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The "Second Happy Time" lasted from January to about August of that year and involved several German naval operations, including Operation Neuland. German submariners named it the "Happy Time" or the "Golden Time," as defense measures were weak and disorganized, [3] : p and the U-boats were able to inflict massive damage with little risk. During this period, Axis submarines sank ships totaling 3. This led to the loss of thousands of lives, mainly those of merchant mariners, against a loss of only 22 U-boats.
Although fewer than the losses during the campaign of the First World War , [4] those of this period equaled roughly one quarter of all ships sunk by U-boats during the entire Second World War. Historian Michael Gannon called it "America's Second Pearl Harbor " and placed the blame for the nation's failure to respond quickly to the attacks on the inaction of Admiral Ernest J.
King , commander-in-chief of the U. Because King also refused British offers to provide the US navy with their own ships, the belated institution of a convoy system was at least in substantial part due to a severe shortage of suitable escort vessels, without which convoys were seen as actually more vulnerable than lone ships.
Where the other combatants on the Allied side had already lost thousands of trained sailors and airmen, and were experiencing shortages of German U Boats Models Ltd ships and aircraft, the U. The U. Navy had already gained significant experience in countering U-boats in the Atlantic, particularly from April when President Franklin D. The United States had massive manufacturing capacity, including certainly the largest and possibly the most advanced electrical engineering industry in the world.
Finally, the U. The standard Type VII U-boat had insufficient German U Boats Models 9th range to patrol off the coast of North America although, in due time, Type VII submarines were successfully able to patrol off the eastern seaboard of North America, due to refueling, rearming, and resupply logistical support by Type XIV "Milk Cow" submarine vessels ; the only suitable weapons he had on hand were the larger Type IX boats.
They were also fewer in number. Only six of the twenty operational Type IX boats were available, and one of those six encountered mechanical trouble. This left just five long-range submarines for the opening moves of the campaign. Loaded with the maximum possible amounts of fuel, food and ammunition, the first of the five Type IXs left Lorient in France on 18 December , the others following over the next few days.
Working on the slimmest of evidence, Winn correctly deduced the target area and passed a detailed warning to Admiral Ernest J. King , the commander-in-chief of the U. Rear-Admiral Edwin T. Layton of the U. Combined Operations and Intelligence Center then informed the responsible area commanders, but little or nothing else was done. Andrews had practically no modern forces to work with: on the water he commanded seven Coast Guard cutters , four converted yachts, three vintage patrol boats , two gunboats dating back to , and four wooden submarine chasers.
About aircraft were available, but these were short-range models only suitable for training. As a consequence of the traditionally antagonistic relationship between the U. British experience in the first two years of World War II, which included the massive losses incurred to their shipping during the " First Happy Time " confirmed that ships sailing in convoy � with or without escort � were far safer than ships sailing alone.
The British recommended that merchant ships should avoid obvious standard routings wherever possible; navigational markers, lighthouses, and other aids to the enemy should be removed, and a strict coastal blackout be enforced. In addition, any available air and sea forces should perform daylight patrols to restrict the U-boats' flexibility.
For several months, none of the recommendations were followed. Coastal shipping continued to sail along marked routes and burn normal navigation lights. Boardwalk communities ashore were only 'requested' to 'consider' turning their illuminations off on 18 December , but not in the cities; they did not want to offend the tourism, recreation and business sectors.
Despite the urgent need for action, little was done to try to combat the U-boats. The USN was desperately short of specialized anti-submarine vessels. President Roosevelt's decision to "loan" fifty obsolete World War I-era destroyers to Britain in exchange for foreign bases, was largely irrelevant.
These destroyers had a large turning circle that made them ineffective for anti-submarine work; however, their firepower would have been a significant defense against surface attack, which was the major threat in the early part of World War II. The massive new naval construction program had prioritized other types of ships. While freighters and tankers were being sunk in coastal waters, the destroyers that were available remained inactive in port.
