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Ian Lancaster Fleming 28 May � 12 August was a British writer, journalist and naval intelligence officer who is best known for his James Bond series of spy novels. Educated at Eton , Sandhurst and, briefly, the universities of Munich and Geneva , Fleming moved through several jobs before he started writing.
His wartime service and his career as a journalist provided much of the background, detail and depth of the James Bond novels. Fleming wrote his first Bond novel, Casino Royale , in It was a success, with three print runs being commissioned to cope with the demand.
Eleven Bond novels and two collections of short stories followed between and Bond is also known by his code number, , and was a commander in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve. The Bond stories rank among the best-selling series of fictional books of all time, having sold over million copies worldwide.
Fleming also wrote the children's story Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang and two works of non-fiction. Fleming was married to Ann Charteris , who was divorced from the second Viscount Rothermere because of her affair with the author. Fleming and Charteris had a son, Caspar. Fleming was a heavy smoker and drinker for most of his life and succumbed to heart disease in at the age of Two of his James Bond books were published posthumously; other writers have since produced Bond novels.
Fleming's creation has appeared in film twenty-six times, portrayed by seven actors. Fleming's elder brother Peter � became a travel writer and married actress Celia Johnson. Fleming also had two younger brothers, Michael � and Richard � Michael died of wounds in October after being captured at Normandy while serving with the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry. In Fleming enrolled at Eton College. Not a high achiever academically, he excelled at athletics and held the title of Victor Ludorum "Winner of the Games" for two years between and Slater, who disapproved of Fleming's attitude, his hair oil, his ownership of a car and his relations with women.
His mother again intervened in his affairs, lobbying Sir Roderick Jones , head of Reuters News Agency, and in October he was given a position as a sub-editor and journalist for the company. He joined the organisation full-time in August , [26] with the codename "17F", [27] and worked out of Room 39 at the Admiralty , now known as the Ripley Building. Fleming proved invaluable as Godfrey's personal assistant and excelled in administration. On 29 September , soon after the start of the war, Godfrey circulated a memorandum that, "bore all the hallmarks of I understand there is no difficulty in obtaining corpses at the Naval Hospital, but, of course, it would have to be a fresh one.
In Fleming and Godfrey contacted Kenneth Mason , Professor of Geography at Oxford University , about the preparation of Eon 1962 Wooden Watch Setting reports on the geography of countries involved in military operations. These reports were the precursors of the Naval Intelligence Division Geographical Handbook Series produced between and Operation Ruthless , a plan aimed at obtaining details of the Enigma codes used by the German Navy , was instigated by a memo written by Fleming to Godfrey on 12 September The idea was to "obtain" a Nazi bomber, man it with a German-speaking crew dressed in Luftwaffe uniforms, and crash it into the English Channel.
The crew would then attack their German rescuers and bring their boat and Enigma machine back to England. According to Fleming's niece, Lucy , an official of the Royal Air Force pointed out that if they were to drop a downed Heinkel bomber in the English Channel, it would probably sink rather quickly.
Roosevelt 's special representative on intelligence co-operation between London and Washington. Admiral Godfrey put Fleming in charge of Operation Goldeneye between and ; Goldeneye was a plan to maintain an intelligence framework in Spain in the event of a German takeover of the territory.
In Fleming formed a unit of commandos , known as No. Fleming did not fight in the field with the unit, but selected targets and directed operations from the rear.
Before the Normandy landings , most of 30AU's operations were in the Mediterranean, although it is possible that it secretly participated in the Dieppe Raid in a failed pinch raid for an Enigma machine and related materials.
Fleming observed the raid from HMS Fernie , yards offshore. In March Fleming oversaw the distribution of intelligence to Royal Navy units in preparation for Operation Overlord.
This wasted the men's specialist skills, risked their safety on operations that did not justify the use of such skilled operatives, and threatened the vital gathering of intelligence.
Afterwards, the management of these units was revised. In December Fleming was posted on an intelligence fact-finding trip to the Far East on behalf of the Director of Naval Intelligence. Fleming sat on the committee that selected the targets for the T-Force unit, and listed them in the "Black Books" that were issued to the unit's officers.
The unit's most notable discoveries came during the advance on the German port of Kiel , in the research centre for German engines used in the V-2 rocket , Messerschmitt Me fighters and high-speed U-boats. In Fleming attended an Anglo-American intelligence summit in Jamaica and, despite the constant heavy rain during his visit, he decided to live on the island once the war was over.
Fleming himself mentioned both his wartime Operation Goldeneye [63] and Carson McCullers ' novel Reflections in a Eon 1962 Wooden Watch Maps Golden Eye , which described the use of British naval bases in the Caribbean by the American navy. Fleming was demobilised in May , but remained in the RNVR for several years, receiving a promotion to substantive lieutenant-commander Special Branch on 26 July Upon Fleming's demobilisation in May , he became the foreign manager in the Kemsley newspaper group, which at the time owned The Sunday Times.
In this role he oversaw the paper's worldwide network of correspondents. His contract allowed him to take three months' holiday every winter, which he took in Jamaica. After Ann Charteris's first husband died in the war, she expected to marry Fleming, but he decided to remain a bachelor. In she gave birth to Fleming's daughter, Mary, who was stillborn.
