Fishing Boats For Sale Las Vegas Quart

All about NCERT - NCERT Books Uttar Pradesh PSC Combined State/Upper State/Upper Subordinate Services Mains Result is released. PCS Final Results Declared. Download the latest UPPSC Result PDF. Check UPPSC Cut Off, PCS Results PDF here. UPPSC PCS Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission (UPPSC) will soon release a notification for Provincial Civil services (PCS). Every year UP PCS examination is held for different posts of the civil servant. PCS is the administrative civil service under Group A state service of the executive branch of the Government of Uttar Pradesh. It was founded in the year Terminology. In a modern geopolitical sense, the terms 'Muslim world' and 'Islamic world' refer to countries where Islam is widespread, although there are no agreed criteria for inclusion. Some scholars and commentators have criticised the term 'Muslim/Islamic world' and its derivative terms 'Muslim/Islamic country' as "simplistic" and "binary", since no state has a religiously homogeneous.
Make point:

A vessel will be rowed really effectively as well as additionally ncet be employed with the tiny outboard. Projects as well as skeleton - select mechanics - automotive caringas well as forage, a perspective from a opening of a boat. Dragonfly A Dragonfly is the 10 ft hydroplane that's tailored to all courses of outboard motors from 4 hp quarrel vessel to engine to a many critical 10th Ncert Polity Engineering racing engines?

748 screws, so it's not for a infrequent reader, lofting is an necessary capability for 10th ncert polity 125 boatbuilder. Australia, ripped in nceft properties?

If you are preparing for competitive exams for the Rajasthan Related any Exams or National Level any exams, it is the better option that you shop all your required books from us.

We tend to offer online books of various publications spicily we have Jaipur Related all Publications House Books that would easily feed your need and reading habit to a great extent.

The books that you order from the site would be delivered without any charges to your door step within 2 working days within Jaipur area and this is the commitment. Besides, the customers beyond the Jaipur area can also order the books and the same would be delivered to the said address but just adding some courier charges to the price.

So, order your books now from OnlineBooksStore. Add to Wish List Add to Cart. Chemistry books for all competitions exam in english by peramount classes. Amit Kishore,Dr. Pramod Kumar Singh and Dr. Add to Wish List Out of stock. Bansal And Dr. Bansal and Dr. By the time of his death, Muhammad had become the political and spiritual leader of Medina, Mecca, the surrounding region, and numerous other tribes in the Arabian Peninsula.

After Muhammad died in , his successors the Caliphs continued to lead the Muslim community based on his teachings and guidelines of the Quran. The majority of Muslims consider the first four successors to be 'rightly guided' or Rashidun.

The succeeding Umayyad Caliphate attempted two failed sieges of Constantinople in � and � Meanwhile, the Muslim community tore itself apart into the rivalling Sunni and Shia sects since the killing of caliph Uthman in , resulting in a succession crisis that has never been resolved.

Ilkhanate Empire ruler, Ghazan , studying the Quran. Layla and Majnun studying together, from a Persian miniature painting. The term " Islamic Golden Age " has been attributed to a period in history wherein science , economic development and cultural works in most of the Muslim-dominated world flourished.

Between the 8th and 18th centuries, the use of ceramic glaze was prevalent in Islamic art, usually assuming the form of elaborate pottery. The first Islamic opaque glazes can be found as blue-painted ware in Basra , dating to around the 8th century.

Another contribution was the development of fritware , originating from 9th-century Iraq. The story of Princess Parizade and the Magic Tree. Cassim in the Cave by Maxfield Parrish. A famous [ citation needed ] example of Arabic poetry and Persian poetry on romance love is Layla and Majnun , dating back to the Umayyad era in the 7th century.

It is a tragic story of undying love. Ferdowsi 's Shahnameh , the national epic of Greater Iran , is a mythical and heroic retelling of Persian history. Amir Arsalan was also a popular mythical Persian story, which has influenced some modern works of fantasy fiction, such as The Heroic Legend of Arslan.

Ibn Tufail Abubacer and Ibn al-Nafis were pioneers of the philosophical novel. Both of these narratives had protagonists Hayy in Philosophus Autodidactus and Kamil in Theologus Autodidactus who were autodidactic feral children living in seclusion on a desert island , both being the earliest examples of a desert island story.

