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The Marines were stationed aboard each warship to assist in close in ship to ship combat for either boarding or repelling boarders and could be detached for use on land.
In addition there were some sailors on each ship that could be detached from each vessel for shore duty and still leave the ship functional though short handed.
Naval gunnery officers typically handled the small cannons deployed as artillery with the sailors and marines. Hostilities between U. Army dragoons in the future state of Texas. Taylor's forces drove the Mexicans from the field. The United States Congress responded to these hostilities by issuing a declaration of war against Mexico on 13 May � the Mexican�American War had begun. Speculating that war with Mexico over Texas and other land was very possible, the U.
Navy had sent several additional naval vessels to the Pacific in to protect U. It took about days, on average, for sailing ships to travel the greater than 17, miles 27, km trip from the East coast around Cape Horn to California.
Initially as the war with Mexico started there were five vessels in the U. Navy's Pacific Squadron near California. In and , after war was declared, this force was increased to 13 Navy sailing ships �over half the U. Navy's available ships. This would be the last conflict the U. Navy fought with only sailing vessels as they rapidly converted to steam ships shortly after this conflict. The former fleet surgeon William M. There they heard word of the ongoing hostilities between the U. On 17 May this courier's messages informed Commodore Sloat that hostilities between the U.
Sloat , commander of the U. They joined the sloop Cyane which was already there. Hearing rumors of possible Californio military action against the newly arrived settlers in California this had already happened in , [34] some settlers decided to neutralize the small Californio garrison at Sonoma, California.
On 15 June , some thirty settlers, mostly former American citizens, staged a revolt and seized the small Californio garrison in Sonoma without firing a shot. Initially there was little resistance from anyone in California as they replaced the dysfunctional and ineffective Mexican California government�which already had 40 Presidents in the first 24 years of its existence. Most settlers and Californios were neutral or actively supported the revolt.
John A. Sutter and his men and supplies at Sutter's Fort joined the revolt [ citation needed ] They raised the " Bear Flag " of the California Republic over Sonoma. The republic was in existence scarcely more than a week before the U. Army's John C. Ide the leader of the Bear Flag Revolt. The California state flag of today is based on this original Bear Flag and still contains the words "California Republic".
In the U. Navy was under orders to take over all California ports in the event of war. There were about � U. Marines and U. Navy bluejacket sailors available for possible land action on the Pacific Squadron 's ships. Seymour, outside Monterey Harbor, Commodore Sloat was finally stirred to action.
On 7 July �seven weeks after war had been declared, Commodore John D. Fifty American marines and about bluejacket sailors landed and captured the city without incident�the few Californio troops formerly there having already evacuated the city. They raised the flag of the United States without firing a shot. The only shots fired were a 21 gun salute to the new 28 star U. Navy ships in the harbor. Navy sailors from the sloop USS Portsmouth.
Fallon received an American flag from Commodore John D. Sloat, and raised it over the pueblo on 14 July. Stockton when Stockton's ship, the frigate Congress , arrived from Hawaii. Stockton, a much more aggressive leader, asked Fremont to form a joint force of Fremont's soldiers, scouts, guides etc. This unit called the California Battalion was mustered into U.
These men included Fremont's 30 topographical men and their 30 scouts and hunters, U. Marine Lieutenant Archibald H. Gillespie , a U. Navy officer to handle their two cannons , a company of Indians trained by Sutter and many other permanent California settlers from several different countries as well as American settlers.
The California Battalion members were used mainly to garrison and keep order in the rapidly surrendering California towns.
The Navy went down the coast from San Francisco, occupying ports without resistance as they went. The small pueblo town of San Diego surrendered 29 July without a shot being fired. The small pueblo of Santa Barbara surrendered without a shot being fired in August On 13 August a joint force of U.
Captain Archibald H. Gillespie , Fremont's second in command , with an inadequate force of 40 to 50 men were left to occupy and keep order in the largest town about 3, in Alta California �Los Angeles.
Seymour, also shows up about this time outside Monterey Harbor. Both British ships observe, but did not enter the conflict. Shortly after 9 July when it became clear the American Navy was taking action, the short-lived Bear Flag Republic was converted into a United States military conflict for possession of California and the Bear Flag the basis for today's California flag was replaced by the U. Fremont expeditionary forces joined forces with a volunteer force of California residents to form a small volunteer militia.
Stockton when he took over as the senior United States military commander in California in late July Stockton asked Fremont to muster the troops and volunteers under his command into the California Battalion to help garrison the towns rapidly being captured from the Californios. Most towns surrendered without a shot being fired. The California Battalion varied in size with time from about initially to over by January Pacific Squadron war ships and storeships served as floating store houses keeping Fremont's volunteer force in the California Battalion supplied with black powder , lead shot and supplies as well as transporting them to different California ports.
The USS Cyane transported Fremont and about of his men to the small port of San Diego which was captured on 29 July without a shot being fired. A minor Californio revolt broke out in Los Angeles and the United States force there of 40�50 men evacuated the city for a time.
Later, U. After the Los Angeles revolt started the California Battalion was expanded to a force of about men. In early January a man joint force of U. Marine, U. Navy bluejacket sailors, General Stephen W.
