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Or perhaps try a pizza garden, with different types of basil, plus tomatoes and peppers. For containers that remain attractive all summer long, look for warm-weather annuals that bloom all summer or have foliage that remains attractive. Geraniums, marigolds , wax begonias, coleus Solenostemon scutellarioides , scarlet sage Salvia splendens , and flowering tobacco Nicotiana spp.
Experiment, and if one plant doesn't work out, don't worry about it � just cut it down and try something else. For large containers, dwarf cannas and dwarf dahlias also make satisfying additions. Containers planted with hardy perennials and shrubs can be grown and enjoyed from year to year. Hostas and daylilies are great container gardening plants, but many other perennials work as well. Try ferns, European wild ginger Asarum europaeum , sedges Carex spp.
Ornamental grasses are great in container gardening, too, as are dwarf conifers and small shrubs. Water container plants thoroughly. How often depends on many factors such as weather, plant size, and pot size. Don't let soil in containers dry out completely, as it is hard to rewet. To keep large containers attractive, spread a layer of mulch as you would in the garden.
This will also help retain moisture. Be sure to keep mulch an inch or so away from plant stems. Container gardening plants need regular feeding. Fertilize them by watering with diluted fish emulsion, seaweed extract, or compost tea.
Or foliar feed by spraying the leaves with doubly diluted preparations of these solutions. Start by feeding once every two weeks; adjust the frequency depending on plant response. Since containers are focal points in the garden, you will probably want to give them special attention to keep them looking their best. Remove tattered leaves and deadhead spent flowers. Prune back plants that get leggy or stop blooming. To keep mixed pots attractive, dig out or cut back any plants that don't grow well or that clash.
You can add something else or let other plants in the Plank On Frame Boat Construction Name container fill the space. Keep an eye out for pests like aphids and mites. Product Reviews. Home Ideas. United States. Type keyword s to search. Today's Top Stories. The Ultimate Guide to Injectable Fillers.
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You may be able to find more information about this and similar content at piano. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below. More From Organic Life. The most common purposes for boat and ship models include burial votives, house hold articles, art, and toys. While archaeologists have found ship and boat models from societies all around the Mediterranean, the three of the most prolific ship model building cultures were the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Egyptians.
Archaeologists have determined that Ancient Greek ship models were used as burial or votive offerings and as household articles such as lamps or drinking vessels. Greek warships were popular subjects to be made in miniature. One particular model, acquired by the Staatliches Museum engl. Archaeologists have tentatively dated the Kassel model to be from the 6th or 5th centuries BC through iconographic and literary sources.
The presence of holes bored into 8 thwarts in the ship suggests that the thwarts may have been seats for a pegged-in dummy crew. The name indicates that two oarsmen would have been seated on half of the benches and one on the others. Not all ancient Greek ship models are of warships. One boat model from a house deposit in Mochlos , Crete, dating to around BC, is thought to be too small to be a war ship. Belgian maritime historian L. This model is thought to be a child's toy or a piece of art, instead of a burial offering.
Despite appearances, these projections are not rams. Because the model is depicting a fishing boat, there would be no need for rams. Instead, keel projections on depictions of Bronze Age ships are explained as cut-waters or as beaching protection. Phoenician ship models also provide archaeologists information regarding the technical aspects of seafaring, and the cultural importance of seafaring for the ancient Phoenicians. However, some models offer tantalizing pieces of information that are, however, difficult to interpret.
The vessel has no provenance, save for the reported location of its discovery off the Phoenician coast, but scientists have been able to tentatively confirm the origin and authenticity of this model. This is hard to prove, however, because the poorly preserved state of the model and the amount of fouling that is layered on the model makes it difficult to definitively rule out this possibility. Ship models are helpful to archaeologists in that they allow archaeologists to make estimates regarding the size the vessel would be in real life.
While this technique makes the assumption that artists scaled the models appropriately, it is useful to get some sense of how large these ships and boats may have been in real life. Archaeologists estimate the Phoenician vessel above H to be about 6 meters long and the beam about 2 meters. Egyptian ship and boat models are perhaps some of the most well-preserved types of ship models available to archaeologists.
The second type of model may or may not have been used in real life, but were purely magical boats. Several boat and ship models were found in the tomb of Tutankhamen , dating back to the Sixth Dynasty , [15] and in the tomb of Meketre � BC. The boat models discovered at Meketre's tomb feature several different kinds of boats, including traveling boats, sporting boats, and several papyriform crafts.
In the event that the artist meant for the net to be in the water, it is upside down. Needless to say, the upside down net would not work for catching fish. As is attested by the ambiguity of the holes in the sides of the Phoenician model, and the skiff from Meketre, archaeologists need to be aware of the possibility of artistic error while interpreting ancient ship models.
While a mistake involving an inverted trawling net may seem trivial, the lesson is important. It is important for archaeologists to be aware of the possibility that Plank On Frame Boat Construction Quote ancient artists may not have been familiar with the finer details of ships and boats. Despite some of the limitations of interpreting ancient Mediterranean ship models, archaeologists have been able to glean a great deal of information from these items.
This information has been instrumental in filling in gaps in knowledge about ancient seafaring technology and culture. Some of the oldest surviving European ship models have been those of early craft such as galleys , galleons , and possibly carracks , dating from the 12th through the 15th centuries and found occasionally mounted in churches, where they were used in ceremonies to bless ships and those who sailed in them, [19] or as votive offerings for successful voyages or surviving peril at sea, a practice which remained common in Catholic countries until the 19th century.
Until the early 18th century, virtually all European small craft and many larger vessels were built without formal plans being drawn. Shipwrights would construct models to show prospective customers how the full size ship would appear and to illustrate advanced building techniques. Ship models constructed for the Royal Navy were referred to as Admiralty models and were principally constructed during the 18th and 19th centuries to depict proposed warship design.