Rothermere divorced Charteris in because of her relationship with Fleming, [25] and the couple married on 24 March in Jamaica, [70] a few months before their son Caspar was born in August. Opening lines of Casino Royale. Fleming had first mentioned to friends during the war that he wanted to write a spy novel, [1] an ambition he achieved within two months with Casino Royale. He claimed afterwards that he wrote the novel to distract himself from his forthcoming wedding to the pregnant Charteris, [74] and called the work his "dreadful oafish opus".
During Casino Royale's final draft stages, Fleming allowed his friend William Plomer to see a copy, and remarked "so far as I can see the element of suspense is completely absent". At first, they were unenthusiastic about the novel, but Fleming's brother Peter, whose books they managed, persuaded the company to publish it. Bond is also known by his code number, , and was a commander in the Royal Naval Reserve. Fleming took the name for his character from that of the American ornithologist James Bond , an expert on Caribbean birds and author of the definitive field guide Birds of the West Indies.
Fleming, himself a keen birdwatcher , [82] had a copy of Bond's guide, and later told the ornithologist's wife, "that this brief, unromantic, Anglo-Saxon and yet very masculine name was just what I needed, and so a second James Bond was born".
Fleming based his creation on individuals he met during his time in the Naval Intelligence Division, and admitted that Bond "was a compound of all the secret agents and commando types I met during the war". After the publication of Casino Royale , Fleming used his annual holiday at his house in Jamaica to write another Bond story.
Soviet assassins already on the train drugged the conductor, and Karp's body was found shortly afterwards in a railway tunnel south of Salzburg. Fleming's first work of non-fiction, The Diamond Smugglers , was published in and was partly based on background research for his fourth Bond novel, Diamonds Are Forever. No was published, and Fleming received harsh criticism from reviewers who, in the words of Ben Macintyre, "rounded on Fleming, almost as a pack".
No , and said, "Mr Fleming has no literary skill, the construction of the book is chaotic, and entire incidents and situations are inserted, and then forgotten, in a haphazard manner.
Lycett notes that Fleming "went into a personal and creative decline" after marital problems and the attacks on his work. No ; the next book Fleming produced after the criticism was For Your Eyes Only , a collection of short stories derived from outlines written for a television series that did not come to fruition. In Fleming was commissioned by the Kuwait Oil Company to write a book on the country and its oil industry.
The Kuwaiti government disapproved of the typescript, State of Excitement: Impressions of Kuwait , and it was never published. According to Fleming: "The Oil Company expressed approval of the book but felt it their duty to submit the typescript to members of the Kuwait Government for their approval. The Sheikhs concerned found unpalatable certain mild comments and criticisms and particularly the passages referring to the adventurous past of the country which now wishes to be 'civilised' in every respect and forget its romantic origins.
Fleming followed the disappointment of For Your Eyes Only with Thunderball , the novelisation of a film script on which he had worked with others. The work had started in when Fleming's friend Ivar Bryce introduced him to a young Irish writer and director, Kevin McClory , and the three, together with Fleming Eon 1962 Wooden Watch 632 and Bryce's friend Ernest Cuneo, worked on a script. Working at Goldeneye between January and March , Fleming wrote the novel Thunderball , based on the screenplay written by himself, Whittingham and McClory.
McClory gained the literary and film rights for the screenplay, while Fleming was given the rights to the novel, provided it was acknowledged as "based on a screen treatment by Kevin McClory, Jack Whittingham and the Author". Fleming's books had always sold well, but in sales increased dramatically. On 17 March , four years after its publication and three years after the heavy criticism of Dr.
Kennedy 's 10 favourite books. In April , shortly before the second court case on Thunderball , [1] Fleming had a heart attack during a regular weekly meeting at The Sunday Times. In June Fleming sold a six-month option on the film rights to his published and future James Bond novels and short stories to Harry Saltzman.
No No was released, Fleming gave Bond a sense of humour that was not present in the previous stories. Fleming's second non-fiction book was published in November Thrilling Cities , [] a reprint of a series of Sunday Times articles based on Fleming's impressions of world cities [] in trips taken during and In January Fleming went to Goldeneye for what proved to be his last holiday and wrote the first draft of The Man with the Golden Gun.
Fleming was a heavy smoker and drinker throughout his adult life, and suffered from heart disease. The day had been tiring for him, and he collapsed with another heart attack shortly after the meal. I don't know how you get along so fast with the traffic on the roads these days. In October Fleming's son Caspar, aged 23, committed suicide by drug overdose [] and was buried with his father. The author Raymond Benson , who later wrote a series of Bond novels, noted that Fleming's books fall into two stylistic periods.
Those books written between and tend to concentrate on "mood, character development, and plot advancement", while those released between and incorporate more detail and imagery. Benson argues that Fleming had become "a master storyteller" by the time he wrote Thunderball in Jeremy Black divides the series based on the villains Fleming created, a division supported by fellow academic Christoph Lindner.
Fleming said of his work, "while thrillers may not be Literature with a capital L, it is possible to write what I can best describe as 'thrillers designed to be read as literature ' ". His genius was to repackage these antiquated adventures to fit the fashion of postwar Britain In Bond, he created a Bulldog Drummond for the jet age.
In May Fleming wrote a piece for Books and Bookmen magazine in which he described his approach to writing Bond books: "I write for about three hours in the morning I never correct anything and I never go back to see what I have written By following my formula, you write 2, words a day.
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