Kearny 's 80 U. Army dragoons cavalrymen and about two companies of Fremont's California Battalion re-occupied Los Angeles after some minor skirmishes�after four months the same U.
The minor armed resistance in California ceased when the Californios signed the Treaty of Cahuenga on 13 January The Californios who had wrested control of California from Mexico in now had a new government. After the Treaty of Cahuenga was signed, the Pacific Squadron then went on to capture all Baja California cities and harbors and sink or capture all the Mexican Pacific Navy they could find. More reinforcements of about soldiers and a few women of the Mormon Battalion arrived at San Diego, California on 28 January �after hostilities had ceased.
They had been recruited from the Mormon camps on the Missouri River �about 2, miles 3, km away. These troops were recruited with the understanding they would be discharged in California with their weapons. Most were discharged before July More reinforcements in the form of Colonel Jonathan D.
Stevenson 's 1st Regiment of New York Volunteers of about men showed up in March�April �again after hostilities had ceased. On 26 September the four ships left New York for California. Fifty men who had been left behind for various reasons sailed on 13 November on the small storeship USS Brutus. The Perkins did not stop until San Francisco, reaching port on 6 March The Brutus finally arrived on 17 April After desertions and deaths in transit, four ships brought Stevenson's men to California.
Initially they took over all of the Pacific Squadron's on-shore military and garrison duties and the Mormon Battalion and California Battalion's garrison duties. The ship Isabella sailed from Philadelphia on 16 August , with a detachment of one hundred soldiers, and arrived in California on 18 February , the following year, at about the same time that the ship Sweden arrived with another detachment of soldiers.
These soldiers were added to the existing companies of Stevenson's 1st Regiment of New York Volunteers. These troops were recruited with the understanding they would discharged in California.
When gold was discovered in late January , many of Stevenson's troops deserted. The first to hear confirmed information of the California Gold Rush were the people in Oregon , the Sandwich Islands Hawaii , Mexico, Peru and Chile and they were the first to start flocking to the state in late By the end of , some 6, Argonauts had come to California. Polk made the "official" announcement of the discovery of gold in California during his State of the Union Address on 5 December and displayed about ounces of California gold at the War Department.
Excitement grew as rumors, reports of officers and soldiers in California, newspaper accounts all seemed to confirm that there was a tremendous amount of gold in California�just waiting to be picked up. Sam Brannan, publisher of the newspaper the California Star at San Francisco, is regarded as starting the "Gold Rush" with stories about the large amount of gold found throughout late and These "forty-niners" left behind families and jobs in the hope of instant wealth.
A few succeeded handsomely, but the gold fields destroyed some and disappointed many more. As the easily mined placer gold deposits were worked out the much more capital intensive hard rock mining took over. Americans and foreigners of many different countries, statuses, classes, and races rushed to California for gold. Argonauts , as they were often called, walked over the California Trail or came by sea.
About 80, Argonauts arrived in alone�about 40, over the California trail and 40, by sea. In April , a harbor master's estimate counted 62, people from across the globe arriving in San Francisco by ship in the preceding 12 months. Hundreds of ships lay abandoned, anchored in San Francisco Bay , their passengers and crews abandoning the ships to search for gold. A popular concept of the California Gold Rush portrays the overland migration coming by wagon, yet according to the evidence, more people journeyed by sea.
A typical wagon journey took about days while a voyage by paddle wheel steamer, a short land trip and another paddle wheel steamer could be done in as short as 40 days over the Isthmus of Panama or Nicaragua route once the shipping lines were established in about Before farms could be set up, cities and industries built, etc. Tools, clothing, and everything needed for an standard of living for miners and an expanding population would in most cases have to initially be imported from the East coast of the United States or Europe.
Sea transport was about the only way cargo of any kind could be delivered to California. High value cargo like gold and passengers usually went by the Panama or Nicaragua route. Bulkier, lower value cargo, usually went by sailing ship around Cape Horn. A standard sailing ship took an average of about days to go this route while the faster Clipper ships averaged about days.
Carrying any significant amount of goods cross country by wagon over 2, miles 3, km of bad road was a slow, costly process that was seldom done. Not until the First Transcontinental Railroad was completed in was there any easy way to move cargo across land to California. Even today, bulky or heavy cargo is usually sent by ship because it is cheap and efficient, though slower than other methods. Note: Paddle wheel steamers did not reach California by sea until long after the gold "rush" had ended.
See later in this article for the date which was long after the "rush". Some enterprising Argonauts set up businesses to furnish, feed, and entertain the region's growing population. Some merchants, gamblers, saloon keepers, entertainers , hotel owners, restaurant owners Boat Sailing Monterey Yogurt etc.
The lack of money specie often meant that transactions and wages were paid in several different currencies or in gold dust. The population of San Francisco boomed as it was the main entry point for sea born travelers and goods of all kinds. San Francisco by was declared the main Port of entry in California for all imported goods. By San Francisco had a population of about 20, the largest city in California then that had swelled to over 36, by the California Census.
