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Common ceiling Fig. The ordinary ceiling used to prevent cargo and ballast from falling between the frames; common ceiling was usually made from relatively thin planking and seldom contributed longitudinal strength to the hull structure.

Compass timber [Compassing]. Naturally curved timbers used for frames and construction in the ends of a hull. Copper-bottomed [Coppered]. A vessel whose bottom was sheathed in copper to prevent fouling and worm infestation.

Counter Fig. Technically, the transverse section between the bottom of the stern and the wing transom. However, many documents and drawings refer to the counter as the entire transverse area between the top of the sternpost and the rail or taffrail. Counter timbers Figs. Ga � Gc. Vertical timbers framing the counter. An English translation of an old Norse term denoting the elongated mast steps on Viking vessels. Crossbeam Fig. A substantial timber placed across a pair of bitts.

Crotch [Crotch timber]. A V-shaped or Y-shaped frame or floor timber made from the crotch of a tree; usually mounted on the keel or deadwood in the ends of a vessel. Crow [Crow bar] Fig. A strong iron bar, pointed or chisel-shaped at one end, used for prying or moving heavy timbers. Crutch Figs. G-3 and Ga. A bracing timber used to prevent a mast step from shifting laterally; also, a curved or angular timber, similar to a breast hook and used for a similar purpose in the lower part of the stern.

On modern vessels, a support for booms at rest. The union of two planks or timbers whose ends were canted in the shapes of reverse curves. Cutting-down line. The elevations of the tops of the floor timbers and deadwoods; in most cases, the curved line formed by the bottom of the keelson, stemson, and sternson.

Cutwater Fig. The forwardmost part of the stem; the stem piece or nosing that parts the water. Dagger knee Figs. A knee set angularly on the inside of the hull; a knee that is neither vertical or horizontal. Dagger piece. Any piece of timber, but usually a frame timber, mounted at an angle to the vertical or horizontal planes. Dead flat. The flat part of the hull in the area of the midship frame; generally, the widest part of the hull, which separated the forward part from the after part.

Deadrise Fig. The amount of elevation, or rising, of the floor above the horizontal plane; the difference between the height of the bilge and the height of the keel rabbet.

Deadwood Fig. See also Rising wood. Deadwood knee Fig. A knee placed within the deadwood to support the sternpost. Deck hook. A breast hook placed beneath a deck to support it at or near the stem. Deck transom Fig. A transom that supported the after ends of deck planks. Depth of hold.

The distance between either the bottom of the main deck or the bottom of its beams and the limber boards, measured at the midship frame. Diagonal braces. Pillars or posts set angularly in the hull to stiffen it; although used in pairs, they differed from cross pillars in that each brace occupied only one side of the hull. Diagonal framing. Frames or riders placed diagonally over the regular frames or ceiling to provide additional stiffening to a hull.

Diagonal scarf [Diagonal butt] Fig. An angular junction of two planks or timbers. Diminishing strakes Fig. Belts of outer planking above and below the wales that were successively reduced in thickness, providing a more gradual transition from the protrusion of the wales to the thickness of the side planking. A vessel whose bow and stern have approximately the same horizontal shape, such as rounded, pointed, or square ends. Double framing Fig.

A general term signifying frames composed of two rows of overlapping futtocks. Dowel [Dowel pin] Fig. A cylindrical piece of wood of constant diameter used to align two members by being sunk into each.

A cylindrical coak. Unlike treenails and pegs, dowels served an alignment function only, additional fastenings being necessary to prevent separation of the joint. Draft marks [Draught marks, Load lines]. Figures or lines cut into, or attached to, the stem and sternpost to indicate the depth at which each end of the hull is immersed. Drawknife Fig. A knife with two handles mounted at right angles to the blade; drawknives are used for shaping and beveling. The difference between the diameters of a bored hole and the bolt that is driven into it.

Drift bolt. A cylindrical bolt, headed on one end, that is slightly larger in diameter than the hole into which it is driven. Drop strake Fig. A strake of planking that is discontinued near the bow or stern because of decreasing hull surface area. A central stealer. Brushwood, scrapwood, or other loose material laid in the hold to protect the cargo from water damage or prevent it from shifting, or to protect the ceiling from abrasion.

Ekeing [Lengthening piece] Fig. A timber used to lengthen another timber, such as the extension of a deck hook or knee. Eye bolt Fig. A bolt with a circular opening at one end. A name sometimes given to the hawse holes or the areas around them; on ancient ships, ocular decorations at the same locations.