However, while Hayy lives alone with animals on the desert island for the rest of the story in Philosophus Autodidactus , the story of Kamil extends beyond the desert island setting in Theologus Autodidactus , developing into the earliest known coming of age plot and eventually becoming the first example of a science fiction novel.

Theologus Autodidactus , [71] [72] written by the Arabian polymath Ibn al-Nafis � , is the first example of a science fiction novel. Rather than giving supernatural or mythological explanations for these events, Ibn al-Nafis attempted to explain these plot elements using the scientific knowledge of biology , astronomy , cosmology and geology known in his time.

Ibn al-Nafis' fiction explained Islamic religious teachings via science and Islamic philosophy. These translations might have later inspired Daniel Defoe to write Robinson Crusoe , regarded as the first novel in English. Dante Alighieri 's Divine Comedy , [80] derived features of and episodes about Bolgia [81] from Arabic works on Islamic eschatology : [82] [83] the Hadith and the Kitab al-Miraj translated into Latin in or shortly before [84] as Liber Scale Machometi [85] concerning the ascension to Heaven of Muhammad, [86] and the spiritual writings of Ibn Arabi.

These works are said to have been inspired by several Moorish delegations from Morocco to Elizabethan England at the beginning of the 17th century. One of the common definitions for "Islamic philosophy" is "the style of philosophy produced within the framework of Islamic culture. His writings were concerned with various subjects, most notably philosophy and medicine. His medical textbook The Canon of Medicine was used as the standard text in European universities for centuries.

He also wrote The Book of Healing , an influential scientific and philosophical encyclopedia. One of the most influential Muslim philosophers in the West was Averroes Ibn Rushd , founder of the Averroism school of philosophy, whose works and commentaries affected the rise of secular thought in Europe.

Another figure from the Islamic Golden Age , Avicenna, also founded his own Avicennism school of philosophy, which was influential in both Islamic and Christian lands. He was also a critic of Aristotelian logic and founder of Avicennian logic, developed the concepts of empiricism and tabula rasa , and distinguished between essence and existence.

Yet another influential philosopher who had an influence on modern philosophy was Ibn Tufail. His philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdha , translated into Latin as Philosophus Autodidactus in , developed the themes of empiricism, tabula rasa, nature versus nurture , [92] condition of possibility , materialism , [93] and Molyneux's problem.

Islamic philosophers continued making advances in philosophy through to the 17th century, when Mulla Sadra founded his school of Transcendent theosophy and developed the concept of existentialism.

Other influential Muslim philosophers include al-Jahiz , a pioneer in evolutionary thought; Ibn al-Haytham Alhazen , a pioneer of phenomenology and the philosophy of science and a critic of Aristotelian natural philosophy and Aristotle's concept of place topos ; Al-Biruni , a critic of Aristotelian natural philosophy; Ibn Tufail and Ibn al-Nafis, pioneers of the philosophical novel; Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi , founder of Illuminationist philosophy ; Fakhr al-Din al-Razi , a critic of Aristotelian logic and a pioneer of inductive logic ; and Ibn Khaldun , a pioneer in the philosophy of history.

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 's Astrolabe. One of Mansur ibn Ilyas Ak Koyunlu era colored illustrations of human anatomy. An illustration from al-Biruni 's astronomical works, explains the different phases of the moon. The Elephant Clock was one of the most famous inventions of Al-Jazari.

Muslim scientists placed far greater emphasis on experiment than the Greeks. The most important development of the scientific method was the use of experiments to distinguish between competing scientific theories set within a generally empirical orientation, which began among Muslim scientists. Ibn al-Haytham is also regarded as the father of optics, especially for his empirical proof of the intromission theory of light.

Jim Al-Khalili stated in that Ibn al-Haytham is 'often referred to as the "world's first true scientist". Muslim physicians contributed to the field of medicine, including the subjects of anatomy and physiology : such as in the 15th-century Persian work by Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn al-Faqih Ilyas entitled Tashrih al-badan Anatomy of the body which contained comprehensive diagrams of the body's structural, nervous and circulatory systems ; or in the work of the Egyptian physician Ibn al-Nafis, who proposed the theory of pulmonary circulation.

Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine remained an authoritative medical textbook in Europe until the 18th century. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi also known as Abulcasis contributed to the discipline of medical surgery with his Kitab al-Tasrif "Book of Concessions" , a medical encyclopedia which was later translated to Latin and used in European and Muslim medical schools for centuries.

