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Ans: a Dhanavati dated her inscription that she placed the inscription at Madhuvanaka in the first month of the hot season on the eighth day in the year 33 of the Maharaja named Havishka.
The lady was a Bhikkuni. She had also mentioned Bhikkuni Bala and her parents. Why do you think women and men joined the sangha? The decision making within sanghas was based on voting.
This attracted many and they took to the life of sanghas. To what extent does knowledge of Buddhist literature help in understanding the sculpture at Sanchi? Ans: Buddhist literature helps understanding the sculpture at Sanchi in the following ways :. Discuss the development in sculpture and architecture associated with the rise of Vaishnavism and Shaivism. Ans: Vaishnavism and Shaivism are the two branches of Hinduism. In case of Vaishnavism, Lord Vishnu was regarded as the chief deity.
In case of Shaivism Lord Shiva was regarded as the chief deity. Both traditions were part of the Bhakti movement. Bhakti movement emphasised on the love and devotion of the devotee to : the God. This tradition of Vaishnavism and Shaivism also impacted the tradition of architecture and sculpture. The temples developed the house deities.
The initial temples were small and simple. It was a small room called Garbhagriha. Later it expanded, a tall structure was built on the garbhagriha. It was called Shikhara. The walls of the temple were decorated with suitors. Soon temples were built that had huge entrance and big halls for the comfort of visitors. Many of these temples were carved out of rocks. These artificial caves were turned into temples.
The tradition of article caves is old who had renounced the world. The most important were the Ajivikas, that developed as a sect during the reign of Asoka. Later a good example of the rock-cut temple is the Kailash Nath temple of the 8th Century. It was carved out of a single piece rock. Deities were given many shapes and forms in the sculpture.
Shiva has been shown in the form of Linga. Many deities have shown in different forms, sometimes grotesque. There were also combination of man and animal forms.
Of the religious traditions discussed in this chapter, is there any that is practised in your neighbourhood? What are the religious texts used today, an how are they preserved and transmitted? Are images used in worship? If so, are these similar to or different from those described in this chapter? Describe the buildings used for religious : activities today, comparing them with early stupas and temples. Ans: The chapter discuss the religious traditions of ancient India which included, Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, so on.
As I live in the walled city of Delhi have seen people practising all these traditions. The religious textbooks of all religions are preserved and kept with great respect. They have been translated in many languages including many regional languages of the country. Now they are also preserved in the form of CD and other modern devices. Images are also used by worshippers of these religions. The Hindus deities have almost same images as they had in the past. Jains and Buddhists also use images.
Temples are used by hindus, buddhists and jams. Mosques are made by muslims and churches by the Christians. The structure of all these are different but with some similarities too. Imagine you are a woman participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Explain what the experience meant to your life. Why did the political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate electorates? By the system of separate electorates, we mean such a system when people of one religion only vote for a candidate of their own religion.
Using such a system, was a mischief of the British Government who wanted to divide the people to weaken the national movement. By doing so, the British wanted to prolong their stay in India. The different political leaders differed over the question of separate electorates because of the following reasons :. They knew well that it was all the mischief of the British Government who encouraged different people to ask for separate electorates because such a policy would weaken the national movement, and prolong Britishers stay in India.
The Congress leaders were one and all in favour of joint electorates. In their opinion, the majority of the people were Hindus, and so in case of joint electorates, the Muslims would have little chance of winning the seats.
As such, they would always be at the mercy of the Hindus. Ambedkar, also asked for separate electorates because in the joint electorates, he feared the dominance of the upper electorates or the upper caste Hindus in the elections. By the Poona Pact he, however, agreed to have joint electorates with the Hindus, provided the seats for the Depressed Classes were fixed or reserved in the Provincial and Central Legislative Councils.
Multiple Choice Questions. Which of the following agreements gave seats to the depressed classes in Provincial and Central Legislative council? Which one of the following Viceroys announced a vague offer of dominion status for India in October ? Which one of the following combination of colours was there in the Swaraj flag designed by Gandhiji in ? Why were the Dalits ignored by the Congress for a longtime? Ambedkar c Fear from socialism d Fear from industralists.
Which of the following Acts did not permit plantation workers to leave the tea gardens without permission? In which of the following year Mahatma Gandhi inspired the peasants of Champaran district of Bihar to struggle against the oppressive plantation system?