Fair curve [Fair line]. A shape or line whose curvature agrees with the mold loft or that is mechanically acceptable and seaworthy. False keel [Shoe] Figs. G-3 , G-4a , G-4b , and G A plank, timber, or timbers attached to the bottom of the keel to protect it in the event of grounding or hauling; on large ships, false keels were sometimes made quite thick in order to increase the size and strength of the keel.

In North America from the eighteenth century onward, and perhaps in other areas, false keels were called shoes. An outer timber fixed to the forward surface of the stem to strengthen or protect it, or to provide better symmetry to the cutwater. Also, a name sometimes given to the apron in English documents.

False sternpost. A member attached to the after surface of the sternpost to reinforce or protect it. Fashion piece [Fashion timber] Fig. A timber that framed the shape of the stern. Figure piece Gd. A name sometimes given to the upper piece of the knee of the head, upon which the figurehead rested.

Filling frame Fig. A frame composed of a single row of timbers, usually scarfed together, that filled the space between the main, or double-rowed, frames of a large ship. Filling piece [Filler] Fig. A single timber or block used to fill out an area, such as the side of a gunport where it did not coincide with a frame, or in the spaces between frames to maintain rigidity.

Fine lines. A descriptive term applied to a vessel with a sharp entrance and a narrow hull. An English term for the modern Norwegian word describing the fishtail-shaped mast partners on Viking vessels. Fish plate Fig. A metal plate used to join two timbers externally. Flat scarf Fig. The union of two planks or timbers whose diagonal ends were nibbed cut off perpendicular to their lengths.

When planking is scarfed vertically, the ends are not nibbed. Floor ribband [Floor ribbon]. The floor rising line; specifically, a ribband or batten fastened to the outside of the frames at the heads of the floor timbers; used for fairing and to determine the shapes and lengths of intermediate frames.

Floor timber Fig. A frame timber that crossed the keel and spanned the bottom; the central piece of a compound frame. Flush deck. A deck running continuously from bow to stern, without breaks or raised elements. Foot wale [Footwaleing] Fig. Thick longitudinal strakes of ceiling located at or near the floor head line or turn of the bilge.

Some eighteenth-century English documents called the thick strakes next to the limber strake, or sometimes all of the ceiling, footwaleing , in which case the heavy strakes near the turn of the bilge were known as thick stuff. Variously, a short, raised foredeck, the forward part of the upper deck between the foremast and the stem, or the quarters below the foredeck. A curved piece between the forward end of the keel and the knee of the head; the gripe. In some documents describing large ships, it is the name given to the rounded forward portion of the gripe, inserted as a separate piece.

Forelock bolt Fig. An iron bolt with a head on one end and a narrow slot at the other; secured by placing a washer over its protruding end and driving a flat wedge, called a forelock , into the slot.

Forelock bolts were one of the most popular of shipbuilding fastenings, being commonly used to secure major timbers from Roman times until the nineteenth century. Frame Fig. A transverse timber, or line or assembly of timbers, that described the body shape of a vessel and to which the planking and ceiling were fastened.

Frames were sometimes called timbers or, erroneously, ribs see Rib. Ancient ships often had frames composed of lines of unconnected timbers; later ships usually had compound frames composed of floor timbers , futtocks , and top timbers.

Square frames were those set perpendicular to the keel; in the bow and stern there were cant frames , running obliquely to the keel. Forward of the cant frames and fayed to them, in large round-bowed vessels, were the frames running parallel to the keel and stem, sometimes called knuckle timbers ; more accurately, these were the hawse pieces and knight heads , the latter being the frames adjacent to the apron or stem-son that extended above the deck to form bitts and support the bowsprit.

The aftermost frames were the fashion pieces , which shaped the stern. Frame details are illustrated in Figs. G-3 , G-5 , G , G , and G Futtock Fig. A frame timber other than a floor timber, half-frame, or top timber; one of the middle pieces of a frame.

Futtock plank. In English shipbuilding, the first ceiling plank next to the limber strake. A seagoing vessel propelled primarily by oars, but usually one that also could be sailed when necessary. Gammoning hole [Gammoning slot] Fig. An opening in the knee of the head through which the bowsprit gammoning lashing passed. Gammoning knee. Gammon piece Fig.