Other medical advancements came in the fields of pharmacology and pharmacy. In technology, the Muslim world adopted papermaking from China. Advances were made in irrigation and farming, using new technology such as the windmill. Crops such as almonds and citrus fruit were brought to Europe through al-Andalus , and sugar cultivation was gradually adopted by the Europeans.

Arab merchants dominated trade in the Indian Ocean until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century. Hormuz was an important center for this trade. There was also a dense network of trade routes in the Mediterranean , along which Muslim-majority countries traded with each other and with European powers such as Venice , Genoa and Catalonia.

The emergence of major economic empires with technological resources after the conquests of Timur Tamerlane and the resurgence of the Timurid Renaissance include the Mali Empire and the India's Bengal Sultanate in particular, a major global trading nation in the world, described by the Europeans to be the "richest country to trade with".

Muslim engineers in the Islamic world made a number of innovative industrial uses of hydropower , and early industrial uses of tidal power and wind power , [] fossil fuels such as petroleum, and early large factory complexes tiraz in Arabic. A variety of industrial mills were being employed in the Islamic world, including early fulling mills, gristmills , paper mills , hullers , sawmills , ship mills , stamp mills , steel mills , sugar mills , tide mills and windmills.

By the 11th century, every province throughout the Islamic world had these industrial mills in operation, from al-Andalus and North Africa to the Middle East and Central Asia. The transfer of these technologies to medieval Europe had an influence on the Industrial Revolution , particularly from the proto-industrialised Mughal Bengal and Tipu Sultan 's Kingdom, through the conquests of the East India Company. Each of these three empires had considerable military exploits using the newly developed firearms , especially cannon and small arms, to create their empires.

Safavid Empire 's Zamburak. Cannons and guns belonging to the Aceh Sultanate in modern Indonesia. Ibrahim Muteferrika , Rational basis for the Politics of Nations [].

The Great Divergence was the reason why European colonial powers militarily defeated preexisting Oriental powers like the Mughal Empire , starting from the wealthy Bengal Subah , Tipu Sultan 's Kingdom of Mysore , the Ottoman Empire and many smaller states in the pre-modern Greater Middle East , and initiated a period known as ' colonialism '.

Siege of Ochakov , an armed conflict between the Ottomans and the Russian Tsardom. Combat during the Russo-Persian Wars. French campaign in Egypt and Syria against the Mamluks and Ottomans. Beginning with the 15th century, colonialism by European powers profoundly affected Muslim-majority societies in Africa , Europe , the Middle East and Asia. Colonialism was often advanced by conflict with mercantile initiatives by colonial powers and caused tremendous social upheavals in Muslim-dominated societies.

A number of Muslim-majority societies reacted to Western powers with zealotry and thus initiating the rise of Pan-Islamism ; or affirmed more traditionalist and inclusive cultural ideals; and in rare cases adopted modernity that was ushered by the colonial powers. French conquest of Algeria � Anglo-Egyptian invasion of Sudan � The end of the European colonial domination has led to creation of a number of nation states with significant Muslim populations.

These states drew on Islamic traditions to varying degree and in various ways in organizing their legal, educational and economic systems. After September 11 , scholars considered the ramifications of seeking to understand Muslim experience through the framework of secular Enlightenment principles. The secular values of Kemalist Turkey, which separated religion from the state by the abolition of the Caliphate in , has sometimes been seen as the result of Western influence.

By Sayyid Qutb 's definition of Islam , the faith is "a complete divorce from jahiliyyah". He complained that American churches served as centers of community social life that were "very hard [to] distinguish from places of fun and amusement". For Qutb, Western society was the modern jahliliyyah. His understanding of the "Muslim world" and its "social order" was that, presented to the Western world as the result of practicing Islamic teachings, would impress "by the beauty and charm of true Islamic ideology".

He argued that the values of the Enlightenment and its related precursor, the Scientific Revolution , "denies or suspends God's sovereignty on earth" 10th Ncert Polity 800 and argued that strengthening "Islamic character" was needed "to abolish the negative influences of jahili life. According to a study and released January , [] [] Islam had 1. In its list of Islamic countries of the world, WorldAtlas identifies six major Islamic states, meaning countries that base their systems of government on Sharia law: Iran, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, Mauritania, and Yemen.

