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In April , the steam trawler Caspian was fishing off the Faroe Islands when a Danish gunboat tried to arrest her for allegedly fishing illegally inside the limits. The trawler refused to stop and was fired upon first with blank shells and then with live ammunition.
Eventually, the trawler was caught, but before the skipper, Charles Henry Johnson, left his ship to go aboard the Danish gunboat, he ordered the mate to make a dash for it after he went on to the Danish ship. The Caspian set off at full speed. The gunboat fired several shots at the unarmed boat but could not catch up with the trawler, which returned, heavily damaged, to Grimsby , England.
On board the Danish gunboat, the skipper of the Caspian was lashed to the mast. A court held at Thorshavn convicted him on several counts including illegal fishing and attempted assault, and he was jailed for 30 days. The 'Anglo-Danish Territorial Waters Agreement' of set a 3 nmi 6 km territorial waters limit, measured narrowly, around each party's coastlines: this applied to Iceland as at the time part of Denmark and had a term of 50 years.
The Icelandic fisheries grew in importance for the British fishing industry around the end of the 19th century. While data is incomplete for the prewar period, one historian argues that the Icelandic fishing grounds were 'very important' to the British fishing industry as a whole.
In October , Iceland initiated the two-year abrogation process of the agreement made between Denmark and the United Kingdom in The fishery limits to the north of Iceland were extended to 4 nmi 7 km. However, since the British trawling fleet did not use those grounds, the northern extension was not a source of significant contention between the two states.
Initially planning to extend the rest of its fishery limits by the end of the two-year abrogation period, Iceland chose to postpone its extension to wait for the outcome of the UK-Norway fisheries case in the International Court of Justice ICJ , which was decided in December Icelanders were satisfied with the ICJ ruling, as they believed that Iceland's preferred extensions were similar to those afforded to Norway in the ICJ ruling.
The UK and Iceland tried to negotiate a solution but were unable to reach agreement. The Icelandic government declared, on 19 March , its intention to extend its fishery limits on 15 May Iceland and the United Kingdom were involved in a dispute from May to November over Iceland's unilateral extension of its fishery limits from 3 to 4 nmi 6 to 7 km.
The British trawling industry, however, implemented costly sanctions on Iceland by imposing a landing ban on Icelandic fish in British ports. Cold War politics proved favourable for Iceland, as the Soviet Union , seeking influence in Iceland, stepped in to purchase Icelandic fish.
The United States , fearing greater Soviet influence in Iceland, also did so and persuaded Spain and Italy to do likewise. Soviet and American involvement resulted in weakening the punitive effects of the British landing ban. Some scholars refer to the dispute of to as one of the Cod Wars, as the object of the dispute and its costs and risks were all similar to those in the other three Cod Wars. Just as the other Cod Wars, the dispute ended with Iceland achieving its aims, as the Icelandic 4 nmi 7 km fishery limits were recognized by the United Kingdom, following a decision by the Organisation of European Economic Co-operation in Two years later, in , the United Nations convened the first International Conference on the Law of the Sea , which was attended by 86 states.
In all, twenty British trawlers, four warships and a supply vessel were inside the newly declared zones. The deployment was expensive; in February , Lord Carrington , the First Lord of the Admiralty , responsible for the Royal Navy , stated that the ships near Iceland had expended half a million pounds sterling worth of oil since the new year and that a total of 53 British warships had taken part in the operations. The deployment of the Royal Navy to contested waters led to protests in Iceland.
Demonstrations against the British embassy were met with taunts by the British ambassador, Andrew Gilchrist, as he played bagpipe music and military marches on his gramophone.
The Icelanders were, however, at a disadvantage in patrolling the contested waters because of the size of the area and the limited number of patrol ships. Once again, HMS Russell came to the rescue, and its shipmaster ordered the Icelandic captain to leave the trawler alone, as it was not within the 4 nmi 7. In response, the Russell threatened to sink the Icelandic boat if it fired a shot at the Hackness. More British ships then arrived, and the Hackness retreated.