The population of California grew from 8, in to about , in The vast majority of the California Argonauts as they were frequently called were young Anglo men from the United States. Those on the East Coast who could afford the trip usually traveled on paddle steamers and occasionally sailing ships to Panama, Nicaragua or Mexico; they then traveled by land to the Pacific and caught another ship to California.
Those who lived in the Mid West usually went by wagon, as many already had a wagon and team and were familiar with wagon travel and often already had or could quickly purchase any additional wagons, animals, supplies and equipment needed for a long wagon trip.
A great many Chinese men came to California, very early in the Gold Rush, having only to cross the Pacific by boat, rather than sail all the way around The Horn or cross the treacherous Isthmus of Panama as many of the Anglo men had to do. The traffic to California was so heavy that in two years these settlers, combined with those coming by wagon from Salt Lake City Salt Lake was not yet a city, by any means; it was a "new" settlement, where the Mormon leaders had taken their people with the hope of living in peace, free from outsiders , Utah to Los Angeles in winter, the travelers down the Gila River trail in Arizona.
See Notes: to make it the 31st state. All land routes were restricted to the seasons where travel was feasible. The trip by wagon was a four- to six-month ordeal across over 2, miles 3, km of land from a Missouri River town to California or across the deserts of Arizona or Nevada to California.
Those going by wagon train could not leave until the snow melted and the trails were dry and enough grass had started to feed their livestock�usually early May. Most of those traveling by wagon already lived in the mid-west and many already had a wagon. There were four major routes by sea: paddle steamer or occasionally sailing ship to the future countries of Panama, Nicaragua or Mexico, a trip across land to the Pacific and then a trip by paddle steamer to California.
These routes were used by travelers who could afford them being the fastest�about 40�60 days. The other major sea route was by sea around Cape Horn or the Magellan Straits and on to California�this trip typically took over days and was the main shipping route for merchandise. Most of those traveling by ship lived on the Eastern seaboard and were acquainted with sea borne commerce and travel. Those traveling by land and sea to California had enough residents in California by about , by corrected U.
Census data [40] See Notes: for California in to become the 31st state. By the shipping industry was in transition from sail-powered boats to steam-powered boats and from wood construction to an ever-increasing metal construction.
There were basically three different types of ships being used: standard sailing ships of several different types. River steam boats typically used rear mounted paddles and had flat bottoms and shallow hulls designed to carry large loads on generally smooth and occasionally shallow rivers. Ocean-going paddle steamers typically used side-wheeled paddles and used narrower deeper hulls designed to travel in the often stormy weather encountered at sea.
The ship hull design was often based on the clipper ship design with extra bracing to support the loads and strains imposed by the paddle wheels when they encountered rough water.
The first paddle-steamer to make a long ocean voyage was the ton, foot-long 30 m SS Savannah , built in expressly for packet ship mail and passenger service to and from Liverpool , England. On 22 May , the watch on the Savannah sighted Ireland after 23 days at sea.
The Allaire Iron Works of New York supplied Savannah's 's engine cylinder , [42] while the rest of the engine components and running gear were manufactured by the Speedwell Ironworks of New Jersey. The horsepower low-pressure engine was of the inclined direct-acting type, with a single inch-diameter cm cylinder and a 5 feet 1.
Savannah 's engine and machinery were unusually large for their time. The ship's wrought-iron paddlewheels were 16 feet in diameter with eight buckets per wheel. For fuel, the vessel carried 75 tons of coal and 25 cords 91 m 3 of wood. The SS Savannah was too small to Boat Sailing En Francais Wikipedia carry much fuel, and the engine was intended only for use in calm weather and to get in and out of harbors.
Under favorable winds the sails alone were able to provide a speed of at least four knots. The Savannah was judged not a commercial success and its engine was removed and it was converted back to a regular sailing ship. By steamboats built by both United States and British shipbuilders were already in use for mail and passenger service across the Atlantic Ocean�a 3, miles 4, km journey. Since paddle steamers typically required from 5 to 16 tons of coal per day to keep their engines running, they were more expensive to run.
Initially, nearly all seagoing steamboats were equipped with mast and sails to supplement the steam engine power and provide power for occasions when the steam engine needed repair or maintenance. These steamships typically concentrated on high value cargo, mail and passengers and only had moderate cargo capabilities because of their required loads of coal.
The typical paddle wheel steamship was powered by a coal burning engine that required firemen to shovel the coal to the burners. By the screw propeller had been invented and was slowly being introduced as iron increasingly was used in ship construction and the stress introduced by propellers could be compensated for.
As the s progressed the timber and lumber needed to make wooden ships got ever more expensive and the iron plate needed for iron ship construction got much cheaper as the massive iron works at Merthyr Tydfil , Wales, for example, got ever more efficient. The propeller put a lot of stress on the rear of the ships and would not see large spread use till the conversion from wood boats to iron boats was complete�well underway by By the s the ocean-going steam ship industry was well established as the Cunard Line and others demonstrated.