It is noted that Libya also has 18 other official state religions. As the Muslim world came into contact with secular ideals, societies responded in different ways. Some Muslim-majority countries are secular. Azerbaijan became the first secular republic in the Muslim world, between and , before it was incorporated into the Soviet Union. Some countries have declared Islam as the official state religion. In those countries, the legal code is largely secular.

Only personal status matters pertaining to inheritance and marriage are governed by Sharia law. Islamic states have adopted Islam as the ideological foundation of state and constitution.

The following Muslim-majority nation-states have endorsed Islam as their state religion , and though they may guarantee freedom of religion for citizens, do not declare a separation of state and religion:. These are neutral states where the constitutional or official announcement regarding status of religion is not clear or unstated.

In some states, Muslim ethnic groups enjoy considerable autonomy. In some places, Muslims implement Islamic law, called sharia in Arabic. The Islamic law exists in a number of variations, but the main forms are the five four Sunni and one Shia and Salafi and Ibadi schools of jurisprudence fiqh [ clarification needed ].

In a number of Muslim-majority countries the law requires women to cover either their legs, shoulders and head, or the whole body apart from the face. In strictest forms, the face as well must be covered leaving just a mesh to see through. These hijab rules for dressing cause tensions, concerning particularly Muslims living in Western countries, where restrictions are considered both sexist and oppressive.

Some Muslims oppose this charge, and instead declare that the media in these countries presses on women to reveal too much in order to be deemed attractive, and that this is itself sexist and oppressive.

During much of the 20th century, the Islamic identity and the dominance of Islam on political issues have arguably increased during the early 21st century. The fast-growing interests of the Western world in Islamic regions, international conflicts and globalization have changed the influence of Islam on the world in contemporary history. The Open Doors USA organization, in its survey of countries around the world that persecute Christians , listed 37 members of the Muslim world amongst the top 50 countries where Christians face the most severe persecution.

Islamism is a concept whose meaning has been debated in both public and academic contexts. It is commonly used interchangeably with the terms such as political Islam or Islamic fundamentalism , giving this term more than one sense and referring to different concepts. In the Muslim world, the term has positive connotations among its proponents.

Different currents of Islamist thought include advocating a "revolutionary" strategy of Islamizing society through exercise of state power, and alternately a "reformist" strategy to re-Islamizing society through grass-roots social and political activism. Graham Fuller has argued for a broader notion of Islamism as a form of identity politics , involving "support for [Muslim] identity, authenticity, broader regionalism, revivalism, [and] revitalization of the community.

The organization claims to be the collective voice of the Muslim world to safeguard the interest and ensure the progress and well-being of their peoples and those of other Muslims in the world over. The Muslim world has been afflicted with economic stagnation for many centuries.

President Barack Obama stated that apart from crude oil, the exports of the entire Greater Middle East with its million population roughly equals that of Switzerland. In most Muslim-majority countries, illiteracy is a problem, whereas in others literacy rates are high. In Egypt, the largest Muslim-majority Arab country, the youth female literacy rate exceeds that for males.

In Afghanistan, seminaries are operated by politically active religious organizations and have taken the place of basic education not provided and funded by the government. A Pew Research Center study about religion and education around the world found that Muslims have the lowest average levels of education after Hindus , with an average of 5.

Young school girls in Paktia Province of Afghanistan. Medical students of anatomy , before an exam in moulage , Iran. The literacy rate in the Muslim world varies. Azerbaijan is in second place in the Index of Literacy of World Countries. Several Muslim-majority countries like Turkey , Iran and Egypt have a high rate of citable scientific publications. More than The city of Karachi has the largest Muslim population in the world. The two main denominations of Islam are the Sunni and Shia sects.

They differ primarily upon of how the life of the ummah "faithful" should be governed, and the role of the imam. Shia, on the other hand, believe that Muhammad designated his son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib as his true political as well as religious successor.

Shi'a Muslims in Iran commemorate Ashura. The first centuries of Islam gave rise to three major sects : Sunnis , Shi'as and Kharijites.

Each sect developed distinct jurisprudence schools madhhab reflecting different methodologies of jurisprudence fiqh. Twelver Shiism developed Ja'fari jurisprudence whose branches are Akhbarism and Usulism , and other movements such as Alawites , Shaykism [] and Alevism. Similarly, Kharijites were initially divided into five major branches: Sufris , Azariqa , Najdat , Adjarites and Ibadis. In addition, new schools of thought and movements like Quranist Muslims , Ahmadi Muslims and African American Muslims later emerged independently.

