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All rights reserved. Classification of Traditional African Instruments A. IdiophonesThese are percussion instruments that are either struck with a mallet or against one another. Balafon -The balafon is a West African xylophone. It is a pitched percussion instrument with bars made from logs or bamboo.

The xylophone is originally an Asian instrument that follows the structure of a piano. It came from Madagascar to Africa, then to the Americas and Europe.

Rattles -Rattles are made of seashells, tin, basketry, animal hoofs, horn, wood, metal bells, cocoons, palm kernels, or tortoise shells. These rattling vessels may range from single to several objects that are either joined or suspended in such a way as they hit each other.

Agogo -The agogo is a single bell or multiple bells that had its origins in traditional Yoruba music and also in the samba baterias percussion ensembles. The agogo may be called "the oldest samba instrument based on West African Yoruba single or double bells. Atingting Kon -These are slit gongs used to communicate between villages. They were carved out of wood to resemble ancestors and had a "slit opening" at the bottom.

In certain cases, their sound could carry for miles through the forest and even across water to neighboring islands. A series of gong "languages" were composed of beats and pauses, making it possible to send highly specific messages.

Shekere -The shekere is a type of gourd and shell megaphonefrom West Africa, consisting of a dried gourd with beads woven into a net covering the gourd. Theagbe is another gourd drum with cowrie shells usually strung with white cotton thread. The axatse is a small gourd, held by the neck and placed between hand and leg. Rasp -A rasp, or scraper, is a hand percussion instrument whose sound is produced by scraping the notches on a piece of wood sometimes elaborately carved with a stick, creating a series of rattling effects.

Gourd shekere 5. Slit drum -The slit drum is a hollow percussion instrument. Although known as a drum, it is not a true drum but is an idiophone. It is usually carved or constructed from bamboo or wood into a box with one or more slits in the top. Most slit drums have one slit, though two and three slits cut into the shape of an "H" occur. If the resultant tongues are different in width or thicknesses, the drum will produce two different pitches.

Djembe -The West Africandjembe pronounced zhem-bay is one of the best-known African drums is. It is shaped like a large goblet and played with bare hands. The body is carved from a hollowed trunk and is covered in goat skin. Log drums come in different shapes and sizes as well: tubular drums, bowl-shaped drums, and friction drums.

Some have one head, others have two heads. The bigger the drum, the lower the tone or pitch. The more tension in the drum head, the higher the tone produced. These drums are played using hands or sticks or both; and sometimes have rattling metal and jingles attached to the outside or seeds and beads placed inside the drum.

They are sometimes held under the armpit or with a sling. Antique wooden rasp Luna B. MembranophonesMembranophones are instruments which have vibrating animal membranes used in drums. Their shapes may be conical, cylindrical, barrel, hour-glass, globular, or kettle, and are played with sticks, hands, or a combination of both. African drums are usually carved from a single wooden log, and may also be made from ceramics, gourds, tin cans, and oil drums.

Examples of these are found in the different localities -entenga Ganda , dundun Yoruba , atumpan Akan , and ngoma Shona , while some are constructed with wooden staves and hoops. Body percussion -Africans frequently use their bodies as musical instruments. Aside from their voices, where many of them are superb singers, the body also serves as a drum as people clap their hands, slap their thighs, pound their upper arms or chests, or shuffle their feet.

This body percussion creates exciting rhythms which also stir them to action. Moreover, the wearing of rattles or bells on their wrists, ankles, arms, and waists enhances their emotional response. Talking drum -The talking drum is used to send messages to announce births, deaths, marriages, sporting events, dances, initiation, or war. Sometimes it may also contain gossip or jokes. It is believed that the drums can carry direct messages to the spirits after the death of a loved one.

However, learning to play messages on drums is extremely difficult, resulting in its waning popularity. An example of the talking drum is the luna. LamellaphoneOne of the most popular African percussion instruments is the lamellaphone, which is a set of plucked tongues or keys mounted on a sound board.

It is known by different names according to the regions such as mbira, karimba, kisaanj, and likembe. Mbira hand piano or thumb piano -The thumb piano or finger xylophone is of African origin and is used throughout the continent.

It consists of a wooden board with attached staggered metal tines a series of wooden, metal, or rattan tongues , plus an additional resonator to increase its volume. It is played by holding the instrument in the hands and plucking the tines with the thumbs, producing a soft plucked sound. ChordophonesChordophones are instruments which produce sounds from the vibration of strings. These include bows, harps, lutes, zithers, and lyres of various sizes.

Musical bow -The musical bow is the ancestor of all string instruments. It is the oldest and one of the most widely-used string instruments of Africa. It consists of a single string attached to each end of a curved stick, similar to a bow and arrow.

The string is either plucked or struck with another stick, producing a per-cussive yet delicate sound. The earth bow, the mouth bow, and the resonator-bow are the principal types of musical bows. The earth bow, ground bow, or pit harp consist of a hole in the ground, a piece of flexible wood and a piece of chord. The musician plucks the taut string to accompany his singing. When the half gourd is not buried, the performer holds the instrument very tightly under his knee flat side down, so that the chord puts enough tension on the wood to bend it into the shape of a hunting bow.