In the Oregon boundary dispute was settle with Great Britain and California was conquered in and annexed in The United States was now a Pacific Ocean power. Only a few were going all the way to California. The SS California picked up more passengers in Valparaiso Chile and Panama City Panama and showed up in San Francisco, loaded with about passengers�twice the passengers it had been designed for�on 28 February She had left behind about another potential passengers still looking for passage from Panama City.
The trips by paddle wheel steamship to Panama and Nicaragua from New York, Philadelphia, Boston, via New Orleans and Havana were about 2, miles 4, km long and took about two weeks. Trips across the Isthmus of Panama or Nicaragua typically took about one week by native canoe and mule back.
The 4, miles 6, km trip to or from San Francisco to Panama City could be done by paddle wheel steamer in about three weeks. In addition to this travel time via the Panama route typically had a two- to four-week waiting period to find a ship going from Panama City, Panama , to San Francisco before It was before enough paddle wheel steamers were available in the Atlantic and Pacific routes to establish regularly scheduled journeys.
Other steamships soon followed and by late paddle wheel steamships like the SS Mckim [47] were carrying miners and their supplies the miles km trip from San Francisco up the extensive Sacramento�San Joaquin River Delta to Stockton, California , Marysville, California , Sacramento , etc. Steam powered tugboats and towboats started working in the San Francisco Bay soon after this to expedite shipping in and out of the bay.
As the passenger, mail and high value freight business to and from California boomed more and more paddle steamers were brought into service�eleven by the Pacific Mail Steamship Company alone. The trip to and from California via Panama and paddle wheeled steamers could be done, if there were no waits for shipping, in about 40 days�over days less than by wagon or days less than a trip around Cape Horn. Most used the Panama or Nicaragua route till when the completion of the Panama Railroad made the Panama Route much easier, faster and more reliable.
Between the and when the First Transcontinental Railroad was completed across the United States about , travelers had used the Panama route. After when the Panama Railroad was completed the Panama Route was by far the quickest and easiest way to get to or from California from the East Coast of the U. Most California bound merchandise still used the slower but cheaper Cape Horn sailing ship route.
Regular sailing ships that had been developed and refined over centuries of use were the cheapest and the slowest transports available. There were several types of sailing ships. They had typically been optimized to carry a large amount of cargo using a small crew of about 20 men and utilized sails in a combination of fore-and-aft rigging and square rigging.
Unless the cargo was time sensitive, they were utilized for nearly all long-distance shipping and passenger service. At the end of the sailing era windjammers were developed to carry large volumes of low value cargo long distances. Some of the most popular ships were four-masted barques, since the four-masted barque is considered the most efficient rig available because of its ease of handling, small need of manpower, good running capabilities, and good capabilities of rising toward wind.
Once in San Francisco the crews often deserted the ships. The ship owners found little cargo of value to ship back to the East Coast out of California and the ships often went back in ballast with a cargo of useless rocks.
Others were converted into store ships or floating warehouses, stores, hotels, prisons, etc.. Some abandoned ships were bought cheap, filled with ballast and sunk on the mud flats at high tide to enlarge the available wharves and docks.
The ships were typically stripped of her upper works and all usable fittings by one of San Francisco's many marine salvage firms of Gold Rush days and then covered with debris and sand as developers filled in the mud flats on the bay and built wharves out to deeper water to accommodate docking ships. By nearly all abandoned shipping in the Yerba Buena Cove that had not been re-used was sent to a marine salvage or ship breaking firms where all usable fixtures, anchors, etc.
The rapidly expanding city of San Francisco needed room to store all of the incoming goods and much larger dockside facilities�there were none when California was annexed. There initially was not time to build adequate warehouses, wharves, docks on the water front. In early September , the General Harrison , was discovered at the northwest corner of Battery and Clay streets during construction. She was built in in Newburyport, Massachusetts , and abandoned sometime before and turned into a store ship warehouse.
She was She was burned to the water line in one of San Francisco's early fires. The remains, including some of the stores on board, were filled with sand and built over. The average realized speed for the typical sailing ship was about 3. The clippers , developed and mainly used between about and were some of the last and "best" commercial sailing ships invented. The clippers had more sails and faster hulls and were some of the fastest sailing ships ever developed.
The clippers required a larger crew to man the larger expanse of sails and typically carried high value cargo with few passenger accommodations. The average speed over a long journey was about 8 mph 7. The typical clipper carried high value, large volume cargo and normally carried only about six passengers. They competed with the paddle steamers on the shorter Panama, Nicaragua, and Mexican routes.
Because of their shorter runs these paddle steamers were faster but much more costly to run and typically only took high value cargo like passengers, mail and gold shipments. Clippers averaged about days passage on the about 17, miles 27, km trip between East Coast cities and San Francisco�about 80 days faster travel than the conventional sailing ships.
These American clippers were larger vessels designed to sacrifice cargo capacity for speed. They had a bow lengthened above the water, a drawing out and sharpening of the forward body, and the greatest breadth further aft. Extreme clippers were built in the period to Clippers sometimes took a trip across the Pacific Ocean to Shanghai or some other port in China to pick up a cargo of tea, silk, porcelain , etc.