When U sank the 9,ton Norwegian tanker Norness within sight of Long Island in the early hours of 14 January, no warships were dispatched to investigate, allowing the U to sink the 6,ton British tanker Coimbra off Sandy Hook on the following night before proceeding south towards New Jersey. By this time there were 13 destroyers idle in New York Harbor, yet none were employed to deal with the immediate threat, and over the following nights U was presented with a succession of easy targets, most of them burning navigation lamps.
At times, U was operating in coastal waters that were so shallow that they barely allowed it to conceal itself, let alone evade a depth charge attack. For the five Type IX boats in the first wave of attack, known as Operation Drumbeat, it was a bonanza. They cruised along the coast, safely submerged through the day, and surfacing at night to pick off merchant vessels outlined against the lights of the cities. A significant flaw in U.
Escort vessels travel at relatively slow speeds; carry a large number of depth charges; must be highly maneuverable; and must stay on station for long periods. The fleet destroyers equipped for high speed and offensive action that were available were not the ideal design for this type of escort work.
When the war started, the U. This blunder was highly surprising since the American Navy USN had previously been involved in anti-submarine work in the Atlantic see USS Reuben James and at the time was marginally aggravated by the loss of the destroyers "loaned" to Britain through Lend-Lease; however, these vessels would have been largely German U Boats Models Kit obsolete for anti-submarine purposes due to their counter-attack vulnerability and inherent inability to maneuver as required to combat submarines.
Offers of civilian ships and aircraft to act as the Navy's "eyes" were repeatedly turned down, only to be accepted later when the situation was clearly critical and the admiral's claims [ who? Meanwhile, the second wave of Type IX U-boats had arrived in North American waters, and the third wave Operation Neuland had reached its patrol area off the oil ports of the Caribbean. East Coast as well. This required extraordinary measures: cramming every conceivable space with provisions, some even filling the fresh water tanks with diesel oil, and crossing the Atlantic at very low speed on a single engine to conserve fuel.
In the United States there was still no concerted response to the attacks. Overall responsibility rested with Admiral King, but he was preoccupied with the Japanese onslaught in the Pacific. Ingersoll , Commander-in-Chief, Atlantic Fleet , who was often at sea and unavailable to make decisions.
Rodger Winn's detailed weekly U-boat situation reports from the Submarine Tracking Room in London were available but ignored. Popular alarm at the sinkings was dealt with by a combination of secrecy and misleading propaganda. The US Navy confidently announced that many of the U-boats would "never enjoy the return portion of their voyage" but that unfortunately, details of the sunken U-boats could not be made public lest the information aid the enemy.
All citizens who had witnessed the sinking of a U-boat were asked to help keep the secrets safe. The decision to implement convoys and blackout coastal towns to make ships more difficult to see came slowly. The situation began to change on 1 April when Andrews restricted ships to traveling only during daylight hours between protected anchorages.
The convoy system was later extended to the Gulf of Mexico with similar dramatic effects, thus proving that King [42] and Andrews' initial rejection of the convoy system was wrong. In March, 24 Royal Navy anti-submarine trawlers and 10 corvettes were transferred from the UK for the defense of the U. East Coast. This squadron moved to Trinidad in August, with a U. Fast CU convoys were organized to maintain petroleum fuel stockpiles in the British Isles. The Kriegsmarine , while enormously effective during this period, did not go without losses.
Sinkings of German U-boats at the hands of Allied forces during this time included:. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Period of naval battles during the Second World War.
Atlantic campaign. See also: Battle of the St. Oxford University Press, , p. Grove The Hinge of Fate. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. Ryan and Jan M. NBC News. Retrieved 7 May Bauer, E. The History of the Second World War. Behrens, C. Merchant Shipping and the Demands of War.
London: H. Stationery Office, Cressman, R. The Official Chronology of the U. Navy in World War II. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN A History of U. Boston: Little, Brown, Churchill, Winston. The Second World War Vol. IV: The Grand Alliance. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, Ellis, John. London: Aurum Press, Fairbank White, David.
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