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The Rise of Nationalism in Europe CBSE History Class 10th History Chapter 2 Ncert Solutions China NCERT Solutions

Transfer from monarchy to body of French citizens � people constitute the nation and shape the destiny. The ideas of la patrie the fatherland and le citoyen the citizen emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights. Developments under Napoleon � Civil Code of Napoleonic Code did away with privileges based on birth, established equality and secured right to property. He abolished feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom.

He removed guild restriction and improved transportation. Unification of Germany � Bismarck � constitution, freedom of press and freedom of association. Liberal Nationalism � liberalism Latin � liber means free means freedom for individual and equality of all before law. Universal suffrage � France � initially only property owned man had right to vote. Under Jacobins, right was given to all adult males.

Under Napoleon, righted were limited and reduced for women. Later opposition movements began. Ina class 10th ncert history chapter 1 at union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states. The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from more than 30 to 2. Conservatism after - Conservatism is a philosophy that stresses on tradition, customs and prefers gradual change.

They believed modernization can strengthen traditional institutions like monarchy making state more effective. Modern army, efficient bureaucracy, dynamic economy, abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen autocratic monarchies of Europe. Revolutionaries were educated middle class elite, professors, school teachers, clerks and commercial middle classes.

France upheaval in � Bourbon kings restored to power were overthrown by liberal Louis Phillippe. Greek war of independence �Treaty of Constantinople of recognized Greece as an independent nation. Nationalism came across by idea of culture poetry, story and music along with wars and territorial expansion. Idea was to share collective heritage, common cultural past and basis of nation. Johann Gottfried Herder, German � discover German culture among common man das class 10th ncert history chapter 1 at � by folk songs and dances spirit of nation volksgeist was popularized.

Germany, Italy, Poland, the Austro-Hungarian Empire � men and women of the liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification � constitution, freedom of press and freedom of association. They drafted a constitution for German nations to be headed by monarchy. Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly.

Women formed political associations, founded newspapers and took part in political meetings but were denied suffrage rights. Serfdom and bonded labor were abolished both in Habsburg dominions and in Russia. Habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarians in Prussia took leadership for national unification with Otto von Bismarck as the architect.

New state emphasized modernization of currency, banking, legal and judicial systems in Germany. Italy had scattered dynasties and Habsburg Empire.

In midth century � it was divided in 7 states of which Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by Italian princely house. Garibaldi was sailor. Volunteers joined and were known as Red Shirts.

InGaribaldi led an army of volunteers to Rome to fight the last obstacle to the unification of Italy, the Papal States where a French garrison was stationed. Nation state formation was not sudden but a long drawn out process.

Prior to 18 th century there were ethnic groups like English, Welsh, Scot or Irish with their own culture and traditions. As it class 10th ncert history chapter 1 at in wealth and power, influence extended to other nations.

Catholics from Scotland suffered repression. Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to class 10th ncert history chapter 1 at their Gaelic language or wear their national dress, and large numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland. Ireland was divided between Catholics and Protestants. English helped Protestants to establish power over Catholic nation. Catholics were suppressed.

Nations were portrayed as females. Class 10th ncert history chapter 1 at figure became an allegory abstract idea expressed through person or things of the nation. Majority of Balkans was under Ottoman Empire. Tonkin Free School was started in to provide a Western style education included science, hygiene and French these classes were held in the evening and had to be paid for separately and adoption of short haircut traditionally Vietnamese have long hair.

From 18 th century � many religious movements were hostile to Western presence. Early movement against French control and spread of Christianity was Scholars Revolt in against Catholicism and French power. Hao Hao movement in in Mekong delta � It drew on religious ideas popular in anti-French uprisings of the 19 th century.

Its founder was Huynh Phu � mental asylum. Phan Chu Trinh - intensely hostile to the monarchy and opposed to the idea class 10th ncert history chapter 1 at resisting the French, aimed to establish democratic republic. NLF fought for unification of nation.

US watched for alliance and was worried over unification and communist gaining so sent troops. Rowlatt Act � Nationwide protest against it. Passed by Imperial Legislative Council despite united opposition. It gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities, and allowed detention of class 10th ncert history chapter 1 at prisoners without trial for two years.

Surrender of titles, boycott of civil services, army, police, court, legislative council, schools and foreign goods. Awadh Baba Ramchandra � sanyasi who earlier had been to Fiji as indentured labourer � against talukdars and landlords who were demanding high rents, class 10th ncert history chapter 1 at forced laborer without payment.

Inland Emigration Act ofplantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission. Peasants found hard to sell harvest and pay revenue. Salt March � with 78 volunteers for miles class 10th ncert history chapter 1 at Sabarmati to Dandi � 24 days and walked 10 miles a day. Muslims felt alienated and from mids Congress came to be openly associated with Hindus like Hindu Mahasabha � led to worsened relations between Hindus and Muslims � provoked communal riots.

Muslim League and Congress tried to renegotiate an alliance and in it appeared that such unity could be forged � differences were over representation in future assemblies that were to be elected.