The alternative was to return in ballast with a useless cargo of rocks. Some Clippers were used on the Hawaii to California routes as they shipped mainly food stocks to California. In the clipper Flying Cloud sailed from New York City and made San Francisco around Cape Horn in 89 days, 8 hours; a record that stood years until when the breakthrough-designed sailboat Thursday's Child [50] completed the passage in 80 days and 20 hours at the BOC Challenge � The record was once again broken in by the special built French racing yacht Gitana 13 , with a time of 43 days and 38 minutes.
By mid there were steamship lines dropping people from off at the mouth of the Chagres River on the Caribbean side of Panama. There were then no docking facilities off the Chagres River mouth and passengers had to come ashore in small boats�not an easy task in bad weather.
The east to west transit across the Isthmus of Panama was about 30 miles 48 km by native dugout boats later modified lifeboats were used up the often wild and dangerous Chagres River and then by mule back for the final 20 miles 32 km over the old Spanish trails. One of the major problems was getting reliable transport of luggage and freight over the Isthmus of Panama. Even after all arrangements were made and payments made it was not unusual to have to wait weeks longer in Panama City for your luggage to arrive.
A transit from the Atlantic to the Pacific or from Pacific to Atlantic would usually take four to eight days by dugout canoe and mule back. The transit was fraught with dangers and disease. After the arrival in Panama City the traveler had to wait in a hot, dirty, crowded, disease laden city for their luggage to arrive and then for passage on a paddle steamer or sailing ship headed to California. One of the main problems initially encountered was getting further passage on a ship to California�there were not enough ships to carry the passengers and cargo that built up in Panama City.
By late paddle steamer routes had been established to and from Panama City and other ports in Nicaragua and Mexico to San Francisco. Panama City had a poor harbor and again the ships anchored off shore and a small boat was required to board them. A typical trip could be done in about 30�90 days assuming shipping and transit connections could be made. The biggest handicap the Panama, Nicaragua or Mexico routes had was the wait until scheduled Pacific shipping was established in late to carry them to California.
These routes also suffered form the risk of catching a possibly fatal disease and having to potentially endure threats of attack by bandits. Unfortunately, getting shipping from the Pacific ports of Panama, Nicaragua, or Mexico to California was very problematic until mid to late Mail, returning gold miners and gold shipments nearly all used the Panama Route.
The number of passengers who used the Panama route in and is unknown but must be numbered in the tens of thousands. In 29, passengers used the Panama Route. This increased to 33, passengers in and dropped to 27, passengers in Many returned to California with their wives and families. As steamships became available, regular paddle steamer service opened a major mail, passenger and high value cargo link between the two coasts of the United States. Regardless of how the miners had originally got to California nearly all returned East via Panama�the easiest and fastest route.
The returning miners and the returning gold were welcomed in the East and the mail and newspapers exchanged soon established strong east�west bonds. After it was completed in the ease of use of the Panama Railroad meant that the Panama Route carried most of the high value, time sensitive freight to and from California.
Most female traffic went from east to west over the Panama Route which was the easiest and fasted route after about Women in the California Gold Rush were scarce but played a major role in settling California.
Wives' and sweethearts' passage via Panama to California was normally paid for by miners or businessmen who had decided to stay in California.
These women arriving in nearly every ship from Panama soon changed the character of women scarce California as they rapidly outnumbered the prostitutes who had initially flocked there.
Money in California was scarce as very few had brought much with them and the costly living expenses soon exhausted much of it. Shipments of specie from several different countries were brought in but they never seemed to be enough and workers were happy to be paid in an amalgam of several different coins from several different countries.
After passing through many hands in California gold eventually, almost inevitably, went East to pay for merchandise bought in the west and imported from the East. The primary gold shipment route was via well-guarded paddle steamers to Panama. Well guarded mule and canoe trips to the mouth of the Chagres River and from their by paddle steamer to New York, etc. Bandits called the Derienni , initially, often raided these shipments until many of the bandits were caught and hanged�this stopped most of the outbreak of violence.
The Mexican route usually involved 1 Man Sailing Boat Wikipedia taking passage in a paddle steamer to Veracruz Mexico, making your way miles km across Mexico to Acapulco on Mexico's Pacific coast. This reversed the path taken by much of the Manila galleons ' cargo from Manila which was unloaded at Acapulco and transferred to Veracruz for further shipment to Spain. The Manila galleons were Spain's main link to the spices from the Spice Islands and silk etc.
By the paddle steamer had been developed and Veracruz soon became a scheduled stop for many paddle steamers. One of the main hazards of this route was being accosted by robbers and it was recommended that this passage should by done in groups of 50 or more. These routes were used mainly by those who had business in Mexico City or some other Mexican city. All Mexican travel suffered from the relative lack of steamship service and risk of robberies compared to the Nicaragua and Panama route.
Wider than Panama, the Nicaragua route had the advantage of the easily navigated San Juan River and Lake Nicaragua with only a short excursion to the Pacific. By trips by steamship to Panama and Nicaragua from New York, Philadelphia , Boston and New Orleans were about 2, miles 4, km long and took about two weeks by steamship.
Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt established a route through Nicaragua in that would shorten the water distance between New York and San Francisco by nearly miles km. The route was by paddle steamer to the San Juan River in Nicaragua and then up the river by small steamboat or native craft to Lake Nicaragua.
After transiting the lake by small boat the travelers could exit and take a stagecoach or mule ride to San Juan del Sur or other city in the Pacific side of Nicaragua. From there it was a short steamer ride to San Francisco after steamship lines were established. By early Vanderbilt was employing seven steamers and offering serious competition to the Panama route. Early travelers til about had a difficult time knowing if and when a paddle steamer would arrive.
Vanderbilt started his service with steamer Independence in July and was soon joined by the steamer Prometheus and Pacific. The line prospered offering serious competition to the Pacific Mail Steamship Company. By there are a recorded 17, Nicaragua crossing passengers compared to 29, crossing Panama.
These numbers closed to 24, Nicaragua crossings in to 27, Panama crossings in When news of the California Gold Rush was confirmed late in , many on the East Coast were ready to start on their way to California.
The route was well known because of the many whaling ships that had already traversed Cape Horn on their way to Pacific whaling grounds or ports of call in Hawaii and California. In most East Coast cities, there were mariners who were well acquainted with the Cape Horn route and who knew precisely how to prepare for a voyage to California.
One of the chief advantages of the Cape Horn route was that they could leave at any time of the year they could find a ship. Indeed, some had no intention to do actual mining but to earn their fortune by providing goods and services to the miners. Most passengers initially got sea-sick and had a miserable time before getting their sea legs. The nature of the passage, involving crossing the equator twice, and the length of the average voyage in miles and time often more than six months resulted in unusual supply difficulties.
Some ships stocked chickens, pigs or goats to supply fresh eggs and meat some time during the voyage. Large amounts of fresh water and food usually salted meat and sea biscuits or hardtack were required for the trip. The salted meat about the only way meat could be preserved then would have to be soaked overnight in fresh water to leach out the salt and make it semi-edible. Most Captains understood the causes of scurvy and provided some lemon or lime juice to prevent it.
Despite the monotonous and often tasteless fare, many gained weight on the trip since they had virtually nothing to do except occasional laundry and endless card games. Storms were a time of high suspense as the storm tossed their ship heavily from side to side and end to end. Goods, suitcases, etc. Clothes were often washed by tying them to a rope and letting them be pulled behind the ship.
Many spent hours fishing but rarely caught anything. When fish were caught they were a welcome addition to the monotonous diet.
Sleeping was often done in crowded passenger quarters or on the deck�weather permitting. If the weather was fine and the crew permitted it, many tied a hammock in the rigging and slept outside. Those who purchased cabin fare usually had a narrow cabin with a door and a cot that was under 5.
The only extra room was the space under the bed for personal effects and luggage. It was common practice to stop in at least two ports en route in order to take on additional supplies of fresh food, water and wood as well as a welcome chance to get off the ships.
Catharine's then were common stopping places on the Atlantic side of South America. Some passengers were so desperate for fresh food that they often procured thousands of oranges or other fruit that was ripe while they were there and ate it after they continued on.
The Strait of Magellan comprises a navigable sea route immediately south of mainland South America and north of Tierra del Fuego. The waterway is the most important natural passage between the Pacific and the Atlantic oceans, but it is considered a difficult route to navigate because of the unpredictable winds and currents and the narrowness of the passage.
Captains who elected to utilize the Strait of Magellan to bypass Cape Horn and shorten the trip by about miles km experienced a passage of from three to six weeks' duration in surroundings so forbidding and monotonous it often provoked despair.
The narrow channels of the straits and the unpredictable currents, tides, and winds were constant hazards, especially to sailing vessels; steam-powered vessels had an easier passage. It connects the southwestern part of the Atlantic Ocean Scotia Sea with the southeastern part of the Pacific Ocean and extends into the Southern Ocean. The passage is named after the 16th-century English privateer , Francis Drake , who was the first to discover it in Most sailing ship captains preferred the Drake Passage, which is open water for hundreds of miles, despite being often marked by very rough conditions and high winds.
There is no significant land anywhere around the world at the This is important to the unimpeded flow of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current , which carries a huge volume of water about times the flow of the Amazon River through the passage and around Antarctica. After leaving the South American coast, the ships were buffeted by often baffling and contrary breezes as they traveled across the equatorial trade winds before reaching California waters.
San Francisco is at The last hazards to California-bound vessels were the approach and entrance to San Francisco Bay. The Farallon Islands off the mouth of San Francisco Bay were the graveyard of several ships, and the narrow, often fog-shrouded opening into San Francisco Bay was always a danger. Soon after the ship traffic built up, ship pilots who were knowledgeable of the bay were at work boarding incoming and outgoing ships and guiding the ships to a safe anchorage in the bay.
By the tangle of ships in the bay had led to the creation of a harbormaster who dictated where ships could drop anchor. Once inside San Francisco Bay, vessels were reported and identified to the people of San Francisco by the watchman with a telescope in a tower erected in September on Telegraph Hill, San Francisco. The watchman hoisted up the telegraph mast, one semaphore arm for a schooner, two for a brig, three for a ship and two raised about 45 degrees for a paddle steamer.