The part of the knee of the head containing the gammoning hole. G-4 and G The strake of planking next to the keel; the lowest plank. Also, the lowest side strake of a flat-bottomed hull. Girdling [Girding]. The practice of adding timber to the sides of ships to increase their breadth and thereby improve stability. The practice was most common on sixteenth- and seventeenth-century British vessels and was employed to overcome design flaws due to inability to calculate metacentric height.

A latticework hatch cover used for light and ventilation. Also, a term applied to the latticework deck in the heads of large ships. Graving [Breaming]. The vessel was careened or drydocked to perform this task.

Graving iron Fig. A hook-like tool used for removing old caulking. Graving piece Fig. A wooden patch, or insert, let into a damaged or rotted plank. Gripe Fig. A curved piece joining the forward end of the keel to the lower end of the knee of the head.

Generally, the same as forefoot. Gudgeon Fig. A metal bracket attached to the sternpost into which a rudder pintle was hung; the female part of a rudder hinge. Gundeck Fig. The deck where the guns were located; large ships had as many as three gundecks a three-decker , called the lower, middle, and upper gundecks. Gunport framing. The sills , lintles , and filling pieces that shape and reinforce the gunports.

Gunwale [Gunnel] Fig. In sixteenth-century vessels, the wale against which the guns rest. Half beam Figs. G-7c and G-7d. A beam extending from the side to a hatch or other obstruction.

See also Beam arm. A frame whose heel began at or near one side of the keel or deadwood and spanned part or all of that side of the hull; half-frames normally were used in pairs. Hanging knee Fig. A vertical angular timber used to reinforce the junction of a beam and the side.

Harpins [Harpings]. The forward planks of wales that were strengthened by increased thickness near the stem; usually found on large, round-bowed vessels. Also, a term applied to specially shaped battens fitted to the cant frames or other areas of extreme curvature during construction; used to check and adjust frame bevels.

Hatch [Hatchway] Fig. Hatch beam Fig. A removable beam that supported the hatch cover and provided lateral strength when the hatch was not in use. Hawse bolster. One of the heavy planks fixed around or below the hawse holes to protect the hull planking. A cylindrical hole in the bow through which the anchor cable passed. Hawse piece [Hawse timber] Figs. A fore-and-aft framing timber whose heel was fayed to the forwardmost cant frame and which reinforced the bow of a large, round-bowed vessel; hawse pieces were so named because the hawse holes were partially cut through them.

The tube through which the anchor cable passed between the hawse hole and windlass or capstan deck. In a general sense, the forward part of a vessel; the extreme bow area; also, a name sometimes given to the figurehead or, on later vessels, to the latrine. See also Timber head. Head knee. Sometimes a designation for cheek knee cheek , but more frequently an alternate term for knee of the head. Head ledge Fig. An athwartships hatch coaming. Headrails Fig.

Curved rails extending from the bow to the knee of the head. The junction of the keel and sternpost; also, an angular timber connecting the keel to the sternpost. Separate heel timbers on cogs and cog-like vessels are most frequently called hooks. Heel knee [Stern knee]. An angular timber reinforcing the junction between the keel and the sternpost. Helm port [Rudder hole] Figs. Ga and Gc. The opening in the stern where the rudder stock entered the hull.

Helm port transom Figs. The timber reinforcing the helm port. Hogging truss [Hogging frame]. A strong fore-and-aft framework built into a vessel to prevent hogging; hogging trusses were most commonly seen in canal boats and other long inland vessels. In ancient vessels, it was a strong cable supported by forked posts and attached to the ends of the hull to serve the same purpose.

Hold Fig. In a general sense, the interior of a hull. Hooding ends [Hoods, Hood ends]. The ends of planks that fit into the stem and sternpost rabbets; hooding ends were sometimes reduced in thickness to permit a better join with the posts.

A knee-like timber that connected the keel or central plank to the stem or sternpost. A northern European designation, it is used almost exclusively in reference to cogs and cog-like vessels. In later English documents, bow hooks were called gripes ; stern hooks were called heels.

Hook and butt Fig. A method of planking whereby one edge of the plank was straight while its opposite side had sloping edges locked by a hook. Infrequently, the term was also used to denote a hook scarf. Hook bolt Fig. A bolt with a hook-shaped head used for securing detachable lines, tackle, and other gear. Hook scarf Fig. The union of two planks or timbers whose angular ends are offset to lock the joint. Hook scarfs are sometimes locked with wedges, or keys.