A more advanced form of ground bow is made from a log, half a gourd, a flat piece of wood, and cord. The wooden strip is driven firmly into one end of the log and the half gourd is fastened to the log about 2 feet away from the wooden strip. The cord, fastened from the wooden strip to the gourd, is stretched so tightly into the shape of a bow. The player holds the instrument on the ground by placing one leg across the log between the resonating gourd and the wooden strip.

Lute konting, khalam, and the nkoni -The lute, originating from the Arabic states, is shaped like the modern guitar and played in similar fashion. It has a resonating body, a neck, and one or more strings which stretch across the length of its body and neck.

The player tunes the strings by tightening or loosening the pegs at the top of the lute's neck. West African plucked lutes include the konting, khalam, and the nkoni. Kora -The kora is Africa's most sophisticated harp, while also having features similar to a lute.

Its body is made from a gourd or calabash. A support for the bridge is set across the opening and covered with a skin that is held in place with studs. The leather rings around the neck are used to tighten the 21 strings that give the instrument a range of over three octaves. The kora is held upright and played with the fingers. Zither -The zither is a stringed instrument with varying sizes and shapes whose strings are stretched along its body.

Among the types of African zither are the raft or Inanga zither from Burundi, the tubular or Valiha zither from Malagasy, and the harp or Mvet zither from Cameroon. AerophonesAerophones are instruments which are produced initially by trapped vibrating air columns or which enclose a body of vibrating air.

Flutes in various sizes and shapes, horns, panpipes, whistle types, gourd and shell megaphones, oboe, clarinet, animal horn and wooden trumpets fall under this category.

Flutes -Flutes are widely used throughout Africa and either vertical or side-blown. They are usually fashioned from a single tube closed at one end and blown like a bottle. Panpipes consist of cane pipes of different lengths tied in a row or in a bundle held together by wax or cord, and generally closed at the bottom. They are blown across the top, each providing a different note. Atenteben Ghana Fulani Flutes 5.

Zeze -The zeze is an African fiddle played with a bow, a small wooden stick, or plucked with the fingers. It has one or two strings, made of steel or bicycle brake wire. It is from Sub-Saharan Africa. It is also known by the names tzetze and dzendze, izeze and endingidi; and on Madagascar is called lokanga or lokango voatavo.

Horns -Horns and trumpets, found almost everywhere in Africa, are commonly made from elephant tusks and animal horns. With their varied attractive shapes, these instruments are end-blown or side-blown and range in size from the small signal whistle of the southern cattle herders to the large ivory horns of the tribal chiefs of the interior.

One trumpet variety, the wooden trumpet, may be simple or artistically carved, sometimes resembling a crocodile's head. Kudu horn -This is one type of horn made from the horn of the kudu antelope. It releases a mellow and warm sound that adds a unique African accent to the music. This instrument, which comes in a set of six horns, reflects the cross of musical traditions in Africa.

Today, the kudu horn can also be seen in football matches, where fans blow it to cheer for their favourite teams. Reed pipes -There are single-reed pipes made from hollow guinea corn or sorghum stems, where the reed is a flap partially cut from the stem near one end.

It is the vibration of this reed that causes the air within the hollow instrument to vibrate, thus creating the sound. There are also cone-shaped double-reed instruments similar to the oboe or shawm. The most well-known is the rhaita or ghaita, an oboe-like double reed instrument from northwest Africa.

It is one of the primary instruments used by traditional music ensembles from Morocco. The rhaita was even featured in the Lord of the Rings soundtrack, specifically in the Mordor theme. Whistles -Whistles found throughout the continent may be made of wood or other materials. Short pieces of horn serve as whistles, often with a short tube inserted into the mouthpiece.

Clay can be molded into whistles of many shapes and forms and then baked. Pottery whistles are sometimes shaped in the form of a head, similar to the Aztec whistles of Central America and Mexico. Trumpets -African trumpets are made of wood, metal, animal horns, elephant tusks, and gourds with skins from snakes, zebras, leopards, crocodiles and animal hide as ornaments to the instrument.

They are mostly ceremonial in nature, often used to announce the arrival or departure of important guests. In religion and witchcraft, some tribes believe in the magical powers of trumpets to frighten away evil spirits, cure diseases, and protect warriors and hunters from harm.

M any instruments of Africa are made from natural elements like wood, metal, animal, skin and horns, as well as improvised ones like tin cans and bottles. These are mainly used to provide rhythmic sounds, which are the most defining element of African music. Africans make musical instruments from the materials in the environment, like forest areas from where they make large wooden drums.

Drums may also be made of clay, metal, tortoise shells, or gourds. Xylophones are made of lumber or bamboo, while flutes can be constructed wherever reeds or bamboo grow. Animal horns are used as trumpets while animal hides, lizard skins, and snake skins can function as decorations as well as provide the membranes for drum heads. Laces made of hides and skins are used for the strings of harps, fiddles, and lutes. African whistle African Musical Instruments from the EnvironmentOn the other hand, bamboo was used to form the tongues of thumb pianos, the frames of stringed instruments, and stamping tubes.

Strips of bamboo are even clashed together rhythmically. Gourds, seeds, stones, shells, palm leaves, and the hard-shelled fruit of the calabash tree are made into rattles. Ancient Africans even made musical instruments from human skulls decorated with human hair while singers use their body movements to accompany their singing. Modern Africans make use of recycled waste materials such as strips of roofing metal, empty oil drums, and tin cans.

