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Ship constructioncomplex of activities concerned with the design and fabrication of all marine vehicles. Ship construction today is a complicated compound of art and science. In the great days of sailvessels were designed and built on the basis of practical experience; ship construction was predominantly a skill.

The consequence of this was a rapid increase in the size, speed, commercial value, and safety of ships. He is usually required to prepare a design for a vessel that must carry a certain weight of cargo or number of passengers at a specified speed with particular reference to trade requirements; high-density cargoes, such as machinery, require little hold capacity, while the reverse is true for low-density cargoessuch as grain.

Deadweight is defined as weight of cargo plus fuel and consumable stores, and lightweight as the weight of the hull, including machinery and equipment. The designer must choose dimensions such that the displacement of the vessel is equal to the sum of the deadweight and the lightweight tonnages. The fineness of the hull must be appropriate to the speed.

The draft�which is governed by freeboard rules�enables the depth to be determined to a first approximation. After selecting tentative values of length, breadth, depth, draft, and displacement, the designer must achieve a weight balance. He must also select a moment balance because centres of gravity in both longitudinal and vertical directions must provide satisfactory trim and stability. Additionally, he must estimate the shaft horsepower required for the specified speed; this determines the weight of machinery.

The strength of the hull must be adequate for the service intended; detailed scantlings frame dimensions and plate thicknesses can be obtained from the rules of the classification designing and building a wooden ship in china. These scantlings determine the requisite weight of hull steel.

The vessel should possess satisfactory steering characteristics and freedom from troublesome vibration and should comply with the many varied requirements of international regulations. Possessing an attractive appearance, the ship should have the minimum net register tonnagethe factor on which harbour and other dues are based.

The gross tonnage represents the volume of all closed-in spaces above the inner. The net tonnage is the gross tonnage minus certain deductible spaces that do not produce revenue. Net tonnage can therefore be regarded as a measure of the earning capacity of the ship, hence its use as a basis for harbour and docking charges.

Passenger vessels must satisfy a standard of bulkhead subdivision that will ensure adequate stability under specified conditions if the hull is pierced accidentally, as through collision. Compromise plays a considerable part in producing a satisfactory design. A naval architect must be a master of approximations. If the required design closely resembles that of a ship already built for which full information is available, the designer can calculate the effects of differences between this ship and the projected ship.

If, however, this information is designing and building a wooden ship in china available, he must first produce coefficients based upon experience and, after refining them, check the results by calculation. The wooden ship was constructed on a building berth, around which timbers and planking were cut and shaped and then fitted together on the berth to form the hull. A similar practice was followed with iron vessels and, later, with the earlier steel ships, as these tended to be replicas of wooden hulls.

Gradually iron came to be used more effectively in its own right, rather than as a designing and building a wooden ship in china for timber. The berth or slipway from which the vessel is launched is an assembly area, rather than a ship construction site.

In many shipyards the number of launching berths has been reduced designing and building a wooden ship in china increase the ground area available for prefabrication sheds. Greater ease of fabrication means that, despite the reduction in the number of berths, more ships can be built and construction costs lowered.

A shipbuilder undertakes to deliver to the client by a certain date and for a stated sum a vessel with specific dimensions, capabilities, and qualities, a vessel that has been tested on trial and is ready for service. The raw materials for construction and finished items to be installed on board are delivered.

The labour force in the yard consists of various workmen�steelworkers, welders, shipwrights, joiners, plumbers, turners, engine fitters, electricians, riggers, and painters. Management is headed by a chairman and a board of directors, consisting usually of about 6 to 12 members from the technical, commercial, and secretarial departments, with one or more representing outside interests. The chief departments are the design, drawing, and estimating offices, planning and production control, the shipyard department�responsible for construction up to launching�and the outside finishing department, which is responsible for all work on board after launching.

Other departments are responsible for buying and storekeeping and the yard maintenance. As soon as a contract is placed, he must negotiate with subcontractors for the supply of items that shipyards do not produce�the electric power plant, propulsion machinery, shafting and propellers, engine-room auxiliariesdeck machinery, anchors, cables, and furniture and furnishings. Production planning and control is therefore a complex undertaking, covering subcontracts, assembly, and installation, in which costs must be kept as low as possible.

In general, a shipyard has few building berths and uses extensive areas around them for the construction of large components of the steel hull. Building berths slope downward toward the waterway, to facilitate launching.

Building basins, or dry docksare sometimes used for the construction of very large vessels, because it designing and building a wooden ship in china convenient to lower, rather than to lift, large assemblies, and this method also eliminates problems associated with launching. Extensive water frontage for the building berths is unnecessary. The main requirement is a site of considerable depth, rather than designing and building a wooden ship in china, with a large area extending inland from the berths.

Steel plates and sections are delivered to the shipyard at the end of the area farthest from the designing and building a wooden ship in china. There they are stored in a stockyard and removed, as needed, for cleaning, straightening, shaping, and cutting. Separate streams of plates and rolled sections converge toward the prefabrication shop, where they are used to build structural components or subassemblies.

The subassemblies are transported to an area nearer the berths, where they are welded together to form large prefabricated units, which are then carried by cranes to the berth, to be welded into designing and building a wooden ship in china on the ship. Ship construction Article Media Additional Info. Article Contents. Table Of Contents. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies.

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The wooden ship was constructed on a building berth, around which timbers and planking were cut and shaped and then fitted together on the berth to form the hull. A similar practice was followed with iron vessels and, later, with the earlier steel ships, as these tended to be replicas of wooden hulls. Gradually iron came to be used more effectively in its own right, rather than as a substitute for timber. A sailing ship is a sea-going vessel that uses sails mounted on masts to harness the power of wind and propel the vessel. There is a variety of sail plans that propel sailing ships, employing square-rigged or fore-and-aft sails. Some ships carry square sails on each mast�the brig and full-rigged ship, said to be "ship-rigged" when there are three or more masts.

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