Horning [To horn]. A process by which frames were aligned to assure that they were level and exactly perpendicular to the keel. See Horning pole for a description of the process. Horning pole [Horning board, Horning line]. A batten, pole, or line used to align frames; one end was mounted over the keel centerline, or atop the stem or sternpost, while the other end was marked and swung across each frame head to ensure that each side of the frame was equidistant from, and perpendicular to, the keel centerline.

G-3 and G-9l. A U-shaped iron plate fastened across the seam of the stem and forefoot to strengthen it. A cable or assembly of cables installed in ancient galleys to overcome hogging. Inner stempost.

The inner timber or timbers of a double-layered stem; unlike an apron, an inner stempost ends at the keel-stem scarf. Inner sternpost Fig. A vertical timber attached to the forward surface of the sternpost to increase its strength, and in some cases, to support the transoms.

Intermediate timbers. Those individual timbers installed between the sequential frames for additional localized strength. They could span part of the bottom, turn of the bilge, or side. The term applies primarily to ancient ships and inshore craft, where they reinforced the areas around beams, mast steps, bilge sumps, etc. See Plate knee. Jeer bitts Fig. Upright posts used for staying the various courses or halyards. Notches cut into the surface or edge of a timber, as in the exterior frame surfaces of clinker-built hulls or in the edges of some ancient Egyptian hull planks.

The main longitudinal timber of most hulls, upon which the frames, deadwoods, and ends of the hull were mounted; the backbone of the hull. Keel plank [Central plank, Kingplank]. A central hull plank that was substantially thicker than the rest of the bottom planking and whose breadth was at least twice as great as its thickness; a thick bottom plank used in lieu of a keel. Keelson [Kelson] Figs. G-3 , G-4a , and G-4b. An internal longitudinal timber or line of timbers, mounted atop the frames along the centerline of the keel, that provided additional longitudinal strength to the bottom of the hull; an internal keel.

Most commonly, a single keelson was installed that was no larger than the keel. On very large vessels, however, various combinations of as many as a dozen keelsons were assembled.

Where extra molding was required, one or more additional keelsons, called rider keelsons or false keelsons , were bolted to the top of the main keelson. They could be of identical size to, or smaller than, the main keelson. Auxiliary keelsons bolted alongside the main keelson were known as sister U. However, care should be exercised in interpreting the various keelsons from contracts. For instance, some nineteenth-century American contracts for large schooners refer to the keelson above the main keelson as the sister, and the one above that as the assistant sister keelson.

On occasion, large square timbers were placed at the floor head line or near the bilge, usually above the bilge keels. These were called bilge keelsons or, in some British document, sister keelsons. Secondary keelsons did not necessarily run the full length of the hull, terminating at the ends of the hold, the last square frames, or some other appropriate location. Figure G-4 illustrates some typical arrangements. Keel staple [Keel clamp] Figs.

G-3 and G-4a. A large metal staple used to attach the false keel to the keel. Kevel head. The extension of a frame or top timber above the bulwarks to form a bitt, to which ropes were secured. Kingplank [Central strake, Kingstrake]. Variously, the central strake of a flush deck or the central strake of a hull without a keel. Knee [Knee timber] Figs. An angular piece of timber used to reinforce the junction of two surfaces of different planes; usually made from the crotch of a tree where two large branches intersected, or where a branch or root joined the trunk.

See also Dagger knee , Hanging knee , Lodging knee , and Standing knee. Knee of the head [Head knee] Fig. A knee or knee-shaped structure, fixed to the forward surface of the stem, that formed the cutwater at its lower end and supported the headrails and figurehead at its upper end. Knightheads Figs. The forwardmost frame timbers, which ran parallel to the stem, their heels being fayed to the forwardmost cant p.

Also, a name given to a pair of bitts, located just aft of the foremast on merchant ships, that supported the ends of the windlass, or to any bitt whose upper end was carved in the shape of a human head. Knuckle timbers Fig. A name sometimes applied to the fore and aft frames in the bow of a roundbowed ship.

The hawse pieces and knightheads. Ledge Figs. G-7a and G-7b. A short beam set between and parallel to the deck beams to provide intermediate support of the deck; the ends of ledges were supported by carlings , clamps , or lodging knees. A large plate, or assembly of timbers, mounted on the side of a hull and lowered when sailing off the wind to increase lateral resistance and reduce leeway. Level lines. Another name for the waterlines on hull plans; they described the horizontal sections of the hull.