These people, bursting with rhythm, make music with everything and anything. At present, new materials that are more easily accessible, such as soda cans and bottles, are becoming increasingly important for the construction of percussion instruments.

Some rhythmic instruments like scrapers, bells, and rattles also provide the pitch and timbre when played in an ensemble to provide contrasts in tone quality and character. What are the classifications of African music?

What are the characteristics of each classification of African music? Sometimes called Latin music, it includes the countries that have had a colonial history from Spain and Portugal, divided into the following areas: a. BrazilAt the same time, because of the inter-racial cross breeding and migration, the abovenamed countries were also somewhat commonly populated by five major ancestral groups as follows:a. Indian descendants of the original native Americans who were the inhabitants of the region before the arrival of Christopher Columbus b.

African descendants from Western and Central Africa c. Generally, quenas only are played during the dry season. Materials came from hollow tree trunks, animal skins, fruit shells, dry seeds, cane and clay, hardwood trees, jaguar claws, animal and human bones, and specially-treated inflated eyes of tigers. Quena ZamponaTurtle shells GuiroThe indigenous music of Latin America was largely functional in nature, being used for religious worship and ceremonies.

The use of instruments as well as singing and dancing served to implore the gods for good harvest, victory in battles, guard against sickness and natural disasters, and of course provide recreation. Short musical motives from descending melodic lines were a common feature, where tempo, rhythm, and tone colors vary with the specific occasion or ritual.

Many dance forms were repetitious, while songs had a wide range of volume levels. Many songs celebrate themes like harvest, planting season or other important times of year. Afro-Latin American MusicThe African influence on Latin American music is most pronounced in its rich and varied rhythmic patterns produced by the drums and various percussion instruments.

Complex layering of rhythmic patterns was a favorite device, where Maracas fast paced tempos add to the rhythmic density. Vocal music was often deepchested while instrumental music greatly relied on resonant drums and sympathetic buzzers to produce rich sounds and occasional loud volume levels to reflect their intensity.

Melodies of the Renaissance period were used in Southern Chile and the Colombian Pacific coasts, while step-wise melodies were preferred in the heavily Hispanic and Moorish-influenced areas of Venezuela and Colombia. Other European influences were manifested in the texture of Euro-Latin American music, from unaccompanied vocal solos to those accompanied by stringed instruments.

Mixed American MusicThe diversity of races and cultures from the Native Americans, Afro-Latin Americans, and Euro-Latin Americans account for the rich combinations of musical elements including the melodic patterns, harmonic combinations, rhythmic complexities, wide range of colors and dynamics, and various structural formats.

This musical fusion of Latin America combining native instruments with European counterparts and musical theories was further enriched by the instruments brought by the African slaves.

The result of the massive infusion of African culture also brought about the introduction of other music and dance forms such as the Afro-Cuban rumba, Jamaican reggae, Colombian cumbia, and the Brazilian samba. Popular Latin American MusicLatin America has produced a number of musical genres and forms that had been influenced by European folk music, African traditional music, and native sources.

Much of its popular music has in turn found its way to the many venues and locales of America, Europe, and eventually the rest of the world. Its danceable rhythms, passionate melodies, and exotic harmonies continue to enthrall music and dance enthusiasts worldwide even as the forms themselves undergo constant modifications that are more relevant to the times.

Some of these Latin American popular music forms are tango, bossa nova, samba, son, and salsa. SambaThe samba is a dance form of African origins around which evolved into an African-Brazilian invention in the working class and slum districts of Rio de Janeiro. Its lively rhythm, consisting of a meter but containing three steps each that create a feeling of a meter instead, was meant to be executed for singing, dancing, and parading in the carnival.

Samba has a number of variations, so that there is no clear-cut definition of a single samba form. Its most adventurous kind is known as the batucada, referring at once to a large percussion ensemble of up to a hundred players, a jam session, or an intensely polyrhythmic style of drumming. SonThe son is a fusion of the popular music or canciones songs of Spain and the African rumba rhythms of Bantu origin.

Originating in Cuba, it is usually played with the tres guitar , contrabass, bongos, maracas, and claves two wooden sticks that are hit together. Although the son is seldom heard today, its most important legacy is its influence on present-day Latin American music, particularly as the forerunner of the salsa. SalsaThe salsa is a social dance with marked influences from Cuba and Puerto Rico that started in New York in the mid 's. Its style contains elements from the swing dance and hustle as well as the complex Afro-Cuban and Afro-Carribean dance forms of pachanga and guaguanco.

The execution of the salsa involves shifting the weight by stepping sideways, causing the hips to move while the upper body remains level. The arms and shoulders are also incorporated with the upper body position. In each, a moderate tempo is used while the upper and lower bodies act in seeming disjoint as described above. As with the African continent, their rich history dating back thousands of years ago with the Aztec, Maya, and other prehistoric cultural groups in Latin America understandably generates their own brands of creativity in making music.

In Central America, the ancient civilizations of the Aztec and Maya peoples used various instruments mainly for religious functions and usually by professional musicians. As some instruments were considered holy and it was further believed that music was supposed to glorify the gods, mistakes in playing these instruments were considered offensive and insulting to them. Some of their instruments include the following: TlapitzalliThe tlapitzalli is a flute variety from the Aztec culture made of clay with decorations of abstract designs or images of their deities.