These signals were soon known by most residents. Once inside the bay and anchored, the next visitors were typically members of the Revenue Cutter Service predecessor of U. Coast Guard. Founded by Alexander Hamilton on 4 August , the Revenue Cutter Service is the United States' oldest continuous seagoing service and enforced the tariff laws and tariff collection via customs duties tariffs or ad valorem taxes on foreign import goods.
Customs collections were set up by late in San Francisco�the designated port of entry for most of California. Soon after the revenuers had arrived, the ships were often visited by merchants looking for first choice on the arriving goods. The all-sea trip around Cape Horn to California by standard sailing vessels typically took about days about 6.
Some trips took almost a year. The all-sea route enabled enterprising emigrants to ship baggage and supplies they hoped to sell in California for gold dust. The Cape Horn route was essentially the only route where low, medium or high weight or high volume goods could be shipped cheaply. Other routes, which often cost significantly more, usually specialized in high value, low weight goods like mail, passengers or gold dust.
Starting out with essentially nothing, goods from the East Coast or Britain were often desperately needed and usually sold for high profits. Some of the cargoes that were usually profitable were food, liquor , lumber and building supplies. Ship loads of other types of goods sometimes saturated the marketplace, forcing the goods to be auctioned off at a loss.
Most cargoes included a variety of goods to minimize this problem. When the Central Pacific Railroad started construction of the First Transcontinental Railroad in , all their locomotives , box cars, rails and railroad supplies were shipped via this route. It was slow, but a ship going around Cape Horn to California could carry high weight and high volume products cheaper than any other route. Since the route back to the East coast was so long and return cargo almost nonexistent, the ships which arrived in San Francisco initially tended to stay there as the crew and passengers abandoned the ship for the gold fields.
As it became clear what was needed in San Francisco and the rest of California, some of the newer ships were put back into service with higher paid crews. Some were crewed by disillusioned gold diggers seeking a cheap way back home. Many ships were used for shorter runs to Pacific ports for food supplies or lumber�essentially all that was available then. This made it possible to put a crew together at a "reasonable" cost. News of the California Gold Strike arrived in China by the end of Only a few hundred Chinese traveled to California in , but this turned into a steady flood as travel arrangements were worked out by and later.
The Taiping Revolution in China and the poverty and violence in China induced many Chinese to leave China searching for a way to earn a better living. Most Chinese, like most early California travelers, came to California with the goal of quickly making enough money to pay for their passage and improve their own and their family's status and lifestyle in China after they returned.
Nearly all Chinese immigrants to California were young men with almost no women. Their wives, families and relatives remained in China. The Chinese tended to congregate in heavily male small semi-isolated "China Towns" wherever they settled. One of the primary problems they encountered in California was the acute lack of Chinese women�almost none initially immigrated. This "problem" was somewhat alleviated when recruiters ending up procuring or "buying" Chinese prostitutes and shipping them to the United States.
There they went to work in brothels or were "bought" by wealthy Chinese. The large population, the common condition of extreme poverty in China and the low status of women in China made recruiting or "buying" women for this "profession" fairly easy in China. Nearly all these Chinese men initially planned to return to China once they had made enough money.
About half of the initial Chinese immigrants did return to China where their wives and families lived. Most of the Chinese immigrants booked their passages on ships with the Pacific Mail Steamship Company founded or on the American China clippers which often left California empty and looking for a new cargo before returning home. Nearly all Chinese immigrants neither spoke and understood English nor were they familiar with western culture and life.
While in the United States they had little incentive to assimilate into the dominant culture or learn anything more than rudimentary English language skills. They did nearly all their business with a few Chinese businessmen that established businesses in California "China Towns". The hostility they experienced from nearly all other cultures in America and their belief that they would return to China often discouraged them from attempting to assimilate.
The port of San Francisco initially starting out as only a few ramshackle buildings with a population of about in grew rapidly to several thousand residents only a few years later. San Francisco was the nearest seaport to the gold fields with full access to virtually all ongoing sea traffic and freight shipments. The port of San Francisco boomed and expanded very rapidly to a California state census population of about 32, in San Francisco�the largest city in the state�U.
California Census of was burned in one of the frequent fires in San Francisco [56]. In addition San Francisco had access to the Sacramento�San Joaquin River Delta which gave access to ship traffic going to Sacramento , Stockton and Marysville, California which were all about miles km closer to the goldfields. Paddle steamers were put in service by late and provided "easy" transport of passengers and freight to Sacramento, banks, bar rooms, gambling establishments, wharfs, warehouses and other needed buildings were built as rapidly as possible.
There were many Argonauts and companies of Argonauts who foresaw the broad needs and demands of a rapidly increasing and hopefully wealthy population in California. Many Argonauts brought along goods of all descriptions and sizes, from needles to knocked-down steamboats, on which they hoped to sell or operate.
Indeed, many immigrants had no intention of panning gold or of digging for it in the mines. They would rather sell goods and go into a business which the new mining community would support. After all, gold was the objective; what did it matter whether the means of attaining it were direct or indirect?