Light [Light port]. Limber boards Fig. Ceiling planks next to the keelson which could be removed to clean the limbers; on some ancient vessels, limber boards were laid transversely above the centerline of the keel. Holes or slots were sometimes cut into limber boards so that they could be lifted more easily. Limber holes [Watercourses] Figs. Apertures cut in the bottom Model Ship Building - Complete Beginners Guide University surfaces of frames over, or on either side of, the keel to allow water to drain into the pump well. Limber ledges. Rabbeted timbers running parallel to the keel and atop the floor timbers for the purpose of supporting transverse ceiling planks.

Watercourses or channels alongside or central to the keel or keelson, through which water could drain into the pump well. Limber strake Fig.

The lowest permanent ceiling strake, fastened to the tops of the frames next to the limber boards and keelson. Lines [Hull lines]. Frames: a an example of double framing�a square frame of an early-nineteenth-century merchant ship; b two additional commonly used frame timber joints; c room and space of a popular framing plan; d some vessels were framed with a pair of overlapping floor timbers having arms of unequal length, resulting in an even number of timbers in each frame; e lower side view of the framing plan of a large warship, where a pair of single frames called filling frames were set between double frames; futtocks, marked F, are shown by number; in such an arrangement, the room and space included the filling frames; and f bevels and chamfers.

Lining Fig. The common ceiling of the orlop, berthing, and gun decks of ships, set between the spirketting and the clamps. The lining was frequently called quickwork , a term more commonly used in British documents. The upper horizontal timber framing a gunport, large square light, or gallery door. Load line. In some cases the term load line denoted full-load draft.

See Draft marks. Locked pintle. A pintle that was flanged or keyed in order to prevent the rudder from accidentally unshipping. Lodging knee [Lodge knee] Figs. A horizontal, angular timber used to reinforce two perpendicular beams or the junction of a beam and the side of the hull. Another term for the stock of a quarter rudder.

Also, the stock, or pole piece, of an oar or sweep. A term used frequently to describe the caulking of lapstrake clinker-built hulls. In most cases, animal hair, wool, or moss was soaked in pitch or resin and laid in a luting cove , which was cut in the lower inside surface of the overlapping plank. Luting generally refers to caulking inserted between two hull members before they were assembled, as opposed to driven caulking see Caulk.

The term is also applied to any plastic material used between two adjacent members. In shipbuilding, the adjective applied to the most important timbers, or those having the greatest cross-sectional area; thus, on ancient vessels the main wale was usually the lowest and largest, while on later warships it was the one below the gunports; also, main breadth, main hatch, main hold, main keelson, etc.

Main frame. A term sometimes applied to frames composed of two rows of futtocks to distinguish them from filling frames, the single-rowed frames placed between them; it applies to larger vessels of the last few centuries. The term was also used infrequently to denote the midship frame. Main piece Fig.

The longest and largest timber in the knee of the head. Also, a term sometimes applied to the main vertical timber, or stock, of a rudder Fig. Mallet Fig. A large hammer with a short handle and a cylindrical wooden head, sometimes hooped with iron to prevent it from splitting, used for caulking caulking mallet and general shipwrightery. The heaviest mallets were also called beetles.

A small compartment, located just inside the hawse hole, whose after bulkhead called a manger board diverted water entering the hawse hole into the limbers. Mast carlings Fig. Fore-and-aft beams that helped support a mast where it pierced a deck; also called mast partners. See Partners.

Bow construction: a top view of port frames; b deck hook; c breast hook and hawse hole; and d one of many arrangements used for assembling the knee of the head. See Partners and Mast carlings. Mast step Figs. A mortise cut into the top of a keelson or large floor timber, or a mortised wooden block or assembly of blocks mounted on the floor timbers or keelson, into which the tenoned heel of a mast was seated.

Various types of mast steps are shown in Figure G Maul Fig. A heavy wood or iron hammer, primarily used to drive large bolts. Stern construction: a stern framing of an eighteenth-century brig; b partial side view of the same stern near the post; c partial top view of the same stern; d lower stern framing of a galleon; e alternate stern details; and f one form of skeg installation on a small sloop.