TeponaztliThe teponaztli is a Mexican slit drum hollowed out and carved from a piece of hardwood. It is then decorated with designs in relief or carved to represent human figures or animals to be used for both religious and recreational purposes.

ConchThe conch is a wind instrument made from a seashell usually of a large sea snail. It is prepared by cutting a hole in its spine near the apex, then blown into as if it were a trumpet. RaspThe rasp is a hand percussion instrument whose sound is produced by scraping a group of notched sticks with another stick, creating a series of rattling effects. HuehuetiThe huehueti is a Mexican upright tubular drum used by the Aztecs and other ancient civilizations. It is made of wood opened at the bottom and standing on three legs cut from the base, with its stretched skin beaten by the hand or a wooden mallet.

WhistlesWhistles are instruments made of natural elements such as bone from animals. The eagle-bone whistle is the most common whose function is to help symbolize the piece's purpose. OcarinaThe ocarina was an ancient vessel flute made of clay or ceramic with four to 12 finger holes and a mouthpiece that projected from the body. Panpipes Zamponas The zamponas were ancient instruments tuned to different scalar varieties, played by blowing across the tubetop.

Typical models were either in pairs or as several bamboo tubes of different lengths tied together to produce graduated pitches of sound.

Andean InstrumentsThe Andean highlands made use of several varieties of flutes and string instruments that include the following: a. PitusThe pitus are side-blown cane flutes that are played all year round. Wooden TarkasThe tarkas are vertical duct flutes with a mouthpiece similar to that of a recorder, used during the rainy season. QuenasThe quenas are vertical cane flutes with an end-notched made from fragile bamboo. They are used during the dry season. CharangoThe charango is a ten-stringed Andean guitar from Bolivia.

It is the size of a ukulele and a smaller version of the mandolin, imitating the early guitar and lute brought by the Spaniards. It produces bright sounds and is often used in serenades in Southern Peru. MariachiThe Mariachi is an extremely popular band in Mexico whose original ensemble consisted of violins, guitars, harp, and an enormous guitarron acoustic bass guitar.

Trumpets were later added, replacing the harp. Mariachi music is extremely passionate and romantic with their blended harmonies and characterized by catchy rhythms. Its musicians are distinctly adorned with wide-brimmed hats and silver buttons. What are the different musical instruments of Latin American music?

What are the characteristics of each instrument? In the Philippines, many of these characteristics have been taken in, particularly in the Brazilian bossa nova, cha cha, rumba, and the Argentine tango. Other dance forms became locally popular especially in the 's and 's until the arrival of disco and rock music. However, the original Latin dance forms have been experiencing constant revivals of their popularity especially in "ballroom dancing" as the trendier modern styles also fade almost as quickly as they come.

CumbiaOriginating in Panama and Colombia, the cumbia became a popular African courtship dance with European and African instrumentation and characteristics. It contained varying rhythmic meters among the major locations -meter in Colombia; , , and meters in Panama, and meter in Mexico.

Instruments used are the drums of African origin, such as the tabora bass drum , claves, which are hard, thick sticks that sets the beat, guitar, accordion, clarinet, modern flute, and caja, a type of snare drum. TangoThe word tango may have been of African origin meaning "African dance" or from the Spanish word taner meaning "to play" an instrument.

It is a foremost Argentinian and Uruguayan urban popular song and dance that is related to the Cuban contradanza, habanera, and Cuban tango, and remains a 20th century nationalistic Argentinian piece of music that is most expressive.

Its main development was in the slum areas of Buenos Aires, and eventually became fashionable in Parisian society in the early part of the 20th century, as well as in England and other parts of Western Europe. During the 's, the working class of Buenos Aires, Argentina came across a new kind of rhythm known as the tango, whose choreographic steps followed the dance trend of the Viennese Waltz and the polka involving close contact between the male and female dancers.

Tango later became more intellectual in the 's when more poetic lyrics were inserted and allowed little freedom. Later in the 's, more improvisation and movement were incorporated into the form, allowing the singers and dancers more room for creative expressions.

Cha ChaThe cha cha is a ballroom dance the originated in Cuba in , derived from the mambo and its characteristic rhythm of 2 crochets -3 quavers -quaver rest, with a syncopation on the fourth beat. The Cuban cha cha, considered more sensual that may contain polyrhythmic patterns, has a normal count of 'two-three-chachacha' and 'four and one, two, three'.

RumbaThe rumba popular recreational dance of Afro-Cuban origin, performed in a complex duple meter pattern and tresillo, which is a dotted quaver -dotted quaver -dotted semiquaver rhythm.

It is normally used as a ballroom dance where a solo dancer or couple would be in an embrace though slightly apart, with the rocking of the hips to a fast-fast-slow sequence and often containing cross rhythms. There is a repetitive melody with an ostinato pattern played by the maracas, claves, and other Cuban percussion instruments.

It contains jazz elements that became a model for the cha cha, mambo, and other Latin American dances. It was also used for concert music, as it appeared in the Second Piano Concerto of the French composer Darius Milhaud. Bossa novaBossa nova originated in as a movement effecting a radical change in the classic Cuban samba. The word bossa comes from the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro, which means either "trend" or "something charming," integrating melody, harmony, and rhythm into a swaying feel, where the vocal style is often nasal.