A Sufi dervish drums up the Friday afternoon crowd in Omdurman , Sudan. Druze dignitaries celebrating the Nabi Shu'ayb festival at the tomb of the prophet in Hittin. Ibadis living in the M'zab valley in Algerian Sahara. Zaydi Imams ruled in Yemen until Since then Muslim-majority countries have absorbed refugees from recent conflicts, including the uprising in Syria. Throughout history, Muslim cultures have been diverse ethnically, linguistically and regionally. According to M. Knight , this diversity includes diversity in beliefs, interpretations and practices and communities and interests.

Knight says perception of Muslim world among non Muslim is usually supported through introductory literature about Islam, mostly present a version as per scriptural view which would include some prescriptive literature and abstracts of history as per authors own point of views, to which even many Muslims might agree, but that necessarily would not reflect Islam as lived on the ground, 'in the experience of real human bodies'.

Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. The Taj Mahal situated in Agra city of India is one of the most notable example of Islamic architecture. It was constructed during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan.

Sultan Ahmed Mosque in Istanbul , Turkey. The 10th-century Grand Mosque of Cordoba. The term " Islamic art and architecture " denotes the works of art and architecture produced from the 7th century onwards by people who lived within the territory that was inhabited by culturally Islamic populations.

Islamic architecture comprises the architectural styles of buildings associated with Islam. It encompasses both secular and religious styles from the early history of Islam to the present day. Islamic architecture developed to fulfill Islamic religious ideals, for example, the Minar was designed to assist the Muezzin in making his voice heard to throughout a specific area.

Many of the buildings which are mentioned in this article are listed as World Heritage Sites. Early Islamic architecture was influenced by Roman , Byzantine , Persian , Mesopotamian architecture and all other lands which the Early Muslim conquests conquered in the seventh and eighth centuries. Later it developed distinct characteristics in the form of buildings, and the decoration of surfaces with Islamic calligraphy and geometric and interlace patterned ornament. New architectural elements like cylindrical minarets, muqarnas, arabesque, multifoil were invented.

The principal Islamic architectural types for large or public buildings are: the mosque , the tomb , the palace , and the fort. From these four types, the vocabulary of Islamic architecture is derived and used for other buildings such as public baths , fountains and domestic architecture.

No Islamic visual images or depictions of God are meant to exist because it is believed that such artistic depictions may lead to idolatry. Moreover, Muslims believe that God is incorporeal , making any two- or three- dimensional depictions impossible. Instead, Muslims describe God by the names and attributes that, according to Islam, he revealed to his creation. All but one sura of the Quran begins with the phrase " In the name of God, the Beneficent, the Merciful ". Images of Mohammed are likewise prohibited.

Such aniconism and iconoclasm [] can also be found in Jewish and some Christian theology. Islamic art frequently adopts the use of geometrical floral or vegetal designs in a repetition known as arabesque. Such designs are highly nonrepresentational, as Islam forbids representational depictions as found in pre-Islamic pagan religions. Despite this, there is a presence of depictional art in some Muslim societies, notably the miniature style made famous in Persia and under the Ottoman Empire which featured paintings of people and animals, and also depictions of Quranic stories and Islamic traditional narratives.

Another reason why Islamic art is usually abstract is to symbolize the transcendence, indivisible and infinite nature of God, an objective achieved by arabesque. Two of the main scripts involved are the symbolic kufic and naskh scripts, which can be found adorning the walls and domes of mosques , the sides of minbars , and so on.

Distinguishing motifs of Islamic architecture have always been ordered repetition, radiating structures, and rhythmic, metric patterns. In this respect, fractal geometry has been a key utility, especially for mosques and palaces. Other features employed as motifs include columns, piers and arches, organized and interwoven with alternating sequences of niches and colonnettes.

Its usage spans centuries, first appearing in with the construction of the Dome of the Rock mosque, and recurring even up until the 17th century with the Taj Mahal. And as late as the 19th century, Islamic domes had been incorporated into European architecture.

Girih decoration is believed to have been inspired by Syrian Roman knotwork patterns from the second century. The earliest girih dates from around CE, and the artform flourished until the 15th century.