Icelandic officials threatened to withdraw Iceland's membership of NATO and to expel US forces from Iceland unless a satisfactory conclusion could be reached to the dispute. Following the United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea between and , [36] [37] [53] the UK and Iceland came to a settlement in late February , which stipulated 12 nmi 22 km Icelandic fishery limits but that Britain would have fishing rights in allocated zones and under certain seasons in the outer 6 nmi 11 km for three years.
The deal was very similar Fishing Skiff Boat Effect to one that Iceland had offered in the weeks and days leading up to its unilateral extension in The Icelandic government again extended its fishing limits, now to 50 nmi 93 km. It had two goals in extending the limits: 1 to conserve fish stocks and 2 to increase its share of total catches.
The British contested the Icelandic extension with two goals in mind: 1 to achieve the greatest possible catch quota for British fishermen in the contested waters and 2 to prevent a de facto recognition of a unilateral extension of a fishery jurisdiction, which would set a precedent for other extensions. On 1 September , the enforcement of the law that expanded the Icelandic fishery limits to 50 nmi 93 km began.
Numerous British and West German trawlers continued fishing within the new zone on the first day. The Icelandic leftist coalition then governing ignored the treaty that stipulated the involvement of the International Court of Justice. The Icelandic Coast Guard started to use net cutters to cut the trawling lines of non-Icelandic vessels fishing within the new exclusion zone.
The master of the black-hulled trawler refused to divulge the trawler's name and number and, after being warned to follow the Coast Guard's orders, played Rule, Britannia!
The fishermen tossed a thick nylon rope into the water as the patrol ship closed in, attempting to disable its propeller. The net cutter, fathoms m behind the patrol vessel, sliced one of the trawling wires. On 25 November , a crewman on the German trawler Erlangen suffered a head injury as an Icelandic patrolship cut the trawler's trawling wire, which struck the crewman.
That forced the British seamen to leave the Icelandic fishery zone unless they had the protection of the Royal Navy.
The next day large, fast tugboats were sent to their defence, the first being the Statesman. The British considered that to be insufficient and formed a special group to defend the trawlers. On 23 January , the volcano Eldfell on Heimaey erupted, forcing the Coast Guard to divert its attention to rescuing the inhabitants of the small island.
On 17 May , the British trawlers left the Icelandic waters, only to return two days later when they were escorted by British frigates. They also played The Party's Over. The agreement, resolving the dispute, was approved by the Althing on 13 November The Icelanders were reportedly prepared to settle for , tons in July but had increased their demands by spring of and coffered , tons the British demanded , tons in spring After the entry of the Royal Navy into the contested waters, at any given time, four frigates and an assortment of tugboats would generally protect the British trawling fleet.
On 19 July , [78] more than nine months after the signing of the agreement, one of the largest wet fish stern trawlers in the British fleet, C. Forester was shelled with non-explosive ammunition after repeated warnings. The trawler was hit by at least two rounds, which damaged the engine room and a water tank.
The trawler was allowed to depart with a catch of tons of fish. At the third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea in , several countries supported a nmi km limit to territorial waters. The British government did not recognise the large increase to the exclusion zone and so an issue occurred with British fishermen and their activity in the disputed zone.
The conflict, which was the most hard-fought of the Cod Wars, saw British fishing trawlers have their nets cut by the Icelandic Coast Guard , and there were several incidents of ramming by Icelandic ships and British trawlers, frigates and tugboats.
One of the most serious incidents occurred on 11 December They were sheltering from a force nine gale within Iceland's nautical-mile 22 km territorial waters. Then, the tugboats retreated. Iceland consulted the UN Security Council over the incident, which declined to intervene. The immediate Royal Navy response was to dispatch a large frigate force, which was already well on the way to Icelandic waters, before the Prime Minister, Harold Wilson, or the Foreign Secretary, Anthony Crosland, were informed.
The British Ministry of Defence said that the collision represented a "deliberate attack" on the British warship 'without regard for life'. After the incident and facing a growing number of ships enduring dockyard repairs, the Royal Navy ordered a 'more cautious approach" in dealing with 'the enemy cutting the trawlers' warps'.