The nylon-stringed classical guitar is the most important instrument of this style. Bossa nova contains themes centering on love, women, longing, nature, and youthfulness. Bossa nova emerged in the 's when a slower, gentler version of the samba became popular with the upper and middle class sectors of society.

It was music for easy and relaxed listening, conducive to romantic dates and quiet moments at the lounges. A foremost figure of bossa nova is Antonio Carlos Jobim, who became famous with his song Desafinado He collaborated with Vincius de Moraes in the play Orfeu da Conceicao , musical recording of Cancao do Amor Demais , and the song Garota de Ipanema or Girl from Ipanema that turned bossa nova's popularity into a worldwide phenomenon. ReggaeReggae is an urban popular music and dance style that originated in Jamaica in the mid 's.

It contained English text coupled with Creole expressions that were not so familiar to the non-Jamaican. It was a synthesis of Western American Afro-American popular music and the traditional Afro-Jamaican music, containing a western-style melodic-harmonic base with African sounds and characteristics, American pop and rock music mannerisms, and a preference for a loud volume in the bass.

The best-known proponent of reggae music is Bob Marley, a Jamaican singer-songwriter, musician, and guitarist.

FoxtrotThe foxtrot is a 20th century social dance that originated after in the USA. It was executed as a one step, two step and syncopated rhythmic pattern. The tempo varied from 30 to 40 bars per minute and had a simple duple meter with regular 4-bar phrases. The foxtrot gave rise to other dances such as the black bottom, Charleston, and shimmy. Paso DobleThe paso doble meaning "double step" is a theatrical Spanish dance used by the Spaniards in bullfights, where the music was played as the matador enters paseo and during passes just before the kill faena.

The dance is arrogant and dignified with a duple meter, march-like character, where the dancer takes strong steps forward with the heels accompanied by artistic hand movements, foot stomping, sharp and quick movements, with the head and chest held high. What are the different vocal and dance forms of Latin American music? What are the characteristics of each vocal and dance form of Latin American music? Which type of music was popularized by Antonio Carlos Jobim?

Who is known as the "Philippines' Queen of Bossa Nova"? JAZZT he arrival of the jazz genre did not come overnight. It was an offshoot of the music of African slaves who migrated to America. As music is considered a therapeutic outlet for human feelings, the Africans used music to recall their nostalgic past in their home country as well as to voice out their sentiments on their desperate condition at that time.

Since then, these melancholy beginnings have evolved into various more upbeat jazz forms which the world has adopted and incorporated into other contemporary styles. Louis and New Orleans. Its style was said to be a modification of the "marching mode" made popular by John Philip Sousa, where the effect is generated by an internally syncopated melodic line pitted against a rhythmically straightforward bass line. Its music is written unlike jazz which is mainly improvised, and contains regular meters and clear phrases, with an alternation of low bass or bass octaves and chords.

Joplin is also knows as the "King of Ragtime. Relying heavily on percussion drums , wind, rhythm section guitar, piano, double bass, vibes , and Scott JoplinJelly Roll Morton brass instruments saxophones , with a lyrical string section violins and other string instruments to accompany a lyrical melody. A standard big band piece instrumentation consists of the following musical instruments percussion, brass, and woodwind instrruments: five saxophones most often two altos, two tenors, and one baritone , four trumpets, four trombones often including one bass trombone , and a four-piece rhythm section composed of drums, acoustic bass or electric bass, piano and guitar.

Some big bands use additional instruments. Big band music originated in the United States and is associated with jazz and the swing. BEBOPBebop or bop is a musical style of modern jazz which is characterized by a fast tempo, instrumental virtuosity, and improvisation that emerged during World War II. The speed of the harmony, melody, and rhythm resulted in a heavy performance where the instrumental sound became more tense and free.

Some popular groups that emerged using the above music styles were the following: 1. What are the different jazz forms? What are the characteristics of each jazz form? Name one of the Big Bands that became popular. Which type of music was adopted by singer-songwriter Joni Mitchell? Name three of the popular groups that used the jazz rock style. Joni MitchellAll rights reserved. As it developed in the 20th century, pop music as it has come to be called generally consisted of music for entertainment of large numbers of people, whether on radio or in live performances.

From the standard songs and ballads of the legendary Cole Porter, George Gershwin, and Frank Sinatra to the rock and roll craze of Elvis Presley and the Beatles and the present day idols in the alternative music and disco modes, popular music is now shared by the entire world. The word is derived both from the medieval French "chanson balladee" and "ballade" which refers to a dancing song. Used by poets and composers since the 18th century, it became a slow popular love song in the 19th century.

Today, the term ballad now refers to a love song in a slightly pop or rock style, with the following characteristics: 1. Blues Ballads This is a fusion of Anglo-American and Afro-American styles from the 19th century that deals with the anti-heroes resisting authority.

The form emphasizes the character of the performer more than the narrative content, and is accompanied by the banjo or guitar. The B section acts as the bridge, and the piece normally ends with a brief coda. Its style is mostly in a slow or moderate tempo with a relaxed mood. It also features highly singable melodies within the range and technical capacity of the everyday listener.

It combined Afro-American forms such as the blues, jump blues, jazz, and gospel music with the Western swing and country music. The lead instruments were the piano and saxophone, but these were eventually replaced by modern instruments. In its classic form, rock and roll employed one or two electric guitars lead, rhythm , a string bass or bass guitar, and a set of drums that provided the rhythmic pattern.