Why did Gandhiji withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement? Which one of the following statements is false about Alluri Sitaram Raju? Which one of the following statements is not related to the Gandhi-irwin Pact? Why did Nationalists in India tour villages to gather folk songs and legends? Choose the most appropriate reason from the following : [AI ] a Nationalists wanted to study their own culture. Which of the following statements is not true about the Simon Commission?
Which of the following was the reason for calling off the Non-Cooperation Movement by Gandhiji? The resolution of Puma Swaraj was adopted at which session?
The Simon Commission was boycotted because a there was no Indian in the commission b it supported the Muslim League c Congress felt that the people deserved Swaraj d there were differences among the members.
When did Jallianwalla Bagh incident take place? Justice Party of Madras was a party of a non-muslims b non-brahmins c non-tamils d judges.
Who led a peasant movement during the Non-Cooperation Movement? Baba Ramchandra led a Peasant Movement in Avadh against the a British government b the ruler of Avadh c the Talukdars d the moneylenders.
By whom was the Swaraj Party formed? With which main demand did the Civil Disobedience Movement start? At which of the following places did Gandhiji make salt out of sea water to defy the salt law?
Who among the following led the Civil Disobedience Movement in Peshawar? By what name were the dalits referred by Gandhiji? When was the Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industries set up? Why was Alluri Sitaram Raju well known? Who organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in ?
Ambedkar c Mahatma Gandhi d Sardar Patel. Which of the following was the most important feature of Satyagraha Movement advocated by Gandhiji? Why did Gandhiji organise Satyagraha in in Kheda district of Gujarat?
Gandhiji organised Satyagraha against Rowlatt Act in because a the Act was unjust, which denied the civil rights to Indians. Why was Satyagraha organised in Champaran in ? Why did the Indians oppose the Rowlatt Act? Why did Gandhiji organise a Satyagraha in Ahmedabad Mill in ? Who among the following two leaders led the Khilafat Movement?
What is meant by begar? What does the term Khalifa refer? Mark the correct response Under the Inland Emigration Act of the peasants were not permitted to a leave their village b settle in the city c leave their plantation without permission d allow the women to leave farmlands without permission. Why was the Simon Commission sent to India? Why was the Round Table Conference held in England? By whom was the first image of Bharatmata painted? During which of the following movements did the women participate in large numbers for the first time?
What kind of movement was launched by the tribal peasants of Gudem Hills in Andhra Pradesh? Which of the following is the most important factor for the growth of nationalism in India? Why did General Dyer open fire on peaceful crowd in Jallianwalla Bagh? Mark the most important factor a To punish the Indians. The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared bond that tied many different groups together. As each class and group felt the effects of colonialism differently, their experiences were varied and their notions of freedom were not always the same, so the Congress under Mahatma Gandhi tried to forge these groups together within one movement.
War loans were taken and more taxes were imposed. Custom duties were raised. Income tax was introduced.
The rise in prices led to extreme hardships for the people. There was widespread discontentment in the rural area due to forced recruitment of soldiers. In and crops failed in many parts of India resulting in acute shortages of food.
There was influenza epidemic too. According to the Census of , twelve to thirteen million people perished as a result of famines and epidemics. People thought that their hardships and suffering would come to an end after the war but that did not happen. So these factors were responsible for the rise of nationalism in India. On the other hand, the government got the Rowlatt Act passed in the Imperial Legislative Council against the united opposition of the Indian members.
The Act gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities. It allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. These provisions meant the suspension of two principles of justice � trial by jury and habeas corpus � the rights safeguarding against illegal imprisonment.
The Rowlatt Act was considered as Black Law and the Indians under the leadership of Gandhi decided to oppose it by non-violent civil disobedience which would start with a hartal on 6 April. Gandhiji thought that Satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for mass struggles.
This was in context of the incident in Chauri-Chaura, a village in Gorakhpur district UP where twenty two policemen were brutally killed after they had fired on a political procession. There had been disturbances in Madras and Calcutta also.
The above factors made it clear that the country was not yet ready of mass movement. So Gandhiji prevailed upon the Congress Working Committee to call off the movement. Satyagraha is pure soul-force. Truth is the very substance of the soul. That is why this force is called Satyagraha.
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