Some of these grand models were decorated with carvings of great beauty and were evidently constructed by teams of artisans. Admiralty models served to educate civilians who were involved in the financing or some other aspect of the ship, to avoid construction errors that might have evolved as the ship itself took form. During the Napoleonic wars French and English seamen who were taken prisoner were confined, sometimes for many years, and in their boredom sought relief by building ship models from scraps of wood and bone.
For the most part, the models had carved wooden hulls with rigging made from human hair, horsehair, silk, or whatever other fine material could be obtained. Bone or ivory would be used for masts and spars, and as a thin veneer over the hull. A consequence of Britain's naval supremacy in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was wide public interest in ships and ship models.
Numerous fairly crude models were built as children's toys leading to the creation of functional, as opposed to decorative, ship models. Britain also led the world in model ship sailing clubs � in the Serpentine Sailing Society was started in Hyde Park , followed by the first London Model Yacht Club in In the early part of the 20th century, amateur ship model kits became available from companies such as Bassett-Lowke in Great Britain [24] [25] and Boucher's in the United States.
These materials gradually gave way to plastic precast sets. The development of tinplate and improvements in machine tools enabled significant advances in ship modelling from onwards. Thin, workable sheets of iron could be coated with tin to prevent rusting, then mass-produced as parts of ship model kits. The process was pioneered by French ship model manufacturer Radiguet , which produced a line of zinc boats with pressurised steam engines, wooden decking and brass fittings.
Ship modelling in the United States experienced a boom in the late s when Popular Science magazine published an extended series of articles and plans for famous ships by modeller and former Navy officer E. Armitage McCann. The world's leading magazine for this hobby, Model Boat , [30] is published from the UK by MyTime Media and has been in print continuously since In recent years, widespread internet access has played a major role in promoting ship modelling, offering enthusiasts the opportunity to show off their work and share techniques.
Internet sites such as Modelwarships. Wooden ship model hulls can be constructed in several ways. The simplest is a solid wood hull sawn and carved from a single block of wood. This method requires the greatest skill to achieve accurate results.
A variant of this technique, sometimes known as bread and butter construction the wood is the "bread" and glue the "butter" is a hull built up from thin blocks of wood glued together with either a vertical seam which can be incorporated into deck design, or a horizontal seam.
This reduces the amount of carving required, but still requires skill and the use of templates to achieve an accurate hull form. Modelling precision and lightweight design can be achieved by creating a hollow hull. A beam may be defined as an element in which one dimension is much greater than the other two and the applied loads are usually normal to the main axis of the element.
Beams and columns are called line elements and are often represented by simple lines in structural modeling. Beams are elements that carry pure bending only. Bending causes one part of the section of a beam divided along its length to go into compression and the other part into tension. The compression part must be designed to resist buckling and crushing, while the tension part must be able to adequately resist the tension.
A truss is a structure comprising members and connection points or nodes. When members are connected at nodes and forces are applied at nodes members can act in tension or compression. Members acting in compression are referred to as compression members or struts while members acting in tension are referred to as tension members or ties. Most trusses use gusset plates to connect intersecting elements.
Gusset plates are relatively flexible and unable to transfer bending moments. The connection is usually arranged so that the lines of force in the members are coincident at the joint thus allowing the truss members to act in pure tension or compression. Trusses are usually used in large-span structures, where it would be uneconomical to use solid beams.
Plates carry bending in two directions. A concrete flat slab is an example of a plate. Plates are understood by using continuum mechanics , but due to the complexity involved they are most often designed using a codified empirical approach, or computer analysis.
They can also be designed with yield line theory, where an assumed collapse mechanism is analyzed to give an upper bound on the collapse load. This technique is used in practice [8] but because the method provides an upper-bound, i. Shells derive their strength from their form and carry forces in compression in two directions. A dome is an example of a shell. They can be designed by making a hanging-chain model, which will act as a catenary in pure tension and inverting the form to achieve pure compression.
Arches carry forces in compression in one direction only, which is why it is appropriate to build arches out of masonry. They are designed by ensuring that the line of thrust of the force remains within the depth of the arch. It is mainly used to increase the bountifulness of any structure.
Catenaries derive their strength from their form and carry transverse forces in pure tension by deflecting just as a tightrope will sag when someone walks on it. They are almost always cable or fabric structures. A fabric structure acts as a catenary in two directions. Structural engineering depends on the knowledge of materials and their properties, in order to understand how different materials support and resist loads.
It also involves a knowledge of Corrosion engineering to avoid for example galvanic coupling of dissimilar materials. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Sub-discipline of civil engineering dealing with the creation of man made structures. This article includes a list of general references , but it remains largely unverified because it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations.
Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. February Learn how and when to remove this template message. Main article: History of structural engineering. Main articles: Structural failure and List of structural failures and collapses.
Main article: Structural engineering theory. Main article: Structural engineer. See also: Building engineering. Main article: Earthquake engineering structures. Main article: Space frame. Main article: Column. Main article: Beam. Main article: Truss. Main article: Plate structure. Main article: Thin-shell structure. See also: Gridshell. Main article: Arch. Main article: Tensile structure. Main article: Structural material. Glossary of structural engineering Aircraft structures Architects Architectural engineering Building officials Building services engineering Civil engineering Construction engineering Corrosion engineering Earthquake engineering Forensic engineering Index of structural engineering articles List of bridge disasters List of structural engineers Mechanical engineering Nanostructure Prestressed structure Structural engineer Structural engineering software Structural fracture mechanics Structural failure Structural robustness Structural steel Structural testing.
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