This form came during the age of technological change when electric guitars were supplemented by amplifiers and microphones to raise the volume. It derived its name from the mot of a sonhip on the ocean, "rock and roll. His hit songs such as Heartbreak Hotel and Blue Suede Shoes were complemented by his good looks and elaborate movements that included hugging the microphone as he sang. He was born and raised in Liverpool, England.

He rose to worldwide fame as a founder member of the rock band The Beatles, which was considered as "the most commercially successful band in the history of popular music. Beatles was one of the most influential groups in the history of pop music. McCartney has been "recognized as one of the most successful composers and performers of all time, with 60 gold discs and sales of over million albums and million singles of his work with the Beatles and as a solo artist.

McCartney was a two-time inductee into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of The Beatles in , and as a solo artist in He is a time Grammy Award winner having won both individually and with The Beatles. He has written or co-written 32 songs that have reached number one on the Billboard Hot The term originated from the French word "discotheque" which means a library for phonograph records. The disco style had a soaring and reverberating sound rhythmically controlled by a steady beat usually meter for ease of dancing, and accompanied by strings, horns, electric guitars, and electric pianos or synthesizers.

He was an American recording artist, entertainer, singer-songwriter, record producer, musical arranger, dancer, choreographer, actor, businessman, and philanthropist. The seventh child of the Jackson family, he made his debut as an entertainer in as a member of The Jackson 5. He then began a solo career in while still a member of the group and was referred to as the "King of Pop" in subsequent years. Jackson's album Thriller remains the world's best-selling album of all time, and four of his other solo studio albums are among the world's best-selling records: Off the Wall , Bad , Dangerous , and HIStory In the early s, he became a dominant figure in American popular music and culture.

The popularity of his music videos airing on MTV, such as Beat It, Billie Jean, and Thriller-widely credited with transforming the music video from a promotional tool into an art form-helped bring the relatively new channel to fame.

With stage performances and music videos, Jackson popularized a number of physically complicated dance techniques, such as the "robot" and the "moonwalk. Jackson donated and raised millions of dollars for beneficial causes through his "Heal the World Foundation," charity singles, and support of 39 charities. One of the few artists to have been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice, his other achievements include "Multiple Guinness World Records"-including one for "Most Successful Entertainer of All Time" Grammy Awards, 13 number one singles in his solo career, and the sale of million records worldwide.

Jackson is one of the world's most famous artists because of his highly successful career which made him a part of popular culture for nearly four decades. At the time of his death, Jackson was preparing for "This Is It," a series of 50 concerts that would have been held at The O2 arena in London beginning July 13, , and a world tour to follow after the series of concerts.

Today's Pop Music IdolsAs the 21st century continues to unfold, more and more pop groups emerge spanning an entire range of musical styles and genres. It became widely popular in the 's as a way to defy "mainstream" rock music. Thus, it was known for its unconventional practices such as distorted guitar sounds, oppressive lyrics, and defiant attitudes. It was also characterized by high energy levels that bred new styles such as new wave, punk rock, post-punk, indie rock, gothic Bass Boat For Sale Jackson Ms 03 rock, jangle pop, noise pop, C86, Madchester, Industrial Rock, and Shoegazing.

Briefly describe the historical and cultural background of African, Latin American, jazz, and popular music. Analyze the musical characteristics of African, Latin American, jazz, and popular music. How did the following music reflect life in their respective cultures and the conditions at that time?

African music -maracatu, blues, soul, spiritual, call and response b. Latin American Music -cumbia, tango, cha cha, rumba, bossa nova, reggae, foxtrot, paso doble c.

Jazz -ragtime, big band, bebop, jazz rock d. Popular music -ballads, standards, rock and roll, disco, pop, hip hop and rap, alternative music along with an instrumental or synthesized beat.

But by the s, it had spread to many other countries. It has since evolved into a subculture that encompasses music rapping, DJing, scratching, and beatboxing ; a nearly acrobatic style of dancing, called break dancing; a distinct manner of dress; and graffiti-style artwork. It was originally used to refer only to Philippine pop songs, particularly ballads, such as those popular after the collapse of its predecessor, the Manila Sound, in the late s up until the present.

Underground bands emerged and along with them were their perceptions of idealism and self-expression. This immediately clicked with the youth and eventually gained wide acceptance even among the "burgis" bourgeois or elite crowd. Rico J. Among them are jazz pianist and recording artist Boy Katindig, who comes from the well-known clan of musicians that includes jazz piano legend Romy Katindig and saxophonist Eddie Katindig. The Katindig family pioneered Latin jazz in Manila.

The start of the "Manila Sound" in the mids gave rise to songs using a colloquial language called Taglish, a combination of Tagalog and English. These Filipino lyrics sung to pop melodies resulted in highly singable songs with contemporary appeal. After waning briefly in the 's, this sound regained popularity in recent years with remakes of the 's originals by contemporary rock bands.

Other early exponents of Pinoy rock included the band Maria Cafra; Sampaguita, the female rocker; and folk-rock singer Heber Bartolome and his Banyuhay band, whose songs expressed strong messages of nationalism. This new form combined ethnic instrumentation with electronic accompaniment, while presenting themes or issues of society and the environment. Francis Magalona was born on October 4, and died on March 6, He is often hailed as the "King of Pinoy Rap" and is considered a legend in the Philippine music community.