A thick plank separating the bottom, or lower ship , of a Viking hull from its sides. Either rectangular or L-shaped in cross-section, p. The intersection of a vertical line drawn through the center of gravity of a vessel when it is stable with a vertical line drawn through its center of buoyancy when the vessel is heeled. Midship [Midships]. A contraction of amidships and consequently, in a general sense, it refers to the middle of the ship.

In construction, however, it is often used as an adjective referring to the broadest part of the hull, wherever it may be. Midship beam Fig. The longest beam in a vessel, located at or near the midship bend. Midship bend Fig. The broadest part of the hull; the widest body shape, formed by the centerline of the midship frame.

Midship flat [Midship body, Midsection, Midship section]. The extent of the broadest part of the hull, formed by the midship frame and all adjacent frames of the same breadth. Midship frame Fig. The broadest frame in the hull; the frame representing the midship shape on the body plan. Arrangements likely to be encountered on shipwrecks: a crutches brace the foremast step on the Revolutionary War privateer Defence ; b a mainmast step of the type used on very large eighteenth-century warships; c one of a variety of methods for stepping a mizzenmast; d bowsprits of smaller vessels were sometimes stepped above deck in a broad sampson post as illustrated, or between pairs of riding bitts just below deck; e the bowsprit of a large eighteenth-century warship; and f an athwartships view of the forward surface of the same step, showing its two-piece construction.

Two bend molds and a hollow mold are fitted together to form a compound mold or half of a square frame. Individual molds, probably representing futtocks of frame M, are numbered in Roman numerals. Redrawn from old notebook sketches. Mold [Mould] Fig. A pattern used to determine the shapes of frames and other compass timbers.

Molds were usually made from thin, flexible pieces of wood. Convex molds were called bend molds , concave molds were p. The degree of bevel and other pertinent information was written on the molds. The process of shaping outer frame surfaces with molds was known as beveling. Figure G illustrates several types of molds. See also Whole molding. Molded [Molded dimension].

The various dimensions of timbers as seen from the sheer and body views of construction plans; the dimensions determined by the molds. Thus, the vertical surfaces the sides of keels, the fore-and-aft sides of the posts, the vertical or athwartships surfaces of frames, etc. Normally, timbers are expressed in sided and molded dimensions, while planks and wales are listed in thicknesses and widths.

Molded and sided dimensions are used because of the changing orientation of timbers, such as p. Molded depth. The depth of a hull, measured between the top of the upper deck beams at the side and a line parallel to the top of the keel. Mold loft. A protected area or building in a shipyard where the hull lines, from which the molds were produced, were drawn full size on a specially prepared flat surface.

Mortise Fig. A cavity cut into a timber to receive a tenon. Large mortises were sometimes referred to as steps. Mortise-and-tenon joint Fig. A union of planks or timbers by which a projecting piece tenon was fitted into one or more cavities mortises of corresponding size.

The most common types are:. Fixed tenon and single mortise Fig. A tenon was shaped from the end on one timber and inserted into the mortise of the other. When the tenon of a large vertical timber was left unlocked, as in masts, and sternposts, it was said to be stepped. Free tenon and two mortises Fig. The most common method of edge-joining planking in ancient and early medieval vessels in the Mediterranean area, it also was used to secure adjoining surfaces of parallel timbers, such as stems and floor timber chocks.

Corresponding mortises were cut into each planking edge; a single hardwood tenon was inserted into the lower plank and the adjacent plank fitted over the protruding tenon. In many instances, the joint was locked by driving tapered hardwood pegs into holes drilled near each strake or timber edge. Free tenon and three or more mortises Fig. Used in superstructure fabrications or places where hull planking was too narrow to provide sufficient seating for the desired tenon length.

Although small planking joints whose tenons are unpegged and contribute no structural strength are essentially coak joints , the term mortise-and-tenon joint has become universally accepted for all such forms of edge joinery. Mortising chisel Fig. A specialized chisel used for shaping narrow mortises. Narrowing line. A curved line on the halfbreadth drawing of a hull, designating the curve of maximum breadth or the ends of the floor timbers throughout the length of the hull.

The former was called the maximum breadth line ; the latter was known as the breadth of floor line. Nib [Nibbing end] Fig. The practice of squaring the ends of deck planks where they terminated at the sides of the hull to avoid fine angles and subsequent splitting and distortion. Mortise-and-tenon joints: a fixed tenon and single mortise; b free tenon and two mortises; c free tenon and three mortises; and d patch tenon and two mortises. Nibbing strake [Margin plank] Fig.