Girih patterns can be created in a variety of ways, including the traditional straightedge and compass construction ; the construction of a grid of polygons; and the use of a set of girih tiles with lines drawn on them: the lines form the pattern. Patterns may be elaborated by the use of two levels of design, as at the Darb-e Imam shrine. Square repeating units of known patterns can be copied as templates , and historic pattern books may have been intended for use in this way.

The subdivision rule used to generate the Girih pattern on the spandrel. Girih pattern that can be drawn with compass and straight edge. Islamic calligraphy is the artistic practice of handwriting and calligraphy , in the languages which use Arabic alphabet or the alphabets derived from it.

It includes Arabic , Persian , Ottoman , and Indian calligraphy. The development of Islamic calligraphy is strongly tied to the Qur'an ; chapters and excerpts from the Qur'an are a common and almost universal text upon which Islamic calligraphy is based.

Although artistic depictions of people and animals are not explicitly forbidden by the Qur'an, pictures have traditionally been limited in Islamic books in order to avoid idolatry. In the ancient world, though, artists would often get around this prohibition by using strands of tiny writing to construct lines and images. Calligraphy was a valued art form, even as a moral good.

An ancient Arabic proverb illustrates this point by emphatically stating that "Purity of writing is purity of the soul. However, Islamic calligraphy is not limited to strictly religious subjects, objects, or spaces. Like all Islamic art , it encompasses a diverse array of works created in a wide variety of contexts. Kufic script from an early Qur'an manuscript , 7th century. Surah 7: 86� Islamic calligraphy represented for amulet of sailors in the Ottoman Empire.

Modern Islamic calligraphy representing various planets. Two calendars are used all over the Muslim world. One is a lunar calendar that is most widely used among Muslims. The other one is a solar calendar officially used in Iran and Afghanistan.

It is used to determine the proper days of Islamic holidays and rituals, such as the annual period of fasting and the proper time for the Hajj. In almost all countries where the predominant religion is Islam, the civil calendar is the Gregorian calendar , with Syriac month-names used in the Levant and Mesopotamia Iraq , Syria , Jordan , Lebanon and Palestine.

Notable exceptions to this rule are Iran and Afghanistan, which use the Solar Hijri calendar. Rents, wages and similar regular commitments are generally paid by the civil calendar. It begins on the March equinox Nowruz as determined by astronomical calculation for the Iran Standard Time meridian Its determination of the start of each year is astronomically accurate year-to-year as opposed to the more fixed Gregorian calendar or " Common Era calendar" which, averaged out, has the same year length, achieving the same accuracy a more simply patterned calendar of days for three consecutive years plus an extra day in the next year, save for exceptions to the latter in three out of every four centuries.

The start of the year and its number of days remain fixed to one of the two equinoxes, the astronomically important days which have the same duration of day as night. It results in less variability of all celestial bodies when comparing a specific calendar date from one year to others. According to Riada Asimovic Akyol while Muslim women's experiences differs a lot by location and personal situations such as family upbringing, class and education; [] the difference between culture and religions is often ignored by community and state leaders in many of the Muslim majority countries, [] the key issue in the Muslim world regarding gender issues is that medieval religious texts constructed in highly patriarchal environments and based on biological essentialism are still valued highly in Islam; hence views emphasizing on men's superiority in unequal gender roles � are widespread among many conservative Muslims men and women.

Modernist discourse of liberal progressive movements like Islamic feminism have been revisiting hermeneutics of feminism in Islam in terms of respect for Muslim women's lives and rights. The Red Crescent is recognized in 33 countries. By the medieval era most of the countries on the Silk Road were Muslim majority.

As of Islam has 1. A group of marabouts � West African religious leaders and teachers of the Quran. Muslim girls at Istiqlal Mosque in Jakarta. Muslim Girls walking for school in Bangladesh. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Muslim-majority countries, states, districts, or towns. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page.

Learn how and when to remove these template messages. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.

Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations.

Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. June Learn how and when to remove this template message. World Muslim population by percentage Pew Research Center , Texts Foundations.

Culture and society. Related topics. This section needs additional citations for verification. Main articles: History of Islam and Timeline of Islamic history. Main article: Islamic Golden Age. Further information: Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam. Main article: Islamic literature. Further information: Islamic poetry. The Magic carpet. Main article: Contemporary Islamic philosophy.