With the success of his earliest albums, Magalona was the first Filipino rapper to cross over to the mainstream. He is also credited for having pioneered the merging of rap with Pinoy rock, becoming a significant influence on artists in that genre as well. He was later awarded a posthumous Presidential Medal of Merit "for his musical and artistic brilliance, his deep faith in the Filipino, and his sense of national pride that continue to inspire us.

Classical musicians have also performed in malls and other commercial venues to popularize classical music, popular music, and OPM. SUMMARYFrom theater tunes to rock and roll, pop, standards, hip hop, rap, and contemporary ballads-whether in the West, in the Philippines, or anywhere else in the world-these all provided a rich and diverse musical background in the development of Philippine contemporary music.

The development of Philippine music was also influenced by the history of the country-from its pre-Spanish roots, through the Spanish and American periods, up to the present.

It has since evolved to have its own rich and distinct identity. Francis MagalonaAll rights reserved. How did the different forms of popular music reflect life in the 20th century? Differentiate the characteristics of Philippine pop, rock, and rap music. What role did media like radio, television, and recordings play in the development of these different musical genres? Describe the "Manila Sound" in Philippine pop music.

Name some well-known OPM performers. Listen carefully to each recording. Participate in a class discussion on the distinctive features and qualities of each musical genre and style. Make improvised African or Latin American instruments using dried vegetables, animal hide, wood, strips of roofing metal, tin cans, bamboo, etc.

How did you relate in making improvised African or Latin American musical instruments found in the environment? Decide among your group members which of you will sing, plan the choreography or movements to accompany the song, play a musical instrument, and record the group's performance on video.

Learn your assigned song, using the lyrics on the following pages. Practice it, with the choreography and accompaniment. Then, perform it in class. Dance Interaction a. As your group performs in class, invite the other class members to join you in the dance movements or choreography that you have prepared. Do an impromptu selection of "Best Dance Performance" among your classmates. Music Video Awarda.

During the class performance, the assigned group member s will record your group's performance using a mobile phone, tablet, or video camera. Kum-ba-yaKum-bay-ya is a spiritual song that was first recorded in the s. It became a popular standard campfire song in Girl or Boy Scouting and during summer camps. The song is originally a simple petition to God to come and help those in need. This inspiring hymn is heard in many countries of Central Africa. It has great personal meaning and the singer often creates his own words as he works or pray.

The words "Kum Bay Ya" mean "come by here" or "stay nearby. Simulate a "Music Video Award" event by joining the other groups in presenting your respective videos in class. The class members will choose the "Best Song Performance" based on how well the group presented their assigned music genre.

The song title refers to the main melody line, which at first consists of a long series of notes of a single tone.

Sings contemporary songs. Listens perceptively to excerpts of major contemporary works. Describes characteristics of traditional and new music. Gives a brief biography of selected contemporary Philippine composers.

Sings selections of contemporary music with appropriate pitch, rhythm, style, and expression. Explores ways of creating sounds on a variety of sources.

Creates a musical on the life of a selected contemporary Philippine composer. Evaluates music and music performances using knowledge of musical elements and style. New music are compositions which are improvisational works such as the early compositions of Dr. Yet, even 20th century Filipino composers have managed to retain some traditional elements in their assimilation of Western techniques. In fact, they have become the strongest foundations of what we now know as Philippine music. Among the major Philippine contemporary composers are Francisco Buencamino Sr.

He was the son of a musically inclined couple. His father was Fortunato Buencamino, a church organist and band master. His mother was Luisa Beltran, a noted singer. He studied music composition and harmony at Liceo de Manila. Unfortunately, he was not able to finish. Expanding his career, he ventured into musical directing and scoring, and composing film music for Sampaguita Pictures, LVN, and Excelsior. Buencamino's compositions include Francisco Santiago Francisco Santiago is known as the "Father of the Kundiman" and belongs to the "Triumvirate of Filipino Composers.

Santiago's music was Romantic in style, incorporating Western forms and techniques with folk materials. He composed several works such as kundiman, symphonies, piano concertos, and other music pieces for the piano, violin, and voice. He was also a musical director for films. He studied music at the Chicago Music College and was influenced by the musical styles of Schoenberg, Hindemith and Stravinsky.

Abelardo developed a style that combined European romanticism with chromaticism. His compositions contain hazy tones, dissonance and unusual chordal combinations found in such works as Cinderella Overture, Panoramas, and a violin sonata. Although a 20th century modern composer in style, he is also considered a composer in the Romantic style. He began his music career as an orchestral soloist at the Manila Grand Opera House. He was also a faculty member of the University of the Philippines' Conservatory now College of Music.

Molina was a product of both the Romantic and Impressionist schools of thought. He was fascinated by the dynamics and harmonies of Debussy, but retained much of the Romantic style in his melody.

A characteristically impressionist work is his piano work Malikmata Transfiguration. The mysteriously exotic chords of this piece gradually lead to a lyrical melody, with the traditional harmonies abruptly returning to the initial mood.

Molina wrote several compositions for piano, violin, and voice as well as a Spanish-style opera form known as the zarzuela. Subsequent transcriptions of this piece were written for the cello, flute, piano, and guitar. He received the National Artist for Music award in He passed away on January 29, A composer, music teacher, conductor, and clarinetist, he created substantial works for the orchestra. He served as conductor for opera, ballet, dance recitals, and movie music.