A plank running adjacent to the waterways in the ends of a vessel, into which the nibbed ends of deck planks p.

English documents most frequently referred to this timber as a margin plank; American contracts more commonly called it a nibbing strake. Oakum [Oakham]. Caulking material made from rope junk, old rope, and rope scraps; it was unwound, picked apart, and the fibers were rolled and soaked in pitch before being driven into planking seams.

See also Sweep port. Orlop deck Fig. The lowest deck of a large ship. Outer stem. A name sometimes given to the main stempost or to the forward layer of timbers in a double-layered stem. Packing piece Fig. A short piece of timber used to fill open areas between structural timbers; used most frequently at the sides between deck beams or lodging knees. To surround or enclose with strips of flexible material, as in the reinforcement of caulked planking seams usually lead strips or between ropes and their servings usually strips of canvas.

Partners Fig. The timbers surrounding the deck openings for masts, pumps, bitts, and capstans; their primary purpose was to strengthen the deck around the opening and counteract strain.

Partners were also used on occasion to steady masts on undecked vessels. Patch tenon Fig. In ancient vessels, a headed tenon inserted from the exterior or interior surface of a plank. Patch tenons were normally used in the replacement of rotten or damaged planking. The name comes from their installed appearance as square patches in the sides of hulls. To coat; to cover a hull bottom with a protective layer of pitch, resin, sulphur, etc.

The upper portions of the narrow ends of a vessel; cited individually in some documents as forepeak and afterpeak.

Also, a term used to designate the tip of an anchor palm. Peg [Tenon peg] Fig. A tapered wooden pin driven into a pre-drilled hole to fasten two members or lock a joint. Pegs came in a variety of sizes and tapers; they could have square, round, or multi-sided cross sections.

The important difference between dowels and pegs in ancient construction was that the former were of constant diameter and lightly set, while the latter were tapered and driven with appreciable force. The most common use of pegs in ancient construction was the locking of mortise-and-tenon joints.

Pillar Fig. Large vertical stanchion, usually turned or dressed for aesthetic reasons, used to support deck beams or reinforce potentially weak areas. By the seventeenth century, pairs of pillars, called cross pillars, were set diagonally across the hull to provide transverse strength.

Pin rail. A long rack, usually attached to the inside of bulwarks, for holding belaying pins; a short pin rail was called a pin rack. Steering devices: a a Mediterranean balanced quarter-rudder system, ca.

Pintle Fig. A vertical pin at the forward edge of a stern-hung rudder that fit into a gudgeon on the sternpost to form a hinge. On most vessels, p. Pitch [Tar]. A dark, sticky substance used in caulking seams or spread over the inner or outer surfaces of hulls as waterproofing and protection against some forms of marine life.

Pitches were variously derived from the resins of certain evergreen trees; from bitumens, such as mineral pitches; or from the distillation of coal tar, wood tar, etc. Planking Fig. The outer lining, or shell, of a hull. Planking strake [Strake, Streake]. A continuous line of planks, usually running from bow to stern; the sum of a row of planks.

Planksheer [Sheer plank] Fig. The strake that described the sheer line of a vessel, attached to the toptimbers from stem to stern at the level of the p. Also, in various times and places, the name given to the uppermost continuous strake of side planking or the upper edge of the uppermost strake. In later English documents, a sheer rail or one of the drift rails. Plate knee [Plate] Fig. A knee made from iron plate.

Normally superimposed over a timber or wooden chock, iron knees were introduced in the latter part of the eighteenth century. Plug treenail. A piece of straight-grained wood through which metal fastenings were driven.

In some cases, pilot holes are said to have been pre-bored through their lengths. They were not driven into the holes of the planks, but fit rather loosely and expanded tightly when the nails were driven through them. Plug treenails were commonly used on the exterior hull surfaces of ancient ships to prevent leakage and splitting of the planks around the fastenings.

Pump well [Sump] Fig. The cavity or compartment in the bottom of a hull, usually near amidships, where bilgewater collected and from which it was pumped out or bailed.

Wells ranged from simple sumps between frames to watertight compartments extending the full height of the hold. Quickwork Fig. The common ceiling of the orlop, berthing, and upper decks as well as the gundeck. It was so named because it did not require caulking or precision joinery and therefore could be erected comparatively quickly. See also Lining. Rabbet Figs. A groove or cut made in a piece of timber in such a way that the edges of another piece could be fit into it to make a tight joint.

