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A dishonest hair dresser uses a mixture having 5 parts pure After shave lotion and 3 parts of pure water. After taking out some portion of the mixture, he adds equal amount of pure water to the remaining portion of the mixture such that the amount of Aftershave lotion and water become equal.
The part of the mixture taken out is. If x glasses of equal size are filled with a mixture of milk and water. The ratio of milk and water in each glass are as follows: a 1 :b 1 , a 2 :b 2 , a 3 :b 3 �a x :b x. If the content of all the x glasses are emptied into a single large vessel, then proportion of milk and water in it is given by. In four vessels each of 20 liters capacity mixture of milk and water is filled. The ratio of milk and water are , 3:l, and in the four respective vessels.
If alt the four vessels are emptied into a single large vessel, find the proportion of milk and water in the mixture.
The ratio of water and milk in a 30 liters mixture is Find the quantity of water to be added to the mixture in order to make this ratio 6: 1. In this example the ratio of water: milk is given and water is further added. But in the above formula ratio of A:B is given and quantity B is added. So the formula in this changed scenario becomes:. A mixture contains A and B in the ratio a:b. If x liters of B is added to the mixture, A and B become in the ratio a: c. A mixture contains beer and soda in the ratio of On adding 3 liters of soda, the ratio of beer to soda becomes i.
Find the quantity of beer and soda in the is mixture. Nine liters are from drawn from a case full of water and it is then filled with milk. Nine liters of mixture are drawn and the cask is again filled with milk. The quantity of water now left in the cask is to that of the milk in it as , How much does the cask hold? Let there be x liters in the cask. From the above formula we have, after n operations:.
Three vessels containing mixtures of milk and water are of capacities which are in the ratio The ratios of milk and water in the three vessels are , and respectively. Nuisance species such as these, in fresh water as well as coastal oceans, can increase and force out less tolerant species, resulting in a loss of aquatic biodiversity. An extreme example of overenrichment by nutrients is this canal in Bangkok, Thailand. Untreated sewage and rubbish discharged into waterways contribute to the proliferation of algae and water weeds, which clog small canals and float in the larger rivers.
In the United States, environmental regulations are designed to prevent extreme eutrophication caused by human influences. Several sources of nutrients are found in lakes and streams. Some are from natural sources, but many stem from human activities. Nutrients are present naturally in lakes and streams, but human activity has greatly increased the amounts going into surface waters. Background levels of nitrogen and phosphorus are generally quite low and are normally measured in milligrams per liter.
Background nitrate concentrations in streams are usually less than 0. Soil and rocks are the primary natural sources of phosphorus, usually in the form of phosphates. Natural nitrogen sources include leaves and other organic debris from riparian vegetation. Wastewater or sewage treatment plants are point sources of nutrients by virtue of the effluent which they discharge directly to rivers and streams.
Unless the effluent has received tertiary treatment, or treatment to remove nutrients, it can be a significant contributor. Under the act, if nutrients are a problem, then more stringent controls can be imposed. Tertiary treatment is expensive, and requires new systems, so some plants spread their effluent on land during times when nutrients could cause water quality problems. In the past, household detergents brought high loads of phosphorus to treatment plants, which then were discharged with the effluent.
In the United States, however, laws restricting the phosphorus content of detergents have produced markedly reduced phosphate levels. Septic systems may contribute large amounts of nutrients, particularly if located close to the water. Standard septic systems do not remove nitrates; however, special systems like sand filters that remove nutrients are now becoming more common. These South Korean entrepreneurs have developed a washing machine that needs very little or no detergent, thereby saving consumers money and reducing the harmful effects of detergent wastewater on receiving lakes and streams.
Under certain circumstances, the phosphorus content in household and commercial detergents may enhance eutrophication in these waterbodies.
Sediment from excessive erosion is a nonpoint source that transports phosphorus in particles attached to soil. Construction sites lacking effective erosion control systems can dramatically increase the amount of sediment reaching lakes and streams, bringing in large phosphorus loads. Manure is a significant source of nutrient pollution in lakes and streams. Manure from livestock, if not properly managed, can reach streams through runoff or from direct deposits by animals in the water.
The U. Geological Survey estimates that more than 7 million metric tons nearly 16 billion pounds of nitrogen and more than 2 million metric tons more than 4 billion pounds of phosphorus are applied to agricultural lands as manure each year.
In the same way, pet waste is a nutrient source in urban and suburban areas, and aggregations of ducks, geese, and other waterfowl have also caused problems. Commercial fertilizers are a major source of both phosphorus and nitrogen. According to the U. Geological Survey, about 12 million metric tons 26 billion pounds of nitrogen and 2 million metric tons 4 billion pounds of phosphorus are applied annually in commercial fertilizer in the United States.
Depending on the composition of the soil in an area, irrigation amounts and application methods, and the amount of rainfall, nutrients not needed by crops either run off the land into lakes and streams, build up in the soil, or seep down into groundwater.
Groundwater can seep into a stream and be a source of nutrients. Atmospheric nitrogen comprises about 78 percent of the air that humans breathe.
The burning of fossil fuels forms oxidized nitrogen compounds, which then reach the Earth when it rains or snows. In some parts of the United States, in particular the Northeast and the Upper Midwest, the so-called "acid rain" associated with these processes conveys large nitrogen loads to lakes and streams. Geological Survey estimates that more than 3. Carpenter, S. Mueller, D. Geological Survey Circular Puckett, L.
Water-Resources Investigations Report The Tualatin River, located southwest of Portland, Oregon, has a history of pollution problems dating back years, when industry and sewage treatment plants dumped waste into the stream.
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