His early interest in music came from the influence of his uncle who was then playing with the Bacoor Band. His first music lessons in music theory and clarinet were with Fr. Amando Buencamino who taught him solfeggio and some musical instruments. When he was eight years old, he was accepted as a member of the Bacoor Band as a clarinetist. At that time, he made his first composition Unang Katas for his concert with the band. He performed with various movie house bands and orchestras.

After he graduated from high school in , he co-founded the Anak Zapote Band. Antonino Ramirez Buenaventura was a renowned composer, conductor, and teacher. His father Lucio was the chief musician of the Spanish artillery band in Intramuros and founder of Banda Buenaventura. As a young boy, he had already demonstrated a passion for music while learning the rudiments of music and solfeggio and becoming a proficient clarinet player. Buenaventura further developed his musical abilities at the Conservatory of Music, University of the Philippines UP at the age of Nicanor Abelardo and Francisco Santiago were among his famous mentors.

He was a delegate to the general assembly of the International Society for Music Education held in Montreux, Switzerland in Buenaventura was actively involved with the various military bands which ultimately earned him his military rank of Colonel. Later, he restored the Philippine Constabulary Band in , which was reputedly likened to a symphony orchestra.

It was considered as "one of the best military bands in the world. Buenaventura was a faculty member of the UP Conservatory of Music. He promoted Philippine music through his extensive use of folk materials which he had recorded around the country with Ramon Tolentino and National Artist for Dance Francisca Reyes Aquino.

Buenaventura composed the music and folk dance notations for the dance researches of Aquino. Pandanggo sa Ilaw, one of his most popular compositions, remains a favorite performance repertoire of many folk dance companies.

He was declared National Artist for Music in and passed away in C o r n e j owas born on May 15, in Singalong, Manila. Inspired by his mother's genuine support, the young Cornejo started formal music lessons at the age of six.

He performed on stage after only two years of music studies. During this time, he was also invited as organist of the Pasay Catholic Church.

His first composition at age 10 was a piano piece entitled Glissando Waltz. It was followed three years later by a military march entitled Salute.

At the age of 14, 26 of Cornejo's compositions were already listed by the United Publishing Company Inc. Cornejo taught at the UP Conservatory of Music and became the researcher and official composer of the Philippine government-in-exile. He was appointed by then President Manuel L. He was commissioned to write a symphony and an opera and compose the music for the documentary film on President Quezon's funeral.

Since , he held concerts in the United States. He passed away on August 11, He is the son of Juan de Leon and Natalia Padilla.

Felipe de Leon married pianist Iluminada Mendoza with whom he had six children. Bayani and Felipe Jr. Bayani is a well-known composer, and Felipe Jr. De Leon's talent in painting and drawing was discovered during his school days and admired by his uncle, peers. People asked him to make illustrations and sketches and was paid for them. When he was studying at the Nueva Ecija High School, he went on trips with his hometown band and wrote short pieces for them.

He took up Fine Arts at the University of the Philippines in , but he had to stop schooling in order to make a living. He played the trombone in dance orchestras which performed in cabarets, circuses and bodabil vaudeville.

Then, he worked as an assistant conductor of the Nueva Ecija High School Orchestra where he started doing musical arrangements. Later on, he wrote music for the zarzuela. He decided to study formally and enrolled at the Conservatory of Music, University of the Philippines, where he studied under National Artists Col.

Antonio Buenaventura and Antonio Molina. He contributed articles to the school paper and vernacular magazines. Later, he wrote music columns for the Manila Times then known as Manila Tribune and Taliba De Leon wrote piano compositions, hymns, marches, art songs, chamber music, symphonic poems, overtures, band muic, school songs, orchestral works, operas, kundiman, and zarzuelas.

He was known as a nationalist composer who expressed the Philippines' cultural identity through his compositions. Two operas which are considered his masterpieces are the Noli Me Tangere andEl Filibusterismo These two operas have been staged in the Philippines and abroad.

He also wrote a march during the Japanese regime entitled Tindig, Aking Inang Bayan, and another march Bagong Lipunan during the martial law.

Felipe de Leon received a posthumous award as National Artist for Music in He died on December 5, Since his elementary days, he started composing. He studied the banjo which inspired him to become a serious musician. Upon returning to the Philippines, he became a professor of theory and composition at the University of the Philippines' College of Music.

San Pedro is known as a "romantic nationalist. His chords have a rich expressive tonality, as represented in his well-loved Sa Ugoy ng Duyan, a lullaby melody sung by his mother. His orchestral compositions are best represented by the Suite Pastorale , a poetic aural description of his hometown Angono, and his nationalistic symphonic poem Lahing Kayumanggi Other compositions include songs, pieces for violin, cello, and chorus.

His works for the symphonic band was where he was most prolific and productive both as composer and conductor. His musical prowess was internationally recognized when he was invited to be a judge at the prestigious Van Cliburn International Piano Competition in He was declared National Artist for Music in and passed away on March 31, At age 11, he started composing band marches, instrumental, and vocal scores, as well as music for Catholic masses.

He studied in Cavite schools and later graduated from the UP Conservatory of Music where he eventually became a faculty member. After which, he also served on its faculty as well as in West Virginia University and Howard University.

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