Generally, the term refers to the grooves cut into the sides of the keel, stem, and sternpost, into which the garboards and hooding ends of the outer planking were seated. Rabbet plane Fig. A plane used in smoothing rabbets. Rag bolt Fig. A bolt whose shaft was barbed to prevent it from working out of its hole. The inclination of the stem and sternpost beyond the ends of the keel; also, the inclination of the masts from the perpendicular.

A strong projection on the bow of an ancient warship, usually sheathed in metal, used as a weapon to strike another vessel. Specifically, the ram p. Rams were also used, with little success, on iron warships after the middle of the nineteenth century.

Ram bow. Any bow with a projecting forefoot or ram. Ram bows sometimes served non-military functions: a means of reinforcing the bow construction externally, a method of lengthening the waterline to improve lateral resistance and maneuverability, or a decoration or symbol. Ramming timber. Even larger barrels called tuns were used to store wine.

Belaying Pins. Belaying Pins were used to secure the running ends of the running rigging. Belaying Pins were plugged into pin rails, fife rails or the rails. The Ship's Bell was considered to be the voice of the ship. The bell was used to mark the beginning of the watches, to give alarm and to give audible warning signals in fog. Wooden Ship Model Fittings Binnacles come in a range of sizes and shapes.

The Binnacle was used to house the ship's compass. Bitt Head Tops. Bitt heads, along with bollards were used as belaying posts for making heavy ropes fast when the ship was moored at the quayside. Blocks - Wood. Blocks were used as pulleys to operate the running rigging of a sailing ship. Single sheave blocks change the direction of pull on the rigging, while double and triple sheave blocks multiply the pulling force exerted by the crew.

All stock presented are sold as single items. Measurement stated Blocks - Violin. Blocks and tackle operate the rigging of a sailing ship.

A Violin Block or Fiddle Block was sometimes used instead of double blocks. Bollards were principally used for making heavy ropes fast while the ship was moored at the quayside. Boom Yokes. The Boom Yoke or Gaff Jaw was a wooden fork bolted to the heel or inner end of the boom and gaff. The Boom Yoke jaw fitted around the mast which confined the heel and allowed the boom to pivot around the mast.

Wooden Model Ship Fittings Boats in metal, wood and plastic come in a range of sizes and shapes. From ancient times larger ships carried at least one smaller boat with them.

Each had its unique purpose. Wooden Ship Model Fittings buckets come in a range of sizes and shapes. Buckets came in a variety of shapes and sizes. They were common aboard all ship types. Buckets were used to carry water to fight fires, holy stoning buckets for scrubbing decks, sand buckets for sanding decks and for general fetch and carry work.

Cannon Balls. Cannon Balls were made of iron which was aimed at the hull of the enemy ship. Chain and bar shot was used against the rigging, while grapeshot was often used against deck crew - grapeshot was lb iron balls tied to awood mount with ropes, which broke after firing and producing a wide Cannon Barrels.

Wooden Model Ship Fittings Cannon Barrels come in brass and metal and come in range of sizes and shapes. The earliest cannons were breech load and made from bar iron and hammer welded into the shape of the barrel. The powder charge was held in a separate chamber. The measurement stated is the length of the barrel.

Cannon Kits. Wooden Model Ship Fittings Cannon Kits come in brass and metal and come in range of sizes and shapes. Cannon Kits comprise the cannon barrel and carriage.

Some are all metal while others come with a wooden carriage. Each will need to be assembled. Cannons - Underdeck. Wooden Model Ship Fittings Cannons Underdeck come in brass and metal and come in range of sizes and shapes.

The measurement stated refers to the actual length of the barrel only. Cannon Saddles are small brass pieces that are used to hold the cannon barrel in its carriage.

Wooden Model Ship Fittings Capstans come in wood and brass and come in range of sizes and shapes. A capstan is a vertical-axled rotating machine developed for use on sailing ships to apply force to ropes, cables, and hawsers. The principle is similar to that of the windlass, which has a horizontal axle.

Wooden Model Ship Fittings Carronades Model Ship Building Tools Australia University come in metal and brass and come in range of sizes. Wooden Model Ship Fittings Chain in black and brass come in a range of sizes.

Measurement is link diameter ie. Length of the chain is 1m.

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