between the light grey Hellgrau 50 paint used on the superstructures and the medium blue-grey Dunkelgrau 51 paint used pff the upper hull sides.
In addition, the light grey Hellgrau 50 looks almost modes in photos where direct sunlight is present, and reports from early in the war noted that the light grey superstructure shined almost white in bright weather conditions. These points have caused me to wonder if the Hellgrau 50 paint was actually quite a bit lighter than the RAL german u boats models pdf assigned to it.
It should be noted that others who have studied Greman german u boats models pdf have, independently of myself, come to ponder this same question. Above: This colour photo of the mighty Kriegsmarine battleship Bismarck is useful to us because the paint regulations specify the paint colours we see before us. The hull is Dunkelgrau 51 and the superstructure � looking very light under the shining sun � is Hellgrau The bootline just above the water is not black but the dark grey Wasserlinienfarbe W.
III Grau. They are in fact the same paint, with the gedman colour RALmerely with different names. Above: Comparisons between the Bismarck photo and this photo, also taken in strong sunlight, show similarities between paint german u boats models pdf. Note also the wooden deck colour, covered later in the article.
These ships had black and white stripes painted over their Hellgrau 50 superstructures and Dunkelgrau 51 upper hulls, plus dark grey areas at their bows and sterns. I came to learn, somewhat frustratingly, that Hellgrau 50 and Dunkelgrau 51 were used in this Baltic scheme, but that the colour of the Hellgrau 50 and Dunkelgrau 51 paints german u boats models pdf in the Baltic scheme varied from the RAL and RAL codes normally associated with these Kriegsmarine paints.
Having carefully considered the german u boats models pdf information, I believe that the Hellgrau 50 paint may have been as light as RAL FS on occasions. I further suggest that the real Hellgrau 50 paint used upon numerous Kriegsmarine vessels could have ranged anywhere between, and including, this RAL code and the more traditional RAL This variation in colour is much greater than I had expected. Otherwise it would have been taken into the RAL register.
These codes are merely suggested as bases from which modellers and enthusiasts can gain an idea what general colour the standard paints. Kriegsmarine U-boats were painted in two greys. The first grey was painted on the conning tower and the upper hull above the waterline.
A vessel was amazingly quick I insincereafterwards physically. Receiving the tumble upon this flooring can be the lot softer than which of petrify or section.
Or it could have been a single of most USAs.
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