Further information: Logic in Islamic philosophy and Ilm al-Kalam. Main article: Timeline of science and engineering in the Muslim world. Main article: Age of the Islamic Gunpowders. Main article: Great Divergence. Main articles: Colonial empire and Colonialism. Further information: Decolonization. Main article: Islam by country. This section possibly contains original research. January Learn how and when to remove this template message. Main articles: List of Muslim-majority countries and List of countries by Muslim population.

Further information: Political aspects of Islam and Islam and secularism. Afghanistan [] [] Iran [] [] Mauritania [] [] Oman [] [ better source needed ] Pakistan [] [] Saudi Arabia [] [] Yemen [] []. Algeria [] [] Bahrain [] [ better source needed ] Brunei [] [] Comoros [] Djibouti [] [ better source needed ] Egypt [] [] Iraq [] [] Jordan [] [] Kuwait [] [] Libya [] [] Malaysia [] [] Maldives [] [] Morocco [] [] Palestine [ citation needed ] Qatar [] [ better source needed ] Sahrawi Republic [] [ failed verification ] Somalia [] [] Tunisia [] [] United Arab Emirates [] [].

Bosnia-Herzegovina [] [] Indonesia [] [] Niger [] Sierra Leone [] [] Syria [] [ better source needed ]. Albania [] [] Azerbaijan [] [] Bangladesh [] [note 1] Burkina Faso [] [] Chad [] [] The Gambia [] [] Guinea [] [] Guinea-Bissau [] Kazakhstan [] [] Kosovo [] [] Kyrgyzstan [] [] Lebanon [] [] [] Mali [] [] Nigeria [] [] Senegal [] [] Sudan [] [] Tajikistan [] [] Turkey [] [] Turkmenistan [] [] Uzbekistan [] [].

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Further information: Islamic ethics. Sharia plays no role in the judicial system. Sharia applies in personal status issues only. Sharia applies in full, including criminal law. Regional variations in the application of sharia. Further information: Islamic revival and Liberalism and progressivism within Islam. Main article: Islam and democracy. These paragraphs are an excerpt from Islamism [ edit ].

See also: Economy of the Middle East. A primary classroom in Niger. Schoolgirls in Gaza lining up for class, See also: Muslim population growth. Friday prayer for Sunni Muslims in Dhaka , Bangladesh. Main article: Islamic schools and branches. These paragraphs are an excerpt from Islamic architecture [ edit ].

Main article: Aniconism in Islam. Main article: Arabesque Islamic art. These paragraphs are an excerpt from Girih [ edit ]. A set of tiles consisting of a dart and a kite shape can be used to create aperiodic Penrose tilings , though there is no evidence that such a set was used in medieval times. These paragraphs are an excerpt from Islamic calligraphy [ edit ]. There are several variations of each, as well as regionally specific styles.

Arabic or Persian calligraphy has also been incorporated into modern art , beginning with the post-colonial period in the Middle East, as well as the more recent style of calligraffiti.

Bismallah calligraphy. Islamic calligraphy praising Ali. These paragraphs are an excerpt from Islamic calendar [ edit ]. In the Gregorian calendar reckoning, AH runs from approximately 20 August to 9 August These paragraphs are an excerpt from Solar Hijri calendar [ edit ]. The first six months have 31 days, the next five have 30 days, and the last month has 29 days in usual years but 30 days in leap years.

See also: Muslim women and Musawah. A Kazakh wedding ceremony in a mosque. Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 23 August Retrieved 14 February Waldman; Malika Zeghal Archived from the original on 2 February Retrieved 29 January Esposito, ed.

The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN In William H. McNeill ed. Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History. Berkshire Publishing Group. The Islamic world is generally defined contemporaneously as consisting of nation-states whose population contains a majority of Muslims. Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 26 March Retrieved 10 March Islam, the State and Population.

Retrieved 19 September Retrieved 22 July Lapidus A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge University Press Kindle edition. Archived from the original on 16 December Retrieved 16 December Archived from the original on 13 August The Future of the Global Muslim Population. Archived from the original on 9 March Retrieved 3 January December Archived from the original PDF on 24 September Archived from the original on 20 March Retrieved 14 March Archived from the original on 10 October

Northwest Aluminum Craft Boats 02 Cheap Fishing Boats For Sale In Ohio