Jinnah leader class 10th ncert history chapter 1 at Muslim League - willing to give up the demand for separate electorates, if Class 10th ncert history chapter 1 at were assured reserved seats in the Central Assembly and representation in proportion to population in the Muslim-dominated provinces Bengal and Punjab. During Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag red, green and yellow was designed.

Silk route � silk, goods, cargo, pottery, print and paper, gold and silver, later religion and ideologies. Foods like potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chilies, sweet potatoes were not known to our ancestors five centuries ago � introduced after Columbus accidently discovered Americas.

Portuguese and Spanish conquest and colonization of America � under by mid th century � conquest not by firepower but by germs of smallpox. From 15 th century � China restricted overseas contacts and retreated into isolation.

Canal colonies area irrigated by new canals � settled by peasants from other parts of Punjab. Indentured labor bonded laborer under contract to work for an employer for a specific amount of time, to pay off his passage to a new country or home.

Protest religion of Rastafarianism made famous by the Jamaican reggae star Bob Marley is also said to reflect social and cultural links with Indian migrants to the Caribbean. US transformed from international debtor to creditor while Britain was under external debt.

Great Depression � s - by over 4, banks had closed and between and aboutcompanies had collapsed. Dominance of the Soviet Union - It had made huge sacrifices to defeat Nazi Germany, and transformed itself from a backward agricultural country into a world power. Industrial society based on mass production cannot survive unless there is mass consumption which requires high and stable income and stable employment. Goal of full employment could only be achieved if governments had power to control flows of goods, capital and labor.

Bretton Woods Conference established IMF class 10th ncert history chapter 1 at to deal with external surplus and deficit of member nations.

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development or World Bank as was known was set up to finance postwar reconstruction. Most dynamic industries were cotton and metals. Cotton was leading industrial sector till s. ByBritain exported iron of Pound 77 billion which was double that of cotton.

Textile was dynamic sector and majority produced in domestic units. Small innovations were basis of growth in non-mechanized sectors. In Victorian Britain, upper classes � aristocrats and bourgeoisie � preferred things produced by hand. Life of Workers - Some stayed in Night Refuges that were set up by private individuals; others went to the Casual Wards maintained by the Poor Law authorities.

New ports like Bombay and Calcutta grew � it was indicator of strengthening colonial powers. Once East India Company established political power it could assert monopoly right to trade � develop management to eliminate competition, control cost and ensure regular supply of cotton and silk. Indian merchants were barred from trading with Europe in manufactured goods, and had to export mostly raw materials and food grains � raw cotton, opium, wheat and indigo � required by the British.

Number seeking work were always more than jobs available. Entry to mill was restricted and they employed jobber old and trusted worker � became person with authority to get new recruits. Afterexports to China declined was they started their own mills. In India, it registered a shift from yarn to cloth. Indian weavers resisted colonial control, demanded tariff protection, created their own space and extended market for produce � swadeshi goods.

Cites were often the centres of political power, administrative network, trade and industry, religious Class 10th Ncert Science Book Chapter 1 Year institutions, and intellectual activity.

London � In1 of 9 people of England and Wales lived in London. Colossal city with 6. Temperance movement middle class led social reforms developed to fight against evils of drinking and drunkenness on streets.

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of Pier Townsend, the lush yacht formerly owned by a American entrepreneur Tom Perkins. Request. Tighten by, mark a ends afterwards resand them again genuine great, however they can be cold.

These female allegories were used to portray ideas such as Liberty, Republic and Justice. These allegories remind the public of the national symbol of unity and to persuade them to identify with it. Answer: In , the middle class Germans tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state governed by an elected parliament.

They were, however, repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military, supported by the large landowners of Prussia. From then on, Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification. Its chief minister Otto von Bismarck was the architect of this process with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. Three wars over seven years � with Austria, Denmark and France � ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification.

Question 5. What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him? Answer: Napoleon introduced the following changes to make the administrative system more efficient in the areas ruled by him:. Question 1. Explain what is meant by the revolution of the liberals. What were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals?

Answer: The revolution was led by the educated middle classes along with the poor, unemployed starving peasants and workers in Europe. In certain parts of Europe such as Germany, Italy, Poland and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, men and women of the liberal middle classes came together to push their demands for the creation of nation-states based on parliamentary principles. The political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals were:.

Choose three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe. Answer: Three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe are:.

Through a focus on any two countries, explain how nations developed over the nineteenth century. Answer: The development of the German and Italian nation-states in the nineteenth century. Question 4. How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe?

It was an all-German National Assembly formed by the middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans belonging to the different German regions. It was convened on 18 May, in the Church of St. Paul, in the city of Frankfurt. This assembly drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament. However, it faced opposition from the aristocracy and military. Also, as it was dominated by the middle classes, it lost its mass support base.

In the end, it was forced to disband on 31 May, What was the role of women in nationalist struggles? Artistic representations of the French Revolution show men and women participating equally in the movement.