Ships provided almost the only link for new supplies�overland travel was too difficult and took too long. One downside that soon developed in California was the long delay in communication between the east and west coast. It took over 40 days to get a message back to the East Coast of the United States and often over � days to get new supplies shipped in by sailing ships.
Only high priced and lighter and smaller items could take the shorter and quicker paddle steamer route over the Isthmus of Panama , nearly everything else had to travel the approximate 17, miles 27, km and over day route all sailing ship route around Cape Horn or the Straits of Magellan. Higher priced, time sensitive goods, were often shipped in the faster clipper sailing ship which could make the trip from New York, Boston, etc.
Goods when they were shipped from the East coast and Europe were in shipload quantities when they arrived. This often suppressed the local market for that product and some goods would have to be auctioned off at low prices to pay for freight etc.
Very mixed cargo was typical of early shipments to minimize this problem. Food, liquors and building supplies nearly always be sold at a profit.
Some business men thrived in this chaotic environment, many others lost their shirts. One of the first and urgent products needed was building supplies, food and other consumables.
Food supplies could be bought and shipped from local Pacific ports to San Francisco, Sacramento, etc. Building supplies, including complete houses, bricks, etc. Fairly quickly sawmills were operating in Northern California and Oregon to provide lumber and other wood products.
San Francisco shipping boomed and wharves and piers had to be developed to handle the onslaught of cargo-- Long Wharf was probably the most prominent. Farmers, laborers, business men, prospective miners, gamblers, 'entertainers' and prostitutes , etc.
The few Californio ranchers already living in California initially prospered as the sudden increase in the demand for meat drove up the price paid for livestock. Initially most of the Californios prospered. Taxes, mortgages, squatters and the cost of proving ownership of their enormous land holdings they had got nearly free from the Indians combined with droughts that seriously decreased the size of their herds led many of the about Californio ranch owners to lose some or all of their enormous land holdings within a few years.
Later, these food shipments from foreign sources changed mainly to shipments from Oregon and internal shipments in California as agriculture was developed in both states. Food like molasses, flour, oysters, hams, barrels of salted meat, rice, coffee, tea, eggs from Mexico ; cheese, sugar, coffee, potatoes, onions, limes, coconuts, raisins, almonds.
Some of the goods that were imported by ship included liquor: absinthe, alcohol, ale, beer, whiskey, cognac, cider, champagne, wine, sherry, brandy, claret. Tools like shovels, picks and gold balances. Consumables like cigars, cards, candles; clothing: boots, shoes, underwear; pants, shirts, etc. Fruit like bananas, oranges, and lemons. Lumber from Oregon and other parts of the U. Building materials like nails, bricks, linseed oil, shingles, windows, stoves, lumber, etc..
Miscellaneous items like furniture, wagons, carts, fishing boats, steam engines, etc. This secures the ballast and gets it as low as possible to improve its effectiveness. External keels are cast in the shape of the keel. A monohull's keel is made effective by a combination of weight, depth, and length. Most modern monohull boats have fin keels, which are heavy and deep, but short in relation to the hull length.
More traditional yachts carried a full keel which is generally half or more of the length of the boat. A recent feature is a winged keel , which is short and shallow, but carries a lot of weight in two "wings" which run sideways from the main part of the keel. Even more recent is the concept of canting keels , designed to move the weight at the bottom of a sailboat to the upwind side, allowing the boat to carry more sails.
A twin keel has the benefit of a shallower draft and can allow the boat to stand on dry land. Multihulls, on the other hand, have minimal need for such ballast, as they depend on the geometry of their design, the wide base of their multiple hulls, for their stability. Designers of performance multihulls, such as the Open 60's , go to great lengths to reduce overall boat weight as much as possible.
This leads some to comment that designing a multihull is similar to designing an aircraft. A centreboard or daggerboard is retractable lightweight keel which can be pulled up in shallow water. On small sailboats, masts may be "stepped" put in place with the bottom end in a receptacle that is supported above the keel of the boat or on the deck or other superstructure that allows the mast to be raised at a hinge point until it is erect.
Some masts are supported solely at the keel and laterally at the deck and are called "unstayed". Most masts rely in part or entirely for those stepped on the deck on standing rigging , supporting them side-to-side and fore-and aft to hold them up. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Boat propelled partly or entirely by sails. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. Learn how and when to remove these template messages.
This article includes a list of general references , but it remains largely unverified because it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations.
July Learn how and when to remove this template message. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Further information: Sailplan. See also: List of sailing boat types. Main article: Cutter boat. Main article: Catboat.
Main article: Sailing dinghy. Main article: Ketch. Main article: Schooner. Main article: Sloop. Main article: Yawl. Main article: Hull watercraft. This section is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. June Learn how and when to remove this template message. Sports portal. The Complete Sailing Manual. London: Penguin. Skipper's Mast and Rigging Guide. Adlard Coles Nautical. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN Sailing Big on a Small Sailboat. Sheridan House, Inc. Types of sailing vessels and rigs. Montagu whaler. Categories : Sailboats. Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file.
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