On 19 February , the British Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food announced that a fisherman from Grimsby had become the first British casualty of the Third Cod War, when a hawser hit and seriously injured him after Icelandic vessels cut a trawl. Britain deployed a total of 22 frigates and ordered the reactivation from reserve of the Type 41 frigate HMS Jaguar and Type 61 HMS Lincoln , refitting them as specialist ramming craft with reinforced wooden bows.
In addition to the frigates, the British also deployed a total of seven supply ships, nine tugboats and three support ships to protect its fishing trawlers, but only six to nine of the vessels were on deployment at any one time. HMS Yarmouth had its bow torn off, HMS Diomede had a 40 ft gash ripped through its hull and HMS Eastbourne suffered such structural damage from ramming by Icelandic gunboats that it had to be reduced to a moored operational training frigate. As a result, the British government agreed to have its fishermen stay outside Iceland's nmi km exclusion zone without a specific agreement.
The British were allowed to keep 24 trawlers within the nmi and fish a total of 30, tons. However, the government never explicitly linked the US Defence Agreement to the outcome of the dispute. Iceland achieved its overall aims. As a result, the already-declining British fisheries were hit hard by being excluded from historical prime fishing grounds [] and the economies of the large northern fishing ports in the United Kingdom, such as Grimsby , Hull , and Fleetwood , were severely affected, with thousands of skilled fishermen and people in related trades being put out of work.
In , the British government offered a multimillion-pound compensation deal and apology to fishermen who lost their livelihoods in the s. One consequence of the lack of fish was the exploration of other items to sell in fish and chip shops. This notably resulted in the development of a sausage which could be cooked in the deep fat fryer with a collagen skin which did not split unlike traditional ones. A review article finds that the underlying drivers behind the desire to extend fishery limits were economic and legal for Iceland, but they were economic and strategic for the United Kingdom.
Several factors are mentioned to explain why bargaining failure occurred. Interdepartmental competition and unilateral behaviour by individual diplomats were also factors, with the British Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries influencing the British government's decision 'more than the Foreign Office'. A study argues that both a combination of powerful domestic pressures on statesmen to escalate and miscalculation by those statesmen contributed to the outbreak of the Cod Wars.
The review article finds that lessons from the Cod Wars have most commonly been applied to liberal and realist international relations theory and theories on Fishing Skiffs For Sale Florida Visa asymmetric bargaining. A study argues that the occurrence of the Cod Wars is inconsistent with liberal international relations theory, including the democratic peace thesis , as the "supposedly pacifying factors of the liberal peace � democracy, trade and institutional ties � effectively made the disputes more contentious".
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Ski and Wakeboard. Sport Fishing. Last month 57 MPs signed a letter coordinated by environmental campaigners Greenpeace calling for a ban which would prevent supertrawlers from operating in any of the Marine Protected Areas MPAs which surround the UK. Jeremy Percy, director of the New Under Ten Fishermen's Association NUFTA , which represents fishermen who use boats of less than ten metres in length, believes supertrawlers such as the Margiris may be staking a claim in British waters as the end of the year - and the UK's exit from the Common Fisheries Policy - approaches.
He told Express. Mr Percy added: "I explained this to a good friend of mine who is an expert in this sort of fishing and he didn't think they would be making any money there so the idea that they were continuing to build up a track record to strengthen their arguments post Brexit seemed sensible.
A Defra spokeswoman told Express. She said: "The UK is a global leader in the fight to protect our seas with our 'Blue Belt' of protected waters nearly twice the size of England. Our Government likes to call itself a global ocean champion. It should live up to this and ban industrial fishing from our protected areas. At the moment the Margiris is targeting herring in the area off the British East Coast. The Margiris is not the only pelagic trawler active at the moment in that area as it is one of the historical fishing grounds for the Dutch herring fisheries since hundreds of years.
The Margiris is fishing under the flag of Lithuania and is indeed owned by one of the traditional pelagic fishing companies in the Netherlands, strong in herring fishery and herring processing. The Margiris of course is fishing based on and within allowed catch quota � in this case catch quota for North Sea herring � and under entirely legal conditions.
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