What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among the French people? The French revolutionaries took many important steps to create a sense of collective identity among the French people.

Ideas of la patrie the fatherland and le citoyen the citizen popularised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. A new French flag replaced the royal standard. The Estates General was renamed the National Assembly and was elected by a group of active citizens. A central administrative system made uniform laws for the entire nation, and regional dialects were discouraged in favour of French as the national language.

Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they were portrayed? Marianne and Germania were respective female allegories for the French and the German nation.

The importance of the way in which they were portrayed lay in the fact that the public could identify with their symbolic meaning, and this would instil a sense of national unity in them. Briefly trace the process of German unification.

The process of German unification was continued by Prussia after the defeat of the liberal, middle-class Germans at the hands of the aristocrats and the military in Its chief minister Otto von Bismarck carried out this process with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy.

Over seven years, Prussia fought three wars with Austria, Denmark and France. These wars culminated in Prussian victory and German unification. What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him? Napoleon introduced several changes to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him. He formulated the Civil Code of , also known as the Napoleonic Code.

It did away with privileges based on birth. This law established equality before law, and also secured the right to property.

Napoleon shortened administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system, and freed peasants from manorial dues and serfdom. Transport and communications were improved too. Explain what is meant by the revolution of the liberals. What were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals? The revolution of the liberals refers to the various national movements pioneered by educated middle classes alongside the revolts of the poor, unemployed and starving peasants and workers in Europe.

While in countries like France, food shortages and widespread unemployment during led to popular uprisings, in other parts of Europe such as Germany, Italy, Poland and the Austro-Hungarian Empire , men and women of the liberal middle classes came together to voice their demands for the creation of nation-states based on parliamentary principles.

In Germany, for example, various political associations comprising middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans came together in Frankfurt to form an all-German National Assembly. This Frankfurt parliament drafted a constitution for a Ncert Solutions Class 10th History Chapter 1 Login German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament. Though such liberal movements were ultimately suppressed by conservative forces, the old order could never be restored.

The monarchs realised that the cycles of revolution and repression could only be ended by granting concessions to the liberal-nationalist revolutionaries. The political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals were clearly based on democratic ideals.

Politically, they demanded constitutionalism with national unification�a nation-state with a written constitution and parliamentary administration. They wanted to rid society of its class-based partialities and birth rights. Serfdom and bonded labour had to be abolished, and economic equality had to be pursued as a national goal.

Choose three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe. Apart from wars and territorial expansion, culture also played a crucial role in the development of nationalism. Romanticism was a European cultural movement aimed at developing national unity by creating a sense of shared heritage and common history. The strength of art in promoting nationalism is well exemplified in the role played by European poets and artists in mobilising public opinion to support the Greeks in their struggle to establish their national identity.

Folk songs, dances and poetry contributed to popularising the spirit of nationalism and patriotic fervour in Europe. Collecting and recording the different forms of folk culture was important for building a national consciousness. Being a part of the lives of the common people, folk culture enabled nationalists to carry the message of nationalism to a large and diverse audience.

The Polish composer Karol Kurpinski celebrated and popularised the Polish nationalist struggle through his operas and music, turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols. Language also played a distinctive role in developing nationalist feelings in Europe. An example of this is how during Russian occupation, the use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of struggle against Russian dominance.

During this period, Polish language was forced out of schools and Russian language was imposed everywhere. Following the defeat of an armed rebellion against Russian rule in , many members of the clergy in Poland began using language as a weapon of national resistance. They did so by refusing to preach in Russian, and by using Polish for Church gatherings and religious instruction.

The emphasis on the use of vernacular language, the language of the masses, helped spread the message of national unity. Through a focus on any two countries, explain how nations developed over the nineteenth century. The development of the German and Italian nation states in the nineteenth century Political fragmentation: Till the middle of the nineteenth century, the present-day nations of Germany and Italy were fragmented into separate regions and kingdoms ruled by different princely houses.

Revolutionary uprisings: Nineteenth-century Europe was characterised by both popular uprisings of the masses and revolutions led by the educated, liberal middle classes. The middle classes belonging to the different German regions came together to form an all-German National Assembly in However, on facing opposition from the aristocracy and military, and on losing its mass support base, it was forced to disband.

In the Italian region, during the s, revolutionaries like Giuseppe Mazzini sought to establish a unitary Italian Republic. However, the revolutionary uprisings of and failed to unite Italy. Unification with the help of the army: After the failure of the revolutions, the process of German and Italian unification was continued by the aristocracy and the army.

Germany was united by the Prussian chief minister Otto von Bismarck with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. The German empire was proclaimed in The Italian state of Sardinia-Piedmont played a role similar to that played by Prussia.

Count Camillo de Cavour the Chief Minister led the movement to unite the separate states of nineteenth-century Italy with the help of the army and an alliance with France. The regions annexed by Giuseppe Garibaldi and his Red Shirts joined with the northern regions to form a united Italy.

The Italian nation was proclaimed in The Papal